Action to quiet title to a mining claim. In his complaint, filed November 30, 1900, the plaintiff alleged among other things that he was, and for a long time had been, the owner, entitled to the possession, and in the exclusive possession, of a quartz-lode mining claim, known as the Cuban Beauty No. 2; that on the 15th of November, 1900, the defendants had entered upon the claim with force and arms and had driven off the men employed by him to do the necessary assessment-work for that year; that they had taken possession of the ground, claimed to own it, and were excavating and removing the gold-bearing quartz, etc. Wherefore he prayed for a temporary injunction and for a final decree adjudging him to be the owner, etc. By their answer the defendants alleged that W.F. Dyer was the owner of a mining claim located in 1898 as the Squaw Creek No. 2, a small portion of which was included within the alleged boundaries of Cuban Beauty No. 2, and they denied that they had excluded plaintiff from any portion of his claim except that which overlapped the superior claim of W.F. Dyer. As to that portion, they admitted in effect that they were holding it and mining and removing the ores contained therein. From this brief statement it will sufficiently appear that the only material issues presented by the pleadings were those relating to the validity and priority of the overlapping claims. Upon these issues the findings and decision of the superior court were in favor of the plaintiff, and the defendants appeal from the judgment and from an order denying them a new trial.
From the evidence contained in the record it appears that both parties relied, to some extent at least, upon locations made or attempted in 1898, all of which were held invalid for failure of the locators to comply with some of the requirements of an act of the legislature of California, passed March 27, *Page 14 1897, prescribing the manner of making mining locations, etc. (Stats. 1897, p. 214.) These locations being held void, the decision of the superior court in favor of the plaintiff was based wholly upon a relocation of the Cuban Beauty No. 2, made November 26, 1900, by the plaintiff, just four days before he commenced this action.
In view of the grounds of the motion for a new trial, — i.e. failure of the evidence to sustain the findings, and that the decision is against law, — it will facilitate the discussion to quote some of the more specific findings in full. They are as follows: —
"I. "That upon the 26th day of November, 1900, plaintiff, a citizen of the United States over the age of twenty-one years, located as a mining claim a certain parcel of land situated in Gazelle Mining District, county of Siskiyou, state of California, and described as commencing at a point where location notice was posted, thence westerly along the line of the Cuban Beauty Quartz Mine a distance of 300 feet to stake in mound of rock; then southerly a distance of 1500 feet to stake in mound of rock; thence easterly 600 feet to stake in mound of rock; thence in a northerly direction 1500 feet to the southeast corner of the Cuban Beauty Quartz Mine, to stake in mound of rock; thence along the line of said Cuban Beauty Quartz Mine to place of beginning, and commonly known as the Cuban Beauty No. 2.
"That at the time plaintiff made mining location, said land was unoccupied public mineral land of the United States, and subject to location as such.
"II. "That in making said location plaintiff complied with the laws of the United States by placing markings at the exterior boundaries of said location so that the same could be readily traced, and also complied with all local custom and usages in recording notice of said location.
"III. "That prior to said location by plaintiff one Grant Davis had attempted to locate the same land covered by the said location of plaintiff herein, and thereafter sold and conveyed said land to this plaintiff by deed. *Page 15
"IV. "That prior to said location by plaintiff, defendant W.F. Dyer and Frank Phillips had attempted to make locations of certain quartz mining ground in Gazelle Mining District, and known as Squaw Creek Gold Mine No. 1, Squaw Creek Gold Mine No. 2, and Squaw Creek Gold Mine No. 3. That said Squaw Creek Gold Mine No. 2 covers a portion of the same ground covered by the location of the plaintiff herein.
"V. "That the said attempted locations made by said Grant Davis and by said defendant W.F. Dyer and said Frank Phillips were not made in compliance with the law then in force when the same was made.
"VI. "That upon or about the 15th day of November, 1900, plaintiff sent workmen upon said claim for the purpose of doing assessment work thereon, and upon said day defendants wrongfully and with force and arms, entered upon said land of plaintiff and drove off said workmen and threatened to drive them off if they ever returned, and at the time of the commencement of this action still hold possession thereof, and threaten to continue to hold possession."
These findings, when read in connection with the evidence in the case, fully disclose the erroneous view of the law which guided the decision of the superior court. The attempted location of the Squaw Creek claims by Dyer and Phillips was in September, 1898, and the evidence shows without substantial conflict that they then did everything necessary to constitute a valid location of the ground under the laws of the United States; that is to say, they discovered a lode of gold-bearing quartz, they posted on the ground a notice claiming fifteen hundred feet along the supposed course of the vein and three hundred feet on either side, they plainly marked the exterior lines of their claim, including the point of discovery, and shortly afterwards commenced the work of development, which they prosecuted with more than sufficient diligence. In addition to this Dyer, who had acquired the interest of his colocator, Phillips, built a house on the claim and was residing there within his marked boundaries at the time when plaintiff's employees came on the ground, November 15, 1900, for *Page 16 the purpose of doing assessment work for the Grant Davis location of Cuban Beauty No. 2, and also when plaintiff made the location on November 26, 1900, which the court finds to have been a valid location of unoccupied mining ground, and upon which alone his right of recovery is made to depend. The attempted location of the Cuban Beauty No. 2 by Grant Davis was made in October, 1898, a month later than the discovery and attempted location of the lode by Dyer, and the acts done by Davis — giving the utmost credit to his testimony — fell far short of the efforts of Dyer to comply with the law. His evidence leaves it very doubtful if he ever discovered any gold-bearing rock in place or did anything except to mark the boundaries of his claim. The court finds that his claim as marked was the same as the location made by plaintiff November 26, 1900, and there is evidence that this claim at its extreme southern end includes some croppings of a lode, which appears to be the same as that upon which Dyer has done a large amount of work. But this finding that plaintiff's location embraces the identical ground covered by the Grant Davis claim is sustained by no testimony aside from that of Davis, and his testimony on the stand is in direct conflict with statements he admits having made when on the ground with Dyer and others for the purpose of adjusting their lines so as to avoid a conflict of locations. At that time he stated that his southwest corner was where he now claims his southeast corner was placed, and the change he thus makes involves a swinging of the southern end of his claim six hundred feet to the west, making it by that means alone cover a triangular portion of Dyer's claim, including the only rock in place which could have been the basis of a valid location. He, however, says that his statement on the ground was a mistake, and the trial judge accepted his explanation, as he had a right to do, and as we should perhaps be bound to do if the fact were material, which, as will appear, we do not deem it to be so far as the present appeal is concerned. In view, however, of the necessity for a new trial, and the possible materiality of this fact in some different aspect of the case, it may properly be suggested that an accurate instrumental survey of this original claim in connection with the lines of the older claims — the Cuban Beauty and Dewey, with reference to which the Cuban Beauty No. 2 was located, and the subsequently located *Page 17 claims of Chadwick and the Black Bear No. 2, located with reference to the Cuban Beauty, the Dewey, and Cuban Beauty No. 2 — would probably show whether the testimony of Grant Davis, in addition to being inconsistent with his former statements, does not also involve a geometric absurdity; that is to say, whether it does not require us to believe that by going south on the west side of a claim bounded by parallel lines we will reach the southeast instead of the southwest corner. But assuming for the present purpose that the plaintiff's location of November 26, 1900, covered the identical ground included by the boundaries marked by Grant Davis in October, 1898, there is no evidence that either Davis or the plaintiff ever did, or attempted to do, any development work within those boundaries prior to the 15th of November, 1900, when plaintiff's men found Dyer in possession and were driven off the ground by him and his employees, Dyer having in the mean time, as above stated, built a cabin on the ground, taken up his residence there, and continued work upon the vein. But the whole question as to what, if any, effect the Grant Davis location may have had upon the rights of the parties is eliminated from the case as presented on this appeal by the finding of the court — amply sustained by the evidence, even if the respondent could question it — that his attempted location was invalid for want of conformity to the requirements of the law then in force.
The law to which this finding (No. V) refers was the above-cited act of March 27, 1897, prescribing certain particulars that location notices must contain, and requiring the record of such notices within certain limited periods. This state law was no doubt valid as one of the local regulations authorized and sanctioned by the act of Congress, and so long as it remained unrepealed was obligatory upon those who desired to secure mining claims in this state by the constructive possession resulting from a technical compliance with the law. The superior court, therefore, was right in concluding that neither the Davis location nor the Dyer location was valid at the time it was made. But the act of 1897 was repealed long before the plaintiff made his location in November, 1900. In the first place, an act properly entitled was passed March 20, 1899, (Stats. 1899, p. 148,) for the purpose of repealing it, but owing to a faulty wording of the body of *Page 18 the act there seems to have been a question whether it effected the desired repeal. In consequence of this uncertainty the same act properly worded was introduced at the extra session of the legislature in 1900, and finally passed February 8th of that year, taking immediate effect. (Stats. 1900, p. 9.) The result of this repeal was to make the validity of mining locations in this state solely dependent from that time forward upon a compliance with the laws of the United States and such valid local regulations as the miners themselves may have adopted in their respective districts. There is no evidence of an organized district including these claims, and no suggestion of a failure to comply with any miners' rules or customs. So that the point to be considered is the effect upon the Davis and Dyer locations of the entire elimination from our state or local laws of all regulations additional or supplemental to the laws of the United States governing the location of mining claims. The repeal of the state law took effect at least as early as February 8, 1900, if not on the 20th of March, 1899, and the condition in which it found the Davis and Dyer claims was this: Davis had never attempted anything except a technical location, and in that he had failed. Dyer had also failed in his earlier attempt at a technical location, but he was on the ground working the vein within his marked boundaries, and had done everything necessary to constitute a valid location under the only law then and thereafter in force. This being so, his claim was thenceforward good so long as he continued to do the necessary assessment-work. This work, and far more than necessary to satisfy the requirements of the act of Congress, was clearly proved without any substantial conflict in the evidence, and therefore the concluding portion of the first finding, to the effect that on November 26, 1900, plaintiff's mining location was made uponunoccupied mineral land of the United States, is unsustained by the evidence. This finding is apparently based upon the view that the Dyer location having been originally defective by reason solely of noncompliance with the state law — although fully complying with the laws of the United States — acquired no validity by the repeal of the state law. But this is not a correct view. The repeal of the state law of course had noaffirmative effect in giving validity to the location, but it did away forever with the necessity of conforming *Page 19 to its provisions and left unimpaired and unaffected every right which is conferred by a compliance with the provisions of the Revised Statutes of the United States. Dyer, having complied with those provisions, was certainly in no worse a situation with respect to this ground than the plaintiff. He had discovered the ledge once, — he could not discover it again. He had marked the boundaries of his claim, — there was nothing to be gained by marking again boundaries that were already marked. The laws of the United States require no posting or recording of notices, but merely provide that a notice when required by local regulations must contain certain things in order to be of any effect. There was no longer any law providing for notice or record or giving any effect to a recorded notice, and all that Dyer could do was to perform the amount of development-work required by the law of Congress, and that he was doing when this action was commenced and injunction issued more than a month prior to the expiration of the year allowed to him for that purpose. Upon these facts we cannot understand how it could be held that at the time of plaintiff's attempted location the ground was unoccupied. Dyer had in fact a pedis possessio to the extent of his visible boundaries, and the fact that those boundaries had been marked in connection with an attempted location invalid only because of failure to comply in other particulars with the state statute of 1897 — then no longer in force — made them none the less efficacious for his protection. (Conway v. Hart, 129 Cal. 483, 484.) The working of a quartz lode inside of defined boundaries is not only a pedis possessio of all the ground within such boundaries, but is in itself the substance of everything required by law to constitute a valid location, and ever since the decision of this court in English v. Johnson, 17 Cal. 107,1 it has been held to give a good title to a mining claim (not excessive in extent) regardless of local rules providing for the posting and recording of notices. It is actual possession, while a formal location is only constructive possession. In addition to the cases of English v. Johnson and Conway v. Hart, above cited from the decisions of this court, we refer for a fuller statement and elucidation of the views here expressed as to the location of mining claims since the act of Congress of May 10, 1872, to the following cases: Golden *Page 20 Fleece Co. v. Cable Consolidated Co., 12 Nev. 312; Gleeson v.Martin White Co., 13 Nev. 442; North Noonday Co. v. Orient Co., 1 Fed. 522; Jupiter Co. v. Bodie Mining Co., 11 Fed. 666.
The Nevada cases were among the first that arose under the act of Congress of May, 1872, and the views therein expressed were substantially embodied in the charge to the jury given by Judge Sawyer in the two cases cited from the Federal Reporter. The decisions of Judge Sawyer have been cited and followed in numerous subsequent cases in the federal and state courts, and we are not aware that they have ever been seriously questioned.
