The court below sustained a demurrer to the third amended complaint. Upon the plaintiffs declining to further amend, judgment was entered in favor of the defendants. From this judgment the appeal is taken, accompanied by a bill of exceptions. The grounds of the demurrer were: 1. That the facts stated in the complaint do not state a cause of action; and 2. That the action is barred by the statute of limitations. *Page 62
From the complaint it appears that the plaintiff Sarah G. Tully married John Tully, deceased, February 29, 1884; said Tully at the time was a widower, and the defendants, except Maurice Higgins, are his children by the former wife, who died in 1881; that the plaintiff Sarah G. Tully, owing to the dissipated and licentious habits of said John Tully, deceased, instituted a suit of divorce July 29, 1885; that thereafter, August 1, 1885, the said John Tully conveyed his property, consisting of several separate tracts of land, and also some personal property, to his children by the former wife, the defendants herein. Thereupon the plaintiff in said action for divorce amended her complaint by making the grantees in said conveyances, defendants herein, parties to said action. The findings and decree in that action for divorce are appended to the complaint herein and made a part thereof. In said findings it is recited: "That said conveyances were without any valuable consideration from said grantees to said grantor, and were made by the said defendant John Tully because of the institution of this action, and for the purpose of defrauding the plaintiff out of any interest which she might assert or seek to establish as to said property by or through this action, or any benefit she might derive in this action from the ownership and possession of said property by said defendant." And, as conclusions of law, the court finds that the plaintiff therein was entitled to a dissolution of the bonds of matrimony, and to the custody of an infant child (which appears to have been born after the institution of the suit); and that she was entitled to permanent alimony for the support of herself and the said minor child in the sum of fifty dollars per month until the further order of the court; "that the conveyances of the defendant John Tully to the other defendants herein are fraudulent, inoperative, and void as to any interest or claim of the plaintiff therein or thereto as his said wife." And in the decree entered upon the findings it is adjudged that John Tully pay to the plaintiff therein, Sarah G. Tully, the sum of fifty dollars per month for the support and maintenance of herself and said infant, "and the payment thereof, and of any other sum which may be hereafter awarded instead thereof, is hereby secured and charged and declared a lien upon that certain tract of land mentioned in the complaint and described as follows: Three hundred and seventy acres of *Page 63 land bounded north and east by the county road, south by lands of Weather, Tuers, and Riordan, on the west by the Coyote Creek." And it is further adjudged "that the conveyance by said John Tully, of his private property to his codefendants, his children by a former marriage, was and is inoperative and void as to any interest or claim of plaintiff therein or thereto as his said wife." The decree in the divorce suit was entered May 14, 1886, and a little over one month thereafter, — to wit, June 19, 1886, — the parties thereto remarried and lived together until said John Tully died, November 26, 1894. The plaintiffs herein, other than Sarah G. Tully, are the minor children of said Sarah G. Tully and John Tully, deceased. It is averred in the complaint herein that prior to his (said John Tully's) death he, wishing to protect the plaintiff, Sarah G. Tully, on the 20th of September, 1894, in part fulfillment of his marriage contract with her, executed and delivered to her a grant, bargain, and sale deed for one undivided third interest in and to said lands and premises, which deed is appended to and made a part of the complaint herein. It is further averred that thereafter, on the twelfth day of October, 1894, said John Tully duly made, executed, and delivered to the defendants herein, other than Maurice Higgins, being his said children by his former wife, a deed purporting to be in consideration of love and affection, and for the better maintenance, support, and protection of said grantees, in which he purported to grant and confirm unto the said grantees the lands and premises described in the former deed by said John Tully to said children, the defendants herein, which deed of confirmation is appended to the complaint and made a part thereof. It is further averred that said deed of confirmation was made subsequent to and subject to the rights and equities of the plaintiff growing out of the contract of the second marriage between the said Sarah G. Tully and John Tully, and subject to her equity to have said one-third interest in said land conveyed to her free from the pretended claim of said defendants. It is further set forth in the complaint that prior to the commencement of this action, — to wit, on the fifth day of December, 1896, — plaintiff Sarah G. Tully commenced an action at law in the superior court of said county of Santa Clara, state of California, against the above-named defendants, save said Maurice Higgins, in the nature of ejectment, to recover from