[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 376 This is an action to foreclose the lien of a certain street assessment against lots of defendant Mitchell for a certain work done on Sixth Street, between Fremont Avenue and Bixel Street, in the city of Los Angeles. Judgment was for plaintiff in the court below, and defendants appeal from the judgment. We do not think that any of the contentions of appellants for a reversal are maintainable.
No doubt, interested parties sometimes succeed in forcing premature improvements and imposing on lot-owners burdens not at the time called for by the conditions surrounding the property affected. But necessary street improvements can be practically accomplished only by a law under which they can be enforced; and while the property-owner may demand that all material requirements of the law be followed, the law itself should not be frittered away by sustaining objections to trivial irregularities and slight negligent omissions of public officials not including anything material. Such a course would only result in more onerous burdens in the end, for bids for the work would be at higher rates if contractors had to run the hazard of losing all compensation if a little slip in a matter of no material importance would make the assessment void.
1. Appellants contend that all the proceedings upon which the assessment was based were void, because in the resolution of intention to have the work done it is declared that such work was "of more than local and ordinary public benefit," and at the same time the expense was made chargeable on a district which included only the lots fronting on the street. The said resolution really does not show on its face what the district created was; but, at all events, the matter of the size of the district is not jurisdictional. Section 3 of what is known as the Vrooman Act, which is the statutory proceeding relied on by appellants (Stats. 1891, p. 198), is not mandatory on the city council to establish a district of larger area than that of the lots fronting on the streets; it merely provides that when, in the opinion of the council, the contemplated work "is of more than local or ordinary public benefit" the council "may make the expense of such work or improvement chargeable upon a district," which shall be declared in the resolution of intention "to be the district benefited by said work or improvement" (German Sav. and Loan Soc. v. Ramish, *Page 378 138 Cal. 120, and cases there cited); and under any view the mere omission of lots from an assessment does not make the assessment void. (Buckman v. Landers, 111 Cal. 347.) Moreover, the section provides that "objections to the extent of the district" may be made in writing by interested parties within ten days after the expiration of the time of publication of notice; that the clerk shall lay such objection before the council, and the council at its next meeting shall fix a time for hearing the objections; that the clerk shall notify the objectors; that the council shall hear and pass upon the objections, and its decision shall be final and conclusive; that if the objections be sustained all proceedings shall be stopped, but if overruled the proceedings shall continue. This is a remedy which the party interested should, at least in the first instance, avail himself of; and appellants not having done so, and having allowed the work to progress and to be completed without objection, cannot now be heard to make the objection which they should have made before the work commenced and at the time and in the manner prescribed in the statute, where the error, if any, could have been corrected. (See cases above cited.) "The aggrieved owner should exhaust the special remedies provided before he applies to the court," and "should not thus sit by and see his property improved and expect to escape the expense." (Harvey v. Benson, 133 Cal. 314. )
2. Appellants contend that the assessment here involved is in conflict with the fourteenth amendment to the constitution of the United States, because lots which should have been assessed were not included in the district, and therefore excessive and unjust burdens were placed upon the lots which were assessed — thus violating the principle of equality; but for the reasons above stated, if for no other, this contention cannot be maintained; appellants having failed to invoke the remedy provided by the statute, are now in no position to assert rights, if any they have, which could have been secured by that remedy. Furthermore, it does not appear in the record in this case that any particular lots or parcels of land not included in the assessment districtshould have been so included; the only thing touching that matter is the general statement in the petition of certain lot-owners, and in the resolution of intention, that the contemplated work was "of *Page 379 more than local and ordinary benefit." If any other particular lots had been included, the owners thereof might possibly have made valid "objections to the extent of the district" and shown that the lots should not have been included therein. What is there in the record to show the court that any other particular lot or area should have been put in the district?
