This action is brought by a creditor of the Ivanpah Smelting Company, a California corporation, to recover from the defendant his proportionate liability as a *Page 573 stockholder of said corporation under section 322 of the Civil Code.
Judgment was rendered in favor of defendant, and from said judgment and the order denying his motion for a new trial plaintiff appeals.
The evidence shows that Blasdel and Sisson purchased certain stock of the Ivanpah Smelting Company, and to make payment therefor borrowed from defendant, the president of the Broadway Bank and Trust Company of Los Angeles, moneys sufficient to meet the purchase price, and as collateral security for the loan certificates of stock in said corporation, representing in all nine hundred and eight shares, were indorsed by him to defendant.
Blasdel subsequently died, and Sisson being interested in the stock indorsed by Blasdel to defendant as collateral, insisted that defendant should return said certificates to the corporation, and have reissued to him in place thereof, a certificate showing the true nature of the transaction under which he held them, — namely, that he held them in pledge.
In conformity with this request, defendant, on February 27, 1902, called at the office of the Ivanpah Smelting Company in Los Angeles City and presented to, and left with the secretary of the company, the various certificates indorsed to him by Blasdel, and requested the secretary to make out a new certificate in his name as pledgee. On the evening of that day he told the cashier of the bank to call at the company's office and bring back the new certificate which he had asked the secretary to issue.
The secretary of the company, in violation of the instructions defendant had given him, and without any authority, issued a certificate in the ordinary form in favor of the defendant individually, without it showing that he held the stock as pledgee, and upon the record books required by law to be kept the secretary made an entry showing the issuance of such an individual certificate. Neither the certificate nor any of the books recited or indicated the true character under which he held the stock. The cashier of the bank, having no knowledge of the directions given by the defendant to the secretary as to the kind of certificate he desired issued, receipted for the form of certificate delivered to him by the secretary, and returned with it to defendant. *Page 574
Defendant, discovering the error in the certificate, went the next day to the secretary, called his attention to the error, and asked him to correct it by inserting in the certificate the word "pledgee," as he had in the first instance requested him to do. The secretary said he could not make the change on account of the other officers of the corporation not being present. Within a week afterwards defendant again called on the secretary to have a new certificate issued showing the true nature of the transaction, and was again told that owing to the absence of the vice-president of the company (the president being dead) he could not issue it until the vice-president was present to sign it. At this visit the defendant tendered the secretary the erroneous certificate for correction, but on his statement that he could not correct it until the vice-president came to the office (which the evidence shows was at uncertain intervals) defendant retained the certificate and placed it with his papers in the bank. He spoke to the secretary several times upon the subject of issuing a new certificate to correct the old one, receiving the same assurance that it would be done when an officer came in. Nothing was in fact done to that end till May 15, 1902, when the secretary canceled the erroneous certificate, issued to the defendant another certificate showing the true character in which he held the stock — as pledgee — and made the proper entry upon the books of the corporation.
The defendant never subscribed for any stock in the Ivanpah Smelting Company, nor did he in fact own any stock in it. He attended no meetings of the board of directors of the corporation, participated in no transactions in which the corporation was involved, received no dividends, nor did any act asserting a stockholder's right in the corporation.
There is no question in the case but that upon his first visit to the secretary of the corporation the defendant requested him to make out the certificate which he desired issued to him so as to show that he held the stock as a pledge. The failure of the secretary to do so is doubtless attributable to the fact that he was hard of hearing and did not understand the directions of defendant, and, as the certificates indorsed by Blasdel to the defendant indicated on their face an absolute transfer of the stock to him, the secretary in issuing a certificate upon surrender thereof assumed that it was to be made in favor of the defendant individually, and so issued it. *Page 575
The credit extended to the Ivanpah Smelting Company sued upon in this action was given between March 1 and March 24, 1902, a considerable portion within sixteen days after the issuance of the erroneous certificate to the defendant by the secretary, and all of it within four weeks thereafter.
These constitute the material facts in the case.
It is first insisted by appellant, notwithstanding the evidence without contradiction shows that respondent never was in fact the owner of any stock in the Ivanpah Smelting Company, and his name was entered on the books of the corporation and the certificate made out in his name as a stockholder without authority and against his express directions, that nevertheless he was in law a stockholder under section 322 of the Civil Code of this state, which declares one to be a stockholder whose name appears upon the books of the corporation as such. And in this connection it is insisted that the mere appearance of his name on the books as a stockholder is conclusive of his liability.