said *Page 64 defendants her undivided one third in and to the said lands and premises; that summons was thereupon issued, and said defendants duly and regularly appeared in said action and filed their answers therein, claiming to be the owners of said lands and premises, and denying ownership to and in said lands and premises, or any part thereof, upon the part of the plaintiff, said Sarah G. Tully; that said action came on regularly for trial in said superior court, and said court held and decided that the plaintiffs therein could not prove the invalidity of the deeds to said defendants from said John Tully, or that said defendants held the said lands in trust for said plaintiff; that said defendants, upon the trial of said action, offered, and they were admitted, in evidence, deeds to them from said John Tully, made as aforesaid, and thereafter, on the sixth day of July, 1897, the court filed its findings and entered judgment in said action against said plaintiff therein, Sarah G. Tully, and in favor of the defendants herein, save said Maurice Higgins. It is further averred that the defendants are threatening to dispossess the plaintiff from said lands and premises under said judgment. It is also averred that said John Tully remained in possession and control of the land set forth in the deeds of conveyance to the defendants up to the time of his death, claiming the same as his own; that he cultivated and controlled said lands and paid the taxes thereon. It is further averred that the conveyances from said John Tully to his said children, the defendants herein, were procured by false representations and the exercise of undue influence and control and without any consideration. Wherefore it is prayed that it be adjudged and decreed that the defendants have ever since the first day of August, 1885, held said lands and premises in trust, and that the plaintiff Sarah G. Tully be decreed and adjudged to be the owner of an undivided one third of said lands and premises, and that the children of said plaintiff Sarah G. Tully and John Tully, the other plaintiffs herein, be decreed and adjudged to be the owners of an undivided four tenths of the remaining two thirds of said lands and premises, and that it be decreed said defendants make, execute, and deliver in due form deeds to plaintiff Sarah G. Tully of one undivided third, and to the other plaintiffs of four tenths of the remaining two thirds.
1. The deed of conveyance by John Tully to his children *Page 65 by his first wife was not entirely void, but only voidable so far as it affected the rights of then existing creditors, and the plaintiff Sarah G. Tully, being entitled to alimony and support, may be considered as a creditor. And the findings and decree in the divorce suit, as will be seen, go to this extent only. InMurray v. Murray, 115 Cal. 278,1 the defendant Owen Murray deserted his wife, and, in order to defeat her action for maintenance, conveyed by deed all his property to his brother, James Murray. In that case a receiver was appointed and put in posesssion of all the property so conveyed, and the court below by its judgment set aside the transfers and declared the same to be fraudulent and void. On appeal it was held by this court that the wife, though not in a strict sense a creditor of the husband, yet, as concerned her right to maintenance, was so far within the protection of the statute of frauds that it avoids transfers made with design to defeat such right, but added: "The court should not have disturbed the transfers to James Murray any further than the exigencies of the decree in favor of the plaintiff required; any property not needed for securing the maintenance allowed to her, and which can be restored to the person from whom the receiver took it, as provided in the judgment, is that much which, as between defendants, belongs to James Murray. The court should have declared precisely what part of the property was to continue in the hands of a receiver, or otherwise subjected to the satisfaction of the judgment, and the remainder, if any, should have been wholly exempted from the effect of the judgment." The court below in the case at bar held: "That the conveyance by said John Tully of his private property to his co-defendants, his children by a former marriage, was and is inoperative and void as to any interest or claim of plaintifftherein or thereto as his said wife," and adjudged that the amount awarded for alimony or maintenance be secured and become a charge and lien upon one tract of land only (describing the same) of the various tracts so conveyed. The conveyance in the case at bar was much more meritorious than the one in the Murray case. In fact, in the latter case there was not only want of consideration, but no moral obligation existing; whereas, in this case a father was providing for the support of his children by a former wife, with whom the *Page 66 property in question was accumulated. In Emmons v. Barton,109 Cal. 668, it is said: "That in a case like this the judgment should be that the property fraudulently conveyed, or so much thereof as is necessary, be applied to the satisfaction of the debts, and that the residue, if any, go to the grantee. It is not to go into the assets of the estate for any purpose other than the payments of the debts. The residue does not go to the heir; for he stands in the shoes of the fraudulent grantor."
