This was an action upon a promissory note executed by the corporation to Thomas W. Wells, one of its directors, and by him assigned after maturity to plaintiff herein. An action was prosecuted by this plaintiff to foreclose a mortgage given by the corporation to secure the note. The decision of this court upon that action will be found reported in the 130th volume of our Reports, at page 345. That opinion contains all of the facts pertinent to the present consideration. It was there held that the mortgage was void. But while the note and the attempted mortgage were executed at the same meeting of the board of directors, and were thus both voidable at the election of the corporation, the requirements of the law for validating such an instrument as a mortgage are essentially different from those pertaining to the like validation of a promissory note. Thus, inCurtin v. Salmon River etc. Co., 130 Cal. 345,1 above quoted, it is pointed out that a mortgage to be effective must be made by the board of directors. But, under the provisions of the act of 1880, the consent of two thirds of the stockholders is requisite to its validity. The stockholders are thus made a component part of the power to make a mortgage effective, but cannot by any act of their own make a mortgage or validate one that has *Page 311 not been previously authorized and executed by the board of directors. The authorization to execute a mortgage must be in writing (Civ. Code, sec. 2309), while authority to execute a note may be oral. (1 Daniel on Negotiable Instruments, sec. 274.) The law touching the validation of a promissory note irregularly issued by a corporation, and invalid in its execution, is set forth in Phillips v. Sanger Lumber Co., 130 Cal. 431, a case in principle almost identical with the one under consideration. There, as here, the action was upon a promissory note invalid in its execution; there, as here, the plaintiff claimed a ratification; there, as here, the corporation received the benefits of the loan evidenced by the note; there, as here, with knowledge, and by long-continued silence, acquiesced in the contract, and never attempted or offered to rescind; and there, as here, there is in the answer of the corporation no offer to restore the consideration. This court, in holding that the corporation was bound by its specific contract under the doctrine of ratification, said: "Nor will the result be changed if we assume that there was no authority originally for the execution of the note. An agency may be created by subsequent ratification, as well as by precedent authority (Civ. Code, sec. 2307); and where an oral authorization would suffice for conferring an agency, it will be ratified by accepting or retaining the benefit of the act with notice thereof. (Civ. Code, sec. 2310) The case here comes clearly within these provisions. Oral authority is sufficient to create an agent to execute a note or notes (1 Daniel on Negotiable Instruments, sec. 274); and this is equally true in the case of corporations as of natural persons. (Waterman on Corporations, sec. 30; Greig v. Riordan, 99 Cal. 322; Crowley v. Genesee Co., 55 Cal. 273.) The transaction in this case was fully entered in the books of the defendant, and notice thus imparted to it. (1 Waterman on Corporations, 480; Holden v. Hoyt,134 Mass. 184.) After such notice it retained the consideration of the transaction, and thus accepted its benefits. It must therefore be held to have ratified the transaction."
This language, mutatis mutandis, is directly applicable to the case at bar. It would, perhaps, be more technically accurate to say that an estoppel in pais was raised by the *Page 312 conduct of the corporation against the enforcement of the note, rather than that it had formally ratified it. (Blood v. La SerenaL. and W. Co., 113 Cal. 221.) But as the legal effect is the same, it can here matter but little by what name it be called.
Except for this ratification or for this estoppel, it is unquestionably true that plaintiff could not enforce the contract evidenced by the promissory note, since it would in no sense have been the contract of the corporation. And in such cases, as the authorities all hold, the recovery of the plaintiff must be, not on the express contract, which is invalid or void, but for money had and received, quantum meruit, quantum valebat, or indebitatusassumpsit, as the facts may warrant. But here the cause of action is directly upon the promissory note originally invalid, but made valid by the conduct of the corporation. Such an action is itself sustainable under all of the authorities dealing with like facts. We have already cited Phillips v. Sanger Lumber Co. as being directly in point. There may be added from our own state,Underhill v. Santa Barbara, 93 Cal. 306; San Diego v. PacificBeach Co., 112 Cal. 61; Illinois Trust etc. Bank v. Pacific Ry.Co., 117 Cal. 332; Gribble v. Columbus Brewing Co., 100 Cal. 71; and Blood v. La Serena L. and W. Co., 113 Cal. 221; and elsewhere reference may be made to Bensiek v. Thomas, 66 Fed. 104; Witter v. Grand Rapids Flour Mill Co., 78 Wis. 543; Hotel Co. v. Wade,97 U.S. 13; Union Pacific Ry. Co. v. Chicago, etc., 51 Fed. 326.
It is further contended that by reason of plaintiff's former action to foreclose the mortgage, and his failure therein, by reason of the decision against the validity of the mortgage, he is estopped from prosecuting this action, and that the former judgment is a bar. It is to be noticed, however, that the decision itself in the former case limits its applicability strictly to the question of the mortgage lien, saying: "Whether the defendant would be estopped from contesting the claim of the plaintiff to recover the moneys advanced to it by him is not here involved. The plaintiff seeks by this action the sale of the defendant's property in payment of the note held by him, but unless the defendant has created a lien upon the property, the plaintiff cannot maintain the present action *Page 313 for compelling its sale." The question there presented was one addressed to equity for the foreclosure of an alleged lien created upon real property. In an action to foreclose a mortgage the mortgaged premises constitute the primary fund out of which the debt is to be paid, and a personal judgment can only follow after the exhaustion of the security. The effect of that decision is, that there was not, and never had been, any security for the promissory note. In the present action the plaintiff seeks enforcement of the contract evidenced by a promissory note which is not, and never was, secured. That he is entitled to prosecute such an action, even though an abortive attempt was made to give security, is decided in Powell v. Patterson, 100 Cal. 236, where the plaintiff brought suit to foreclose a mortgage which was void. There was pretended security, but in fact no security at all, and this court held that as the mortgage sought to be foreclosed was void and of no effect, the plaintiff was entitled to a personal judgment upon the note. If in that case it was permissible for the court, in an action brought specifically to foreclose a mortgage, to declare the security void and still render a personal judgment for the amount of the note, no reason can be perceived why a plaintiff in a separate action at law upon the note alone should not be entitled to his recovery.
In conclusion, it may be said that if the ruling of the court in refusing to strike out certain parts of plaintiff's complaint was technically erroneous, it worked no possible injury to the defendant. The evidence was sufficient to establish knowledge and acquiescence upon the part of the corporation and its members.
The judgment and order appealed from are affirmed.
McFarland, J., and Lorigan, J., concurred.
Hearing in Bank denied.
1 80 Am. St. Rep. 132. *Page 314