This is an appeal from judgment after verdict in favor of plaintiff for $1,677.50 as damages for the conversion of twenty-five tons of corn. The facts material to the opinion are that for some time prior to May 23, 1918, Henry F. Pierce, Lyda N. Swenson, and N. L. Pierce were partners for the purpose of raising a crop of corn planted by them on the Bradley ranch, in Contra Costa County. On the said day while the corn was planted, but not yet harvested, one of the partners, Henry F. Pierce, entered into an agreement in writing to sell to the plaintiff twenty-five tons of the corn from said crop for $1,000. This agreement was made with the knowledge and consent of the two other partners, and payments were made in accordance with its terms to the said Henry F. Pierce. The final payment was made by check mailed by the plaintiff from some place in Texas. A few weeks after the payment was made plaintiff met Henry F. Pierce and asked him if the check had been received. Pierce replied in the affirmative and told plaintiff then that "the corn was his." Thereafter and in the month of January, 1919, plaintiff asked the said Pierce about the corn he had purchased and Pierce replied that it would not be advisable to shell it at that time, as there was a good deal of wet corn in the market and it would be better to let this corn stand awhile. Again, in March of the same year, similar inquiry was made. During this time the corn was in the cribs on the ranch but had not yet been shelled nor had plaintiff's portion been segregated. On December 26, 1918, the defendant Swenson, desiring to raise additional funds for the harvesting of the corn, entered into an agreement with Henry F. Pierce whereby the said Pierce sold to the defendant Swenson all his interest in the corn crop remaining over and above the twenty-five tons of corn belonging to E. B. Kimball. In this agreement the defendant Swenson expressly agreed that the plaintiff was the owner of the twenty-five tons of corn and that he was entitled to have the same delivered to him in the manner provided in the written agreement made between him and Henry F. Pierce on the twenty-third day of May, 1918. The corn was shelled *Page 363 in the latter part of May, 1919, and on the 6th of June of the same year the defendants Swenson and N. L. Pierce delivered the entire crop, consisting of seventy and one-half tons, and including that belonging to plaintiff, to the defendant C. S. Webber. This delivery was accompanied by a bill of sale in which a consideration of $4,200 was recited. It was, however, admitted by the parties concerned that no consideration passed for the transfer, but that the defendant Webber took possession of the corn at the instance and request of Mrs. Swenson and with the consent of the remaining partner, N. L. Pierce, for the purpose of disposing of the entire crop and paying off certain creditors. At the time the transfer was made it is claimed that a list of these creditors was presented to the defendant Webber by Mrs. Swenson. It is admitted, however, that in any list so presented the claim of plaintiff was not included. Soon after the transfer to Webber was made he shipped the entire crop to a warehouse in the city of Stockton, where he caused it to be sold for $68.50 a ton, which was $28.50 a ton in excess of the price paid by Kimball for the twenty-five tons purchased by him. At the time of the trial he still retained the proceeds of this sale. Prior to the trial and prior to the time of the sale demand was made upon both the defendants Swenson and Webber for the delivery of the twenty-five tons belonging to plaintiff. In answer to the demand made upon him the defendant Webber replied that he could not make delivery without the consent of Mrs. Swenson, and in answer to the demand made upon her Mrs. Swenson replied that she would not make delivery because the corn crop had been much smaller than they had anticipated. Neither of the defendants at the time demand was made upon them denied plaintiff's title. Upon the stand the defendant Webber disclaimed any interest as to any portion of the corn except as to his claim as one of the creditors of the partnership, while the defendant Swenson not only expressly confirmed plaintiff's title by the paper dated December 26, 1918, but admitted his ownership while on the stand.
Briefly, the record discloses an executory contract to sell a growing crop, a subsequent payment in full of the purchase price, an indefinite attempt to transfer title followed by a definite confirmation of title in writing, accepted by *Page 364 all parties concerned as meeting all the requirements for a complete vesting of title in the plaintiff. Thereafter it appears that the crop did not come up to expectations, but that the market price of the corn had greatly increased over that paid by plaintiff. These conditions, unforeseen at the time of the sale, brought about an attempted repudiation and are no doubt the cause of the entire controversy.
Appellant has presented a number of highly technical objections, which avoid the real issue of the case as disclosed by the foregoing statement of facts. An effort is made to present the issue of the trusteeship of the appellant Webber for the benefit of certain creditors, but the issue, if triable in a case of this nature, was not properly raised in appellant's answer. The allegation therein was made upon information and belief to the effect that the copartnership "is indebted" for debts incurred in said copartnership to certain parties named. There was no allegation or proof that any of the parties named as creditors were such at the time any of the transactions between respondent and appellants were had. An attempt was made to amend the answer for the purpose of alleging that the appellant Webber took possession of the entire crop at the instance and for the benefit of the creditors of the copartnership. The request for this amendment was made upon the ground that it was to conform to the proof made at the trial. The request for leave to amend in this particular was properly denied by the court because the evidence was directly contrary to the allegations of the proposed amendment.