The deed of John Tully passed the title to his children, the defendants, and that title has continued to remain in the grantees. Even the one tract on which a lien was declared to secure payment of the alimony did not divest them of the legal title, but simply rendered that tract subject to the payment of said alimony. And the fact that Tully remained in possession of the premises up to the time of his death, and used the same and paid the taxes thereon, did not have the effect to divest his grantees of the title by him conveyed. (Emmons v. Barton,109 Cal. 668.) In Brown v. McKay, 125 Cal. 291, the father was in possession of lands inherited by him and his sons from their mother. He used it, paid taxes on it, leased it, and did everything that an owner of property ordinarily does. Yet this court in that case says: "It is incredible that the father of these two boys, before or after their arrival at the age of majority, ever intended to obtain title from them by adverse possession. Hostile intent of the party in possession is all-important in such a case." In Reed v. Smith, 125 Cal. 491, it appears that the father of the defendant executed a deed to her as his daughter, and that after the delivery of the same it was kept in the usual manner among papers belonging to both father and daughter, which were subsequently placed together in her valise; that the father some years thereafter, through opposition to his daughter's marriage, demanded the deed back, and she could not at that time find it. In addition to having demanded the deed back, as stated, the father remained in posession of the premises, and exercised all the acts of an owner in reference to the same. Yet this court held that these acts did not constitute an adverse holding prior to the time when he assumed hostility to the title. In the case at bar there is no evidence or pretense that Tully ever assumed hostility to the title of the defendants. On the contrary, it appears *Page 67 that one of his last acts was the execution of the so-called deed of confirmation. It is alleged that the defendants, grantees in said deed, possessed great influence and exercised control over the mind and acts of said John Tully, and that at the date of the said confirmation deed he was feeble in body and mind from physical disease. But it appears that this confirmation deed was executed only about three weeks after the deed to the plaintiff Sarah G. Tully, and he was likely in the same condition of body and mind at that time as when the confirmation deed was executed. And, in fact, the averments of the complaint would seem to show that, and that it required some pressure and influence on the part of the plaintiff to obtain the same; for it is alleged that it was made in pursuance of an agreement on the part of Tully before the remarriage, and that he had during said period of over eight years frequently promised to fulfill said agreement, but had failed to do so up to within about two months of his death. The defendants in receiving this latter deed are not estopped from claiming title under the first conveyance. (San Francisco v.Lawton, 18 Cal. 476;1 Wenzel v. Shultz, 100 Cal. 255; Robinson v.Thornton, 102 Cal. 684; Bigelow on Estoppel, sec. 357.) At the time of the alleged promise of John Tully to convey the one-third interest to plaintiff Sarah G. Tully, and also at the time of the execution of the deed to her, the title to the property, as already shown, was vested in the defendants, his children, subject only to a lien on one tract to secure the payment of her alimony; and when she remarried the right to alimony ceased, and the lien to secure the same was thereby discharged. And at this time she had full notice and knowledge of all the facts and circumstances connected with the transaction, as well as being well acquainted with the habits and character of said John Tully. Whatever he might say or do after the conveyance to his children, the defendants, could not affect the title of said grantees. There clearly was no express trust, because there is no pretense that there was any writing creating a trust, and from the facts and circumstances as shown there was no constructive or implied trust. They occupied the position simply of grantees from a father to his children, and had a right to stand upon the title conveyed. *Page 68
2. The action would seem to be barred by the statute of limitations. As already shown, John Tully had neither legal nor equitable title after his conveyance to his children, and there is no trust relation so as to save the operation of the statute of limitations. (Nougues v. Newlands, 118 Cal. 102; Broder v.Conklin, 121 Cal. 286.) And if fraud were relied upon as the basis of the action, more than three years had elapsed after all the transactions had taken place and were known to the plaintiffs. The deed to Mrs. Tully was September 20, 1894, and the complaint on which the judgment was rendered, as well as the second amended complaint, were filed December, 1898. (Code Civ. Proc., sec. 338; Anderson v. Myers, 50 Cal. 525; Meeks v.Southern Pacific R.R. Co., 61 Cal. 149; Peiser v. Griffin,125 Cal. 9.)
The demurrer to the complaint was properly sustained.
The judgment is affirmed.
Harrison, J., and Garoutte, J., concurred.
1 56 Am. St. Rep. 97.
1 79 Am. Dec. 187.