3. By section 2 of an act "to provide a system of street improvement bonds," approved February 27, 1893, (Stats. 1893, p. 33,) it is provided that the city council may determine that certain serial bonds may be issued for the payment of street-work, when the council find "upon estimates of the city engineer" that the cost will exceed "one dollar per front foot along each line of the street," etc. In the case at bar the city engineer reported to the council that "the estimated cost of said work is $2.95 per front foot," and it is contended that the whole proceeding is invalid because this report is not full enough to meet the requirements of the statute — stress being laid on the use of the plural word "estimates." It is not entirely clear how this question can arise here, for it would seem to involve at most only the validity of any bonds that might be issued in payment of the assessment, and there is no issue here as to the validity of bonds. The act provides that if the owner of a lot assessed shall notify the treasurer that he desires no bond to be issued for the assessments" on his land "no such bond shall be issued"; and in the case at bar appellant Mitchell, the owner of the lots in question, gave such notice, and no bonds were issued for assessments on his property. But, under our view, the clear meaning of the statute is merely that the city engineer, being supposed to have special knowledge of the subject, should inform the council what his estimate is of the cost of the proposed work per front foot. There is no requirement that he shall enter into details; and there is no warrant for holding the whole proceeding void because that official did not do something which the statute does not require him to do.
4. It is contended that the assessment is void because the certificate of the city engineer, after the work was done, does not meet the requirements of the law. There is really no express requirement in the statute that the city engineer shall make any certificate at all. In section 9 (Stats. 1891, p. 205) it is provided that "said warrant, assessment, and diagram, *Page 380 together with the certificate of the city engineer, shall be recorded"; but there is no provision requiring him to make a certificate — except in subdivision 10 of section 7, which applies only to cases where the owner of the lot does the work. There is no provision whatever as to the form of the engineer's certificate, or what it must contain. By section 34 it is provided that the city engineer is the proper person to render certain services, but there is no provision that he shall make any certificate; there is merely a provision that "every certificate signed by him" shall be prima facie evidence in the courts of the truth of its contents; and it has been said in one or two opinions that the certificate referred to in section 9 is presumably the one mentioned in section 34. But to put into the statute by implication, first, a requirement not there, that the engineer must make some kind of a certificate, and, second, the requirement, not there, that the certificate must be of a certain form or must contain certain things, and then to hold the assessment void because the engineer's certificate does not fully comply with these implications, would be, even as against proceedings in invitum, to carry the doctrine of strict construction beyond all reasonable bounds. Assuming that any certificate is required, the certificate in the case at bar shows the quantum of the grading, and that the work was done in accordance with the lines and grades; and we do not think that the assessment is void, as contended by appellants, because there is no express statement in it that the engineer examined the work or measured it, etc. Appellants rely on the case of Frenna v.Sunnyside Land Co., 124 Cal. 437, which was followed in Obermeyer v. Patterson, 130 Cal. 531. The decision in the Frenna case seems to have been based mainly upon the ground that the certificate of the city engineer referred to was based upon another certificate which was signed by a person who was neither the engineer nor a deputy; but if it cannot be distinguished from the views above expressed it must give way to the later case of Reid v. Clay,134 Cal. 207. (In the opinion in this later case, as published, there is evidently a clerical error; it refers to subdivision 10 of section 5 of the act, when section 7 is clearly meant.) By subdivision 10 of section 7 (Stats. 1889, p. 164) it is provided that the owner may himself do certain street-work at his own expense, and that in such case he, at his own *Page 381 expense, must procure a certificate from the city engineer showing the amount of work done, etc., and must file the same with the superintendent of streets, who must record it. In Reid v. Clay, which was a suit to enforce a street assessment, one of the points made by the appellant, who was defendant in the court below, was insufficiency of the engineer's certificate, and on that point the decision of the court was as follows: "Nor is there anything in the objection to the sufficiency of the engineer's certificate. A certificate of the engineer is not required, except in the case provided for in subdivision 10 of section 5 [7] of the act. He is indeed empowered by section 34 (Stats. 1889, p. 171) — when required — to make a certificate of the work done, and where the certificate is made, it must, under the provisions of section 9, be recorded. But this provision must be construed as requiring its record only in cases where the certificate is in fact made, or is required to be made by section 5 of subdivision 10 [subdivision 10 of section 7]. Where the certificate is made otherwise than in the case provided for in the subdivision cited — it is simply for the purpose of assisting the superintendent of streets, upon whom, by section 8, is devolved the function of determining whether the contract had been satisfactorily performed. It follows that the certificate, if satisfactory to the superintendent, cannot be defective, or, in other words, that its contents are immaterial to the validity of the lien. (Gray v. Lucas, 115 Cal. 434, et seq.; Jennings v.Le Breton, 80 Cal. 13, 14; Finlayson on Street Law, 103.)"