It is proper here to notice the case of Belk v. Meagher,104 U.S. 279, which in the Department opinion affirming the judgment and order of the superior court was cited as a controlling authority. It will not be difficult, we think, to point out a distinction between that case and this, which makes it totally inapplicable to the point to be decided here. In that case, Belk, in December, 1876, posted a notice of location upon mining ground then covered by a valid claim of third parties who by their acts done in compliance with the law of the United States had become invested, according to its express terms, with the "exclusive right of possession" of the ground so located until the first of January, 1877. If by that date they did not resume work on the claim their right of possession would lapse, but in the mean time it was unquestionable, and when Belk attempted his location he not only posted his notice upon ground not open to location, but he was guilty of an unlawful act — a trespass upon the lawful possession of others. A careful reading of Chief Justice Waite's opinion will show that for this reason alone his acts done in December were held utterly void. In this case the acts of Dyer done while the act of 1897 was in force were every one of them lawful, and every one of them constituted a step taken in compliance with the law of Congress. His discovery was upon unoccupied land of the United States, his entry, his marking of boundaries, his work on the lode — everything he did — was free from any imputation of illegality, and when he had fully complied with the act of Congress there was nothing left for him to do except to post and record the notices as prescribed by the state law in order to *Page 21 make his location perfect, and this he could have done at any time before the ground became subject to an intervening right. Under the law of Congress, under the law of this state, and under every code of district laws adopted by miners that has come to my notice, the prescribed order of the acts necessary to a valid location is, first, the discovery of mineral-bearing rock in place; second, the posting of notice at or near the point where the ledge is exposed; next, the recording of notice; next, the marking of boundaries; and finally the work of development. But although this is the proper and natural order of procedure it is not obligatory in the absence of intervening rights. It is indeed universally held that when every act necessary to complete a location has been done before an adverse claim has accrued, the order in which such acts have been performed is immaterial. If, for instance, a locator, before the discovery of any lode, begins by first marking out a surface claim, his location is perfected if he develops a lode within his boundaries, before a good location is made by an adverse claimant. So here, Dyer having done everything required by the act of Congress, could have perfected his claim under the state law, if it had remained in force, by a subsequent posting and recording of the prescribed notices.
To state the matter in another form: Several distinct acts are essential to constitute a valid location; the order in which they are performed is immaterial. Dyer performed all the acts required by the federal statute in a perfectly legal manner, and they were all valid — the acts to be performed under the state law had been omitted, but were still performable at his option without any infringement of intervening claims when the state released him in common with all others from compliance with its local law. His claim was then perfect. Belk, on the contrary, commenced his attempted location by an unlawful trespass upon the rights of others, which for that reason was totally invalid as the foundation of any right, and, excluding this unlawful act from consideration, it was held that his subsequent acts prior to Meagher's location were insufficient to secure the ground. Dyer's acts on the contrary, — none of which could be excluded from consideration on the ground of illegality, — did long prior to the 26th of November, 1900, constitute a perfect location as the law stood from and after the 6th of February of that year. *Page 22
We have not overlooked the contention of respondent that it is found as a fact by the superior court (concluding portion of the first finding) that when plaintiff made his location on November 26, 1900, the ground was vacant and unoccupied, and his further contention that there is sufficient conflict and uncertainty in the evidence regarding the Dyer locations to sustain this finding in its broadest sense. We think, however, that such a finding would not only have been in conflict with all the substantial evidence in the case, but it would have been inconsistent with other and more specific findings and with the allegations of the complaint.
The allegation of the complaint is, that the ouster by defendants occurred on the 15th of November, 1900, and the evidence conforms strictly to this allegation. It shows that on that day two men employed by plaintiff to do assessment-work on his supposed claim were driven from the ground by Dyer and his men. At that date, then, when, according to the specific findings of the court, plaintiff had acquired no rights to any of the ground in controversy, the defendants were on the ground and remained in possession, claiming it under the location which the court finds they had long before attempted to make. It was eleven days later that the plaintiff's supposed right was initiated by his formal location of November 26th, and when four days later, on November 30th, he filed his complaint in this action, he alleged the ouster on the 15th, the taking possession and claim of ownership by defendants, and that they were excavating and threatening to continue excavating the gold-bearing rock. In short, the allegations of the complaint itself, on any fair construction of their terms, are inconsistent with the assumption that Dyer was not in possession of his claim at the date of plaintiff's location.
Finally, we think that a new trial should have been granted upon the ground that the decision is against law for want of a finding upon the most material issue presented by the pleadings. It is found that plaintiff made a location of the ground in November, 1900, and it is found that Dyer's previous location was invalid for lack of conformity to a law in force at the time it was made. This finding, however, is entirely consistent, as we have endeavored to show, with the supposition that after the repeal of the act of 1897 his location may have *Page 23 been or become perfect, and the material question — the issue upon which the whole case depends — is not whether Dyer had a good claim in 1898 or 1899, but whether he had a good claim prior to November 26, 1900. Upon this point there is no direct finding, and if it be contended that it is indirectly or inferentially found against the defendant, we can only repeat that such finding is not only in conflict with the evidence, but inconsistent with the allegations of the complaint.
The judgment and order appealed from are reversed.
Shaw, J., Van Dyke, J., Lorigan, J., and Henshaw, J., concurred.
1 76 Am. Dec. 574.