There was an ordinance of the board of supervisors of the county of Marin, California, which, after prohibiting the use of automobiles on certain parts of the public roads of that county, and regulating their use in other respects, provides as follows: "Section 8. No person shall run an automobile on any of the said unprohibited highways of Marin County between the hours of sunset of any day and of sunrise on the day following," — and a violation of the section is made punishable by a fine or imprisonment. The above-named Thomas C. Berry was convicted of a violation of said section 8, and judgment was rendered against him sentencing him to imprisonment. He appealed to the superior court of said county, and the judgment was there affirmed. Thereupon this present application is made on his behalf for a writ of habeas corpus, and his discharge is asked upon the ground that said section 8 of the ordinance is invalid and void for certain assigned reasons.
There is nothing in any of the positions taken by petitioner which requires special notice, except the position that the provision of the ordinance here in question is void because unreasonable; and in our opinion that position is not tenable. *Page 524
When the validity of an ordinance is attacked on the ground that it is unreasonable, the burden of showing its unreasonableness is upon the person attacking it. In Ex parteHaskell, 112 Cal. 412, [44 P. 725], where an ordinance was attacked for reasons similar to those asserted in the case at bar, the court said: "A municipal ordinance must be very clearly obnoxious to such objections as those made, or some one of them, before it will be declared invalid by the courts. Every intendment is to be indulged in favor of its validity, and all doubts resolved in a way to uphold the lawmaking power; and a contrary conclusion will never be reached upon light consideration." In the case at bar there is nothing in the record to show anything about the alleged unreasonableness of the ordinance except the ordinance itself; and the burden is on the petitioner to maintain that upon its face the ordinance is unreasonable. There is nothing in the record which shows with any particularity what an automobile is, and, of course, a court could not declare unreasonable a regulation about something of which it has no knowledge; therefore, in order to at all consider the question here involved, we must assume judicial knowledge of an automobile and its characteristics and the consequences of its use — under the statutory provision that courts take judicial notice "of the true significance of all English words and phrases." (Code Civ. Proc., sec. 1875.) We may assume, therefore, to have what is common and current knowledge about an automobile. Its use as a vehicle for traveling is comparatively recent. It makes an unusual noise. It can be and usually is made to go on common roads at great velocity — at a speