From a judgment following his conviction on each of two counts in an information wherein he was charged with the commission of the crime of robbery, and from an order by which his motion for a new trial was denied, defendant has appealed to this court.
Although on the trial of the action defendant was identified by the sole victim in each of the robberies as the person who committed the crime, by the testimony of each of several apparently reputable witnesses it was made to appear that at the time when such robbery was committed defendant could not have been present thereat; in other words, disregarding any question of the credibility of such witnesses, a complete and perfect alibi for defendant was established by the evidence presented by him. After instructing the jury as to the duty of the prosecution to establish beyond a reasonable doubt "each and every material fact relevant to the issue" and that in meeting such evidence the defendant was only required to present sufficient evidence to raise in the minds of the jury a reasonable doubt as to the truth of any such material fact — the trial court gave to the jury the time-honored instruction set forth in section 1096 of the Penal Code (Stats. 1927, p. 1039), as follows:
"A defendant in a criminal action is presumed to be innocent until the contrary is proved, and in case of a reasonable doubt whether his guilt is satisfactorily shown, he is entitled to an acquittal, but the effect of this presumption is only to place upon the state the burden of proving him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Reasonable doubt is defined as follows: `It is not a mere possible doubt; because everything relating to human affairs, and depending on moral evidence, is open to some possible or imaginary doubt. It is that state *Page 430 of the case, which, after the entire comparison and consideration of all the evidence, leaves the minds of the jurors in that condition that they cannot say they feel an abiding conviction, to a moral certainty, of the truth of the charge.'"
[1] The appeal herein is predicated upon the refusal of the trial court to give to the jury certain instructions requested by defendant which related to the law as applied to the evidence affecting the alibi of defendant. Such requested instructions were to the effect that if from the evidence the jury believed "that the defendant was not present at the time it was alleged or proven that the crime was committed, and therefore could not have committed the crime charged in the information, and did not aid or abet in its commission," the verdict should be "not guilty." The reply of the respondent to such claim is that, since the trial court fully instructed the jury with reference to the doctrine of reasonable doubt, as well as to the bounden duty of the prosecution to establish beyond a reasonable doubt "each and every fact relevant to the issue," and since the presence of defendant at the place where and at the time when the robbery was committed was one of such necessary or essential facts, it should follow that the point presented by the requested instructions by defendant was fully covered by the instruction given, and, consequently, that the trial court committed no error in refusing to give either of the several instructions requested by defendant.
In each of the cases of People v. Fong Ah Sing, 64 Cal. 263 [28 P. 233], and People v. Wong Loung, 159 Cal. 520 [114 P. 829], the right of a defendant to have given to the jury a special instruction of the nature of that here under consideration is clearly recognized. The situation in each of the cases of People v. Visconti, 31 Cal.App. 169 [160 P. 410], and People v. Vasquez, 93 Cal.App. 448 [269 P. 549], was nearly identical with that in the instant case; and the ruling in each of such cases was that by the refusal of the trial court to give the requested instruction the defendant was prejudiced in his substantial rights. The only authorities to which attention has been directed and which might be considered as indicating a principle at variance with the rule announced in the cases cited are distinguished in the case of People v. Vasquez, supra. *Page 431 [2] Notwithstanding the certainty of expression in the language of the Supreme Court and the District Court of Appeal to the effect that a defendant is entitled to a special instruction covering a defense of alibi, respondent particularly urges that by reason of the provision contained in section 1096a of the Penal Code (adopted in 1927), no error was committed by the trial court in refusing to give to the jury either of the instructions requested by defendant. The statute on which reliance is thus placed reads as follows:
"In charging a jury, the court may read to the jury section1096 of this code, and no further instruction on the subject of the presumption of innocence or defining reasonable doubt need be given."
So far as is here material, it may be noted that, having given to the jury an instruction in the language of section 1096 of the Penal Code, the trial court is authorized to decline to give to the jury any "further instruction . . . defining reasonable doubt . . ." One of the instructions requested by defendant and refused by the trial court was as follows:
"You are instructed that if the defendant was at some other place at the time of it is alleged or proven that the crime was committed, it is what in law is called an alibi. When satisfactorily proven it is a good defense in law. Whether or not an alibi was proven and established to your satisfaction in this case, is a fact for you to decide from all the evidence introduced before you and if you believe that the defendant was not present at the time it was alleged or proven that the crime was committed, and therefore could not have committed the crime, charged in the information, and did not aid or abet in its commission, then you should find him not guilty."
Respondent refers to certain authorities, to wit: People v.Lloyd, 97 Cal.App. 664 [275 P. 1010], People v. Cohen,94 Cal.App. 4 [270 P. 377], People v. Knocke, 94 Cal.App. 55 [270 P. 468], People v. Leddy, 95 Cal.App. 659 [273 P. 1010], People v. Williams, 96 Cal.App. 215 [273 P. 1087], as indicating a ruling to the effect that whenever an instruction embodying the rule of law as contained in section1096 of the Penal Code is given to the jury no other instructionrelating to the subject of reasonable doubt need be given to the jury. A consideration of the authorities just *Page 432 cited discloses the fact that none of them is directly applicable to the situation here presented. They are either directed toward "the subject of the presumption of innocence," or to thedefinition of reasonable doubt, and each of them is readily distinguishable from the instructions requested herein by defendant. It is manifest that a vast difference might exist between an instruction by which reasonable doubt would bedefined and one in which might be stated the law with reference to some fact from which the jury would be authorized to form a conclusion as to whether a reasonable doubt of the guilt of the defendant would follow. The language of the statute merely refers to the right of the trial court to refuse an offered instruction by which the doctrine of reasonable doubt is further defined; and has no application to an instruction covering a defense as shown by the evidence in the case from which reasonable doubt of the guilt of the defendant may be inferred. In other words, without infringing in any manner on the provision of the statute by attempting to further define reasonable doubt, a defendant would still have the right to direct attention to the evidence from a consideration of which a reasonable doubt of his guilt might be engendered. It is manifest that so far as an instruction to the jury covering the defense of alibi is concerned, the right of a defendant thereto is governed by the authorities to which reference has been had herein, and that such right is unaffected by the provisions of section 1096a of the Penal Code.
In the instant case, it appearing that by the refusal of the trial court to give to the jury the instructions relating to the claimed alibi of defendant he has been prejudiced in his substantial rights, it follows that the judgment and the order denying defendant's motion for a new trial should be reversed. It is so ordered.
Conrey, P.J., concurred.