Quo warranto. The complaint alleges that defendant is illegally claiming to be and acting as a reclamation district, and that the organization of defendant was unlawful, and that it never became a reclamation district. A general demurrer was overruled and defendant answered, alleging the regular formation of defendant as a reclamation district on the eighth day of September, 1893, under the provisions of the Political Code.
Defendant had judgment that it "was a public corporation, to wit, a reclamation district, legally organized and existing under the laws of the state of California, and legally entitled to exercise corporate functions and powers." A motion for a new trial was denied, and plaintiff appeals from the order and from the judgment. *Page 609
The court found that defendant was organized under section 3446 of the Political Code. Appellant does not dispute that on the face of the proceedings defendant was regularly organized. It is claimed by plaintiff that on July 13, 1861, the state board of swamp land commissioners, pursuant to law, formed the entire body of land known as Andrus island, in Sacramento county, comprising about seven thousand six hundred and twenty-four acres, into a swamp land district designated as swamp land district No. 8, a portion of which was included within the boundaries of defendant district; that under the act of March 28, 1868 (Stats. 1867-68, p. 507), known as the Green act, the board of supervisors of said county, on April 7, 1869, organized reclamation district No. 75 out of part of the land included in district No. 8; that said board, on December 9, 1874, organized another reclamation district from the lands in said Andrus island, including part of the land in district No. 75, and known as reclamation district No. 213; that each of these districts includes lands embraced within the boundaries of defendant district; that if any one of them has a legal existence the defendant district cannot stand, since it was not organized under section 3481 of the Political Code relating to the formation of a district from lands already embraced within the boundaries of an organized district, but was formed under section 3446 of said code, upon the assumption that no organized district stood in its way. The court found that neither district No. 8, nor district No. 75, nor district No. 213, has now, or ever has had, any legal existence as a swamp land or reclamation district.
1. Appellant interposes the organization of swamp land district No. 8 as an insuperable barrier to the valid organization of defendant district. District No. 8 was set apart as a swamp land district under the act of 1861, supra. The scope, purpose, and effect of this act were concisely yet comprehensively set forth in People v. District No. 551, 117 Cal. 114, which was a case similar to the one now presented. All the points made in support of district No. 8 in this case were made in the case cited, except that it is now claimed that section 32 of the act of March 28, 1868, was overlooked, and that the effect of this section was to leave district No. 8 in the control of the board of supervisors, under the act of April 2, 1866. (Stats. *Page 610 1865-66, p. 799.) The act of 1868 substituted a new scheme for the reclamation and sale of swamp and overflowed lands to take the place of the various schemes developed in preceding statutes. At the close of section 32 is found the following provision: "After any district now formed shall organize under the provisions of this act, the supervisors of the county shall turn over to the trustees all the books and papers in their possession relating solely to that district; provided, that until such organization, said districts now formed shall proceed under the laws now in force." Appellant calls attention to the plain language in this proviso, and claims that to give it effect, as must be done, there is no escape from his position, and therefore district No. 8 is still operating under the act of 1866. Section 71 of the act of 1868 expressly repeals the act of 1866, together with a number of other acts on the same subject, and we have no doubt that the later act was intended to take the place of the act of 1866 and not to leave the latter act in force as to all districts theretofore organized. It certainly was not intended that the two acts were to remain in force, else the act of 1866 would not have been in terms repealed, and some more explicit provision would have been placed in the act showing such intention. The later act contemplated a reorganization of the districts previously formed, but it very properly provided that such districts as intended to continue in existence should, during the period of transition, proceed under the laws theretofore in force. The proviso applied to reorganized districts, but did not and was not, in our opinion, intended to apply to a district, like No. 8, that took no steps to reorganize, and so far as the record shows, transacted no business after May 5, 1869. At this last meeting the board of supervisors passed a resolution annulling all contracts for works of reclamation in the district, and directed the clerk to notify the controller of the state that all contractors have been fully paid for work contracted prior to March 28, 1868 (the date of the passage of the act of 1868), and requesting him to transfer to the supervisors of Sacramento county all books and papers in his possession relating to said district, and to draw his warrants for the cash balances, if any, standing to the credit of said district. This action was apparently in compliance with section 47 of the act of 1868 and is consistent *Page 611 with an intention to reorganize under the act, and we find nothing in any of the minutes offered in evidence to show that the district attempted or desired to continue its existence under the repealed act of 1866, or any other act.