There is, however, nothing in the section which makes the entry on the books conclusive on the subject. It simply says that one shall be deemed a stockholder whose name appears on the books as such. While this language is quite broad, it must be interpreted in harmony with justice, and in accord with the rule which universally applies as to the effect which is to be given to entries in corporate books purporting to show who are the stockholders of a corporation. When the section declares that one shall be liable as a stockholder who appears upon the books to be such it means one who knowingly or voluntarily permits his name to appear thereon as a stockholder. When it so appears the presumption is that he occupies the relation to the corporation which the books indicate. The entry is, however, not conclusive, but presumptive merely. This is the general rule, and there is nothing in the terms of our section to take this case out of it.
The general construction of the section in question contended for by appellant, if it were sustained, would necessarily preclude one from showing that while upon the face of the corporate books he appeared to be a stockholder, yet in fact he was not; that the had never owned or subscribed for any stock or authorized the issuance of any to him by the corporation. A construction which would lead to this result *Page 576 cannot seriously be considered. The relation of stockholder to a corporation is one of contract, either express or implied. It only exists when a party has either expressly consented to become a stockholder, or his conduct is such that in law his consent will be implied. He cannot be made a stockholder and liable to the creditors of a corporation without his consent, simply because an officer of the corporation has without authority, or in direct violation of his instructions, entered his name upon the books of the corporation as a stockholder and caused stock to be issued in his name as such. Nor does the entry of his name in the books as a stockholder preclude him from showing that in fact he was not a stockholder, and that the issuance of stock in his name was unauthorized. (Mudgett v. Horrell, 33 Cal. 25; O'Connor v. Witherby, 111 Cal. 529, [44 P. 227]; Hunt v. Seeger,91 Minn. 264, [98 N.W. 91]; May v. Genesee Bank, 120 Mich. 330, [79 N.W. 630]; Glenn v. Garth, 133 N.Y. 18, [30 N.E. 649, 31 N.E. 300]; Foot v. Anderson, 123 Fed. 659, [61 C.C.A. 5]; Clark Marshall on Private Corporations, secs. 795, 816, 819.)
Now, within this rule, as the evidence conclusively shows that there was no express consent on the part of respondent to become a stockholder, that he intended merely to have the books of the corporation show the true condition under which he held the stock, — as pledgee, — and that the issuance to him individually of the certificate and the entry of his name on the corporate books as a stockholder, were without authority on the part of the secretary, and against his express instructions, the judgment of the lower court was right, unless the further point made by appellant can be sustained.
In that regard he insists that, notwithstanding the want of authority in the secretary to enter the name of respondent in the corporate books as a stockholder, or to issue the certificate to him individually, and that these things were done against his express instructions, yet by accepting and retaining the certificate he ratified the action of the secretary, and by failing to use ordinary diligence to have his apparent relation as stockholder to the corporation effaced on the corporate books and changed in the certificate he is estopped as against creditors from disclaiming that he is a stockholder.
The legal propositions suggested by appellant in this contention are sound, but the evidence does not warrant their application. *Page 577
There is no evidence in the case tending to show ratification. The retention by respondent of the erroneous certificate did not have that effect. It was offered to the secretary for correction, and upon his refusal to correct it until the vice-president came in the respondent temporarily retained it. This retention had no significance as evidence of ratification in view of its production at all times to the secretary for correction, and the persistent disavowal and repudiation of it by respondent as not being the certificate which he had requested to have issued, and which he at all times insisted on having corrected.
Nor is there anything showing the respondent guilty of laches in failing to have a change of the entries in the books of the corporation made after discovery of the error committed by the secretary in issuing the certificate. We speak of changes in the entries on the books as something distinct from the change in the erroneous certificate, because the case of Spreckels v. NevadaBank, 113 Cal. 272, [54 Am. St. Rep. 348, 45 P. 329], indicates quite clearly that all a pledgee is entitled to demand of the corporation is an entry upon its books showing the true character under which he holds the stock, and that he is not entitled to the issuance of a certificate of stock indicating that character. In the case at bar, both the respondent and the secretary thought that the proper method to pursue was to issue a new certificate on surrender of the old one. This belief, however, is not of much importance. When the respondent presented the old certificate, and requested the secretary to issue him a new certificate as pledgee, it was the duty of the secretary, under the rule laid down in Spreckels v. Nevada Bank, 113 Cal. 272, [54 Am. St. Rep. 348, 45 P. 329], notwithstanding he thought it proper to issue a new certificate, to have made, in addition to such issuance, proper entries on the transfer and stock books showing that the stock was held by respondent as collateral security. No matter in what form he might have issued the new certificate to the respondent, it was the duty of the secretary to have made the proper entries in the corporate books so as to show the true relation of respondent to the stock, which was the declared purpose respondent had in view when he called on him to issue the new certificate. If this had been done this trouble could not have arisen. The true nature of *Page 578 the transaction would then have properly appeared upon the corporate books, and the form of the certificate would have been immaterial.