5. The appellant Azelia C. Huntington holds a mortgage on the premises owned by defendant Mitchell and covered by the assessment here in question; and she contends that her mortgage lien is superior to that of the assessment lien; but this contention is not maintainable. A lien for public taxes and assessments is upon the property, and is paramount to all liens acquired by personal contract. There is no difference in this respect between taxes for street improvements and general taxes. As is said in Dressman v. Farmers' etc. Bank, 100 Ky. 571, "Both are levied under the sovereign power of the state, and both are levied under the theory that they are for the general good, and the same general powers for enforcing their collection are given." (See, also, Morey v. City of Duluth, 75 Minn. 221; Wilson v. California Bank, *Page 382 121 Cal. 631; Odell v. Wilson, 63 Cal. 159; German Sav. and LoanSoc. v. Ramish, 138 Cal. 120.) In the late case of German Sav.and Loan Soc. v. Ramish, the rule is clearly stated that the lien of an assessment for street improvement, like the lien of a tax for general purposes, is "superior to all other liens prior or otherwise"; for while in that case the bond act, which expressly provides that the bond shall be a first lien, was involved, still the decision went on the broad ground that an assessment for street improvement was paramount to all other liens.
6. The foregoing are all the points calling for discussion which concern the particular proceeding out of which this litigation arose, — that is, the assessment proceeding. Appellants, however, claim the right to go back and attack another and distinct proceeding, which was for a change of grade of Sixth Street under an amendatory act providing for such change, approved March 9, 1893, (Stats. 1893, p. 89,) which proceeding was inaugurated and completed prior to the said assessment proceeding. Appellants contend that the said proceeding for a change of grade was void, and therefore all subsequent assessment proceedings must fail. The statute provides that "no change of an established grade shall be ordered except on petition of the owners of a majority of the property affected by the proposed change of grade." There was a formerly established grade of Sixth Street, and the order for a change of grade in the case at bar was based on the petition for a change of grade of Sixth Street between Fremont Avenue and Bixel Street, and was signed by a majority of the owners of lots fronting on that part of Sixth Street where the grade was asked to be changed. The council determined the petition to be sufficient; but it seems that for the purpose of assessment in relation to this change-of-grade order the council established a district which included a part of Sixth Street and lands adjoining it, where there was not to be any change of grade, and it appears that the original petition did not include the owners of a majority of the area included within the district, — which, of course, was established after the filing of the petition, and after the council had determined the petition sufficient; and appellants' contention is, that because the petition did not include a majority of the owners of land in the district subsequently created for the purpose of assessment, *Page 383 therefore the change-of-grade order and all subsequent proceedings were void. The facts as to this former order for a change of grade, as disclosed by the record, are very meager. It does not appear what the change ordered was — whether it was merely formal and trivial and not substantially affecting the rights of any one, or whether it was of material consequence, it merely appearing that the change was asked to be made in accordance with a certain map, which map does not appear in the record; and it does not appear whether or not any assessment ever followed the order or was enforced or collected.
It is doubtful if the change-of-grade proceeding can be considered at all in this case (see Wingate v. Astoria, 39 Or. 603, and authorities there cited); but conceding that it can, the contention of appellants for a reversal on account of the former proceeding is not maintainable. In the first place, the petition was sufficient; it included a majority of the owners of land which at the time of the petition was to be affected by the proposed change of grade of that part of Sixth Street as to which the change was asked by the petitioners. Its sufficiency was not affected by the fact that subsequently the council created a larger district for the purpose of assessment. Moreover, how could the owners of lands fronting on that part of the street on which the grade was to be changed, of whom appellant Mitchell was one, be injuriously affected, or in any way aggrieved, or have any of their constitutional rights invaded, because their burdens were lightened by an order which compelled other persons, whether rightfully or not, to share with them the expenses, if any, incident to the mere paper order for the change of grade? Those other persons are not appealing, nor does it appear that they ever made any objections to the order which brought them within the assessment district. Again, if it could be held on this appeal that the order for the change of grade was invalid, then the grade remained as originally established, and appellants' remedy would be an appeal to the council, under section 11 of the Vrooman Act, from the acceptance of the work by the city engineer. (See German Sav. and Loan Soc. v. Ramish, 138 Cal. 120, and cases there cited.)
The judgment appealed from is affirmed.
*Page 384Henshaw, J., and Lorigan, J., concurred.