Respondent presents sundry requirements of the act of 1861 with which the district failed to comply and which it is claimed were essential to the forming of a district, but we do not deem it necessary to go over this ground. We are satisfied that the court correctly held in People v. District No. 551, supra, that districts formed under the act of 1861 went out of existence when by the later acts the legislature changed its policy for their government and control; and as appellant claims district No. 8 to be a district under the act of 1861 we must hold that it no longer exists.
2. Appellant makes a feeble claim that District No. 75 was legal and stood in the way of forming the defendant district. All that is said in support of the claim is that the petition was in due form, properly published, and duly approved by the board of supervisors. It does not appear that it ever after assumed to act, or that any business was transacted in its name. The court, however, found that none of the lands included within the boundaries of this district fell within the boundaries of defendant district, and this finding is not attacked. There is then no conflict here.
3. But appellant contends if there be doubt as to the existence of district No. 75, because formed under the act of 1868, there can be no doubt that district No. 213 was legally organized under the Political Code as it stood when it was organized December 9, 1874. Section 3446 of that code required the petition, among other things, to set forth "a description of the lands by legal subdivisions or other boundaries." The petition described the various bodies of land as "tract all of swamp land survey Nos. 329 and 330," and similarly as to all the tracts of the several petitioners. The same method of description was held jurisdictional and insufficient in Ralston v. Board ofSupervisors, 51 Cal. 592, and also in Ferran v. Supervisors,51 Cal. 307, by two of the judges. Ralston v. Board of Supervisor's,supra, has never been overruled or questioned so far as we are advised, and we see no reason why it should be. Appellant does not dispute *Page 612 the correctness of these decisions, but meets them by claiming: 1. That the decision of the board of supervisors on the question is final; 2. That their decision cannot be collaterally attacked; 3. That a corporation cannot be attacked collaterally; and 4. That at the trial defendant did not make the objection, and it is too late to raise the question now. Defendant did not at the trial make the specific objection that the land was not described in the petition. The objection upon the offer of the petition was that it was irrelevant, immaterial, and incompetent, and some specific objections were stated, but none directly reaching the point in question. Appellant cites numerous cases to show that an objection cannot be first raised in the supreme court, especially one which could have been cured in the lower court; and two cases are cited — to wit, Howard v. Harmon, 5 Cal. 78, and Shay v.Superior Court, 57 Cal. 541 — to the point "that an objection as to jurisdiction must be raised first in the court below." In the first of these cases the objection was that no appeal bond had been filed in the justice's court when the appeal was taken to the county court. The objection was not made in the court below, and it was held too late to make it here because if it had been made in the county court it would have been its duty to hear the excuse for the failure, and if sufficient to allow the bond then to be filed. In the other case there were some defects in the proceedings to appeal the case from the justice's court to the superior court, as to which no objection was raised until the case came here, where it was urged that the superior court had no jurisdiction to try the case. It was held that, as no objection was made to the regularity of the proceedings in the court below, it was too late to take advantage of the insufficiency of the notice of appeal or of the undertaking. The many cases cited by appellant relate to questions of incompetent evidence, admitted without objection, to the regularity of proceedings or to objections which if presented in time might have been obviated. In the case now here, there is no dispute but that the petition as shown in the record is the petition as presented to the board of supervisors; it is not suggested that any evidence would have cured the defect in the description or that it could have been cured. The objection here goes to the *Page 613 jurisdiction of the board to act upon the petition. It does not depend upon their adjudicating certain facts upon the existence of which their jurisdiction depended. Their jurisdiction depended upon the presentation of a petition setting forth the jurisdictional facts, failing in which the petition conferred no jurisdiction, and the objection could have been taken at any stage of the proceedings and can be taken for the first time here. (In re Grove Street, 61 Cal. 438.)