[1] There are but two other points raised by appellants which require consideration: (1) The question of title, and (2) the amount of recovery. As to the question of title, it is significant that Mrs. Swenson did not in her answer or at any stage of the proceedings assert title in herself to the twenty-five tons of corn in question. On the other hand, she had knowledge of the agreement to sell to Kimball either before or immediately after the written agreement of May 23, 1918, was executed. Thereafter and on December 26, 1918, she expressly consented to the sale, confirmed the transaction, acknowledged Kimball's ownership, and consented to make delivery according to the terms of the agreement of May 23d. The issue presented by her answer is that on June 6, 1919, she executed and delivered to the Webbers a *Page 365 bill of sale to enable them "to care for and hold the property and its proceeds for those entitled thereto against the said copartnership and as between said copartners and their successors." It is then expressly alleged that the Webbers "make no claim whatever, except as herein stated, to the ownership of said corn as against the said creditors of said copartnership, nor as to twenty-five tons of said corn as against E. B. Kimball." The claim of Kimball is then alleged to rest upon a transfer to him by Henry F. Pierce "of all of said Henry F. Pierce's interest in said twenty-five tons of corn, which said transfer by said Henry F. Pierce to E. B. Kimball was made in the spring of 1918." An identical answer was filed by the appellant Webber, wherein he also waived all claim to the ownership of twenty-five tons of corn except as to his claim as a creditor of the copartnership and for costs of transportation, storage, and insurance upon the corn after it had been taken into his possession. As to the issue raised in the answers relating to the effect of the "transfer" by Pierce to Kimball made in the spring of 1918, it was wholly unsupported by any evidence and directly contradicted by the agreement of December 26, 1918, signed by Mrs. Swenson and made a part of her answer by reference.
It is immaterial to determine when title to the corn passed to Kimball — whether upon payment in full of the purchase price or through the oral statement of Pierce made prior to the written agreement of December 26th, by the demands for delivery made in January and March of 1919, which would constitute an acceptance by the purchaser, or by the demand made by Pierce as agent for Kimball, or by the demand made by Crofton before the corn was sold by Webber, or by the combination of all these acts with the written acknowledgment of ownership made by Mrs. Swenson. Manifestly, as between Kimball and Mrs. Swenson the former had the better title, and as to Webber, he could not obtain from Mrs. Swenson any better title than she had to convey. He was not an innocent purchaser for value; in fact, he was not a purchaser at all. Holding the corn solely as Mrs. Swenson's agent, and at her instance and request, he was charged with the knowledge of his principal. Demand for delivery was made upon him while the corn was still in his possession, and, by the terms of the agreement of May *Page 366 23d, which was expressly agreed to by Mrs. Swenson, delivery should have been made within one week thereafter.
[2] As to the matter of damages, the complaint, which was filed on June 30, 1919, alleged that the corn was of the value of $1,500 and prayed for damages in that amount. The jury rendered a verdict in the sum of $1,677.50, which was the stipulated market price of twenty-five tons on the basis of $67.10 per ton at the ranch. The measure of damages for the wrongful conversion of personal property is presumed to be the value of the property at the time of the conversion, with interest, or the highest market value of the property at any time between conversion and the verdict, without interest, at the option of the injured party. (Sec. 3336, Civ. Code.) The appellants answered denying the conversion. They thus put in issue the question of damages, not merely as alleged in the complaint, but according to the measure specified in the code. The case was tried upon the theory that respondent was entitled to recover upon whichever basis the jury should determine, and at one stage of the proceedings counsel agreed that the measure fixed by the code applied to the case at issue. This is such a case as that contemplated by section 580 of the Code of Civil Procedure, which provides: "The relief granted to the respondent, if there be no answer, cannot exceed that which he shall have demanded in his complaint; but in any other case, the court may grant him any relief consistent with the case made by the complaint and embraced within the issue." The relief "embraced within the issue" was the damage for appellants' conversion. The answer having joined issue on this point, the judgment properly followed the measure of damages prescribed by the code for such cases. (O'Donnell v. Kramer,65 Cal. 353, [4 P. 204]; Johnson v. Polhemus, 99 Cal. 240, 244, [33 P. 908]; Title Ins. Trust Co. v. Ingersoll, 158 Cal. 474, 480, [111 P. 360].)
The judgment is affirmed.
Langdon, P. J., and Sturtevant, J., concurred.
A petition to have the cause heard in the supreme court, after judgment in the district court of appeal, was denied by the supreme court on April 7, 1921.
All the Justices concurred, except Sloane, J., who was absent. *Page 367