The defendant here appeals from a judgment for the plaintiff and from an order denying his motion for a new trial. The suit was brought for the conversion of a certain stock of goods and some fixtures used by the plaintiff in her millinery business, of the value of $2,750, of which it is alleged that on the fifth day of March, 1900, plaintiff was the owner and in possession, and that "on said date the defendants wrongfully took the said goods and converted them to their own use." The property was taken by the defendant Hammel under attachment in favor of the other defendants against John F. and Mary C. Hunt (parents of the plaintiff), who, it is alleged in the answer, were at the time of the taking the owners and in possession of the property. The suit was dismissed as to the defendant executors before trial. It is *Page 458 found by the court that at the time of the taking the plaintiff was the owner and in possession of the property in controversy, and, more specifically, that part of the goods in question, of the value of $360.65, were acquired by the plaintiff on the twenty-third day of February, 1899, from John F. and Mary Hunt, with immediate delivery, and actual change of possession continued until the time of the taking, and that the remainder of the goods, of the value of $1,639.35, were purchased by the plaintiff from other parties.
The points urged by the appellant for reversal are: Insufficiency of the complaint; insufficiency of the evidence to justify the findings; failure of the court to find on certain matters; and errors of law specified. These will be considered in the order given.
1. The objection to the complaint is, that it fails to state that the plaintiff was the owner or entitled to possession of the property in question at the time of the commencement of the action. It is in effect so alleged, though not in terms; but, assuming the contrary, the objection is untenable. (2 Saunders on Pleading and Evidence, 1143, 1144; Pomeroy's Code Remedies, sec. 510; 2 Estee's Pleading, 62; Harris v. Smith, 132 Cal. 317.) The cases cited by appellant's counsel were cases for recovery of possession, and have no application to suits for conversion.(Byxbee v. Dewey, 128 Cal. 324, and cases cited; Kelly v.McKibben, 54 Cal. 195.) Nor was it necessary to specify the precise hour or minute of the day alleged as the date of ownership and of the taking. The complaint must be regarded as referring to the whole day, or, as is the same, to the day as a point of time. (Bouvier's Law Dictionary, "Day," "Fraction of a Day"; Abbott's Law Dictionary, "Day," par. (4), p. 341; Harris v.Smith, 132 Cal. 316; Rutan v. Wolters, 116 Cal. 403; Newlove v.Pond, 130 Cal. 342.) It was doubtless so intended by the plaintiff and understood by the defendant.
2. We are of the opinion also that the findings are justified by the evidence. There is in the record evidence tending to show each and all of the facts found; and such being the case, the findings cannot be disturbed. (Black v. Hilliker, 130 Cal. 192;Dubois v. Spinks, 114 Cal. 289, and cases cited; Hickey v.Coschina, 133 Cal. 81.) It will be proper to add, however, — as due to the plaintiff in the case, — that we see nothing in *Page 459 the evidence to lead us to suspect that the transfer from Mrs. Hunt to her daughter was otherwise than bona fide. The business was originally bought by Mr. Hunt in the name of Mrs. Hunt for the benefit of the plaintiff, and with the understanding and agreement that it should be transferred to her upon her working for a year in the store. She performed her part of the contract, and the bill of sale given her in February, 1899, was but the transfer of a title already equitably vested. The circumstances relied on by the appellant as proofs of fraud — such as the retention of the name of Mrs. Hunt on the awnings, her living with the plaintiff, and assisting her in the business, the making of bills in her name by sellers, etc. — were such as might under some circumstances have excited suspicion, but are quite consistent with the theory of innocence, and their effect is in fact more than counterbalanced by the changes made in the signs and other acts of the parties, by the inconsiderable value of the property transferred ($360.65), by the knowledge of the transaction by Mrs. Farney — the particular creditor claimed by the appellant to have been defrauded — and other facts. So, regarding the question of actual fraud as eliminated, the evidence was abundantly sufficient to support the finding that there was immediate delivery and actual and continued change of possession. (Stevens v. Irwin, 15 Cal. 503;1 Hart v. Mead,84 Cal. 244; Ross v. Sedgwick, 69 Cal. 247.) This, it will be observed, applies only to the goods transferred by the bill of sale; as to the remainder, they having been afterwards purchased from parties other than Mrs. Hunt, no question can arise.
3. With regard to the sufficiency of the findings, the objections are: That there is no finding on the allegations of plaintiff's demand on the defendant for the goods, or on the allegation of the answer that the goods were seized under attachment, or on the allegation of the complaint that the executors of Mrs. Farney were parties in interest, etc. As to the first of these, it seems that there is no denial, or attempted denial of the allegation. But the point is, that the demand was in fact introduced in evidence, and it is claimed that the statement of plaintiff's title and of the grounds of the same, as required by the provisions of sections 549 and 689 of the Code of Civil Procedure, varies from the account of the matter *Page 460 given by her and her mother in their testimony. But, assuming (for the purposes of the decision) that there is such variance, and that the objection can be considered, we do not think the variance material; nor, were it otherwise, are we prepared to hold that the efficacy of the notice would be affected. Besides, as expressed in Richey v. Haley, 138 Cal. 444, it appears affirmatively by defendant's answer that "any kind of a demand would have been unavailing." It will be unnecessary, therefore, to consider further the applicability of the section in question; or that of its consistency or inconsistency with the provisions of the constitution, state or federal. As to the other findings complained of, these in view of the finding as to plaintiff's ownership are as to matters manifestly immaterial.
4. The errors complained of are numerous, but none of them of any merit. We do not think it necessary to discuss them in detail.
We advise that the judgment and order appealed from be affirmed.
Chipman, C., and Cooper, C., concurred.
For the reasons given in the foregoing opinion the judgment and order appealed from are affirmed.
McFarland, J., Lorigan, J., Henshaw, J.
A rehearing was denied April 11, 1904, upon which Beatty, C.J., delivered the following dissenting opinion: —
1 76 Am. Dec. 500.