Appellant contends, conceding that the steps taken were not legally sufficient to form district No. 213, that it was a defacto corporation and cannot be attacked collaterally nor otherwise except in a suit by the state. (Citing Dean v. Davis,51 Cal. 406, and People v. La Rue, 67 Cal. 526, and some other cases.)
In the present instance it does not appear to be necessary to consider whether and to what extent defendant is attacking district No. 213 collaterally. Defendant answered the challenge of the state by showing a charter grounded upon strict compliance with the law. The form and regularity of the proceedings by which it was called into existence are not questioned. But plaintiff interposes what it claims is a legally organized district which embraces all of the land included in defendant district, and therefore it is claimed that defendant was not legally formed. Plaintiff, as we have seen, failed to show compliance with the law, and proof of its de jure existence failed. Plaintiff then relied on a de facto organization, and certain evidence was submitted in support thereof. Its de facto existence became an issuable fact as much as did the fact of its de jure existence. The rule invoked by plaintiff does not preclude defendant from controverting the de facto existence of the district asserting it: Oroville etc. R.R. Co. v. Plumas County, 37 Cal. 354; Martinv. Deetz, 102 Cal. 55.1 What are the facts? An insufficient petition was filed December 9, 1874, with the board of supervisors and was on that day approved. Nothing further was done until July 8, 1890, when one of the original petitioners filed a petition asking an order of the board to call an election for trustees, which was done by the board, it appearing that by-laws had been previously adopted, although at what date does not appear. On October 3, 1890, the result of the election was reported to the supervisors, showing the election of Sol. Runyon, *Page 614 G.A. Knott, and P. Crew as the trustees chosen. On February 6, 1891, the trustees reported to the board of supervisors that they had "employed an engineer to survey, plan, locate, and estimate the cost of the works necessary for such reclamation," etc.; that he had made report in writing which they had approved January 14, 1891, and inclosed with their report to the board a copy of the engineer's report. The trustees requested the board of supervisors to appoint three disinterested persons to view and assess upon the lands a charge proportionate to the whole expense of forty thousand dollars (the estimated cost of the work), etc., and on February 6, 1891, the board appointed three persons as prayed for by the trustees. No further action has been taken by the district. On August 7, 1893, two years and a half after the last action of district No. 213, petition for the organization of defendant was filed and was signed by Runyon, Knott, and Crew, who were trustees of district No. 213, and by the owners of more than half of the land included in district No. 213, and defendant district included all the lands within the boundaries of district No. 213. The court found that the prior districts never had any legal existence, and the finding rests upon the lack of any legal organization such as made them corporations de jure, and upon the evidence tending to show that they were not claiming in good faith to be districts nor doing business as such and were not corporations de facto. Just how much business must be done by a corporation assuming de facto powers, or what facts showing good faith are necessary to constitute the corporation a de facto organization, can be determined by no fixed rule. In this case it appears that nothing was attempted to be done after the petition was filed for over fifteen years; the supervisors were then asked to call an election for trustees of the district, and this was done and trustees were chosen; they employed an engineer to make a plan, and he reported and the report was approved; the supervisors were asked to appoint persons to assess the lands, and this the board did in 1891, since which time nothing further has been done; the trustees appointed for district No. 213 united with other of the original petitioners and formed a new organization embracing all the lands included within district No. 213, and were going forward with the work of reclamation when this action was begun; none of the *Page 615 petitioners for district No. 213 are complaining, and there is no evidence that any person interested desires that the district should be kept upon its feet; it has no legal existence, and its right to continue because a de facto concern is interposed now rather to defeat what appears to be an effort, after many years of inaction, to do something toward keeping faith with the general government and for the benefit of the land owners, than to enable it to go forward itself to do the work contemplated in its creation. It would seem to be an effort to prevent reclamation rather than to promote it, and we cannot, therefore, say that the finding of the court is unsupported by the evidence.
The judgment and order are affirmed.
1 41 Am. St. Rep. 151.