Now, to return to the matter of laches. The respondent certainly made prompt effort to have the error committed by the secretary in the issuance of the certificate corrected, and was persistent in his efforts in that behalf, from the date of the discovery of the error up to the time of correction. If he had permitted any unreasonable time to elapse after the discovery of the error before he sought to have the mistake rectified, there would be some excuse for the claim that he was negligent; but the evidence discloses nothing of the kind. He seems to have been actively insistent during the whole time in having his true relation to the stock correctly appear upon the books of the company. It is apparent, as a fact, that respondent never held himself out as a stockholder, or that he had any intention of doing so. The most that can be urged against him is, that, relying upon the assurance of the secretary of the corporation that the error which had been made would be corrected when the vice-president came, and the proper certificate could be signed by him, he for the period in March, during which credit was extended by appellant to the corporation, permitted the secretary to erroneously hold him out as a stockholder. This, however, was not respondent's fault. He promptly disavowed ownership in the stock, and was continually seeking to have the error corrected, and his true status disclosed upon the books, as he was promised it should be.
It is insisted by appellant that respondent should have applied to the court for a writ of mandate to compel the secretary to perform his duty. But in making such an application it would have been necessary to aver that the secretary had refused on demand to make the proper entry. This the secretary never did refuse to do. Both of the parties, it is true, were honestly in error as to what was necessary to be done in order to effect the change. They assumed that the issuance of a new certificate was required, when all that was in fact necessary was for the secretary to make the proper entries in the books. But whatever was necessary the secretary had not refused to do. On the contrary, he promised to have the correction made, as it was believed it should be, by having a new *Page 579 certificate issued when the vice-president was present to sign it. The respondent had a right to rely upon this promise and the apparent willingness on the part of the secretary to have the error corrected, without being driven to the necessity and expense of appealing to the courts for redress. It was expected by both parties that this error would be corrected more speedily than it was, but the simple fact that it was delayed somewhat longer than was anticipated we do not think, under all the circumstances disclosed in the case, would warrant holding that there was an unreasonable delay in accomplishing it. It is not pretended that appellant had any knowledge that respondent appeared on the books as a stockholder, or that in fact credit was extended to the corporation on the faith of his appearance on the books as such. Nearly one-half of the indebtedness against the corporation was created the next day after the respondent discovered the error committed by the secretary in the issuance of the new certificate, and the rest of the indebtedness within twenty-five days thereafter. Certainly no laches could be charged against respondent in not having brought an action before the earlier part of the indebtedness was created, and if brought at any later period in March it would have been hardly possible to have obtained an alternative writ, a hearing, and the award of a peremptory writ between the discovery of the commission of the error in issuing the certificate and the creation of the indebtedness sued on. Under such circumstances the appellant could hardly be heard to say that he was injured by the delay even if it was not otherwise excusable. Whether laches exists or not is to be determined from the facts and circumstances surrounding each particular case. There can be no inflexible rule laid down. One whose name is placed upon the corporate books as a stockholder without authority must be extended reasonable time within which to have the erroneous entry corrected, and it cannot be said in the case at bar that the delay of four weeks in accomplishing that result was unreasonable so as to constitute laches.
The authorities cited by appellant to sustain his general contention in this case have no application. In those cases the party asserting that he was not a stockholder and so endeavoring to avoid liability to creditors of the corporation, had either knowingly and voluntarily assumed that position *Page 580 upon the books of the corporation, or, if he had not originally done so, yet from his conduct in dealing with the stock certificates issued to him, or with the corporation after the knowledge of the issuance of the stock to him, was estopped from repudiating that relationship.
In Baines v. Babcock, 95 Cal. 593, [29 Am. St. Rep. 158, 27 P. 674, 30 P. 776], and Arthur v. Hurlburt, 140 Cal. 103, [98 Am. St. Rep. 17, 73 P. 734], relied on by appellant, it appears that the defendants there were within the class of those who knowingly and voluntarily assumed the relationship. In the one case Babcock was not an owner as to part of the stock standing in his name, but held it for the accommodation of others, and in the other case Miller, while the books showed that he was an individual stockholder, in fact held the stock as collateral security.
In O'Connor v. Witherby, 111 Cal. 529, [44 P. 227], andAbbott v. Jack, 136 Cal. 510, [69 P. 257], while the defendants claimed that they had never authorized the issuance of any stock in their names, they were nevertheless held estopped, by their conduct in dealing with the certificates issued, from asserting as against the creditors of the corporation that they were not stockholders.
It will be readily seen upon an examination of those cases that they have no application here. Respondent in the case at bar, as we have seen, neither authorized the issuance of the stock in question to him individually, nor did any act after it was erroneously issued which would estop him from showing that its issuance was unauthorized and that in fact he never was a stockholder, or liable to the creditors of the corporation as such.
The judgment and order appealed from are affirmed.
McFarland, J., and Henshaw, J., concurred. *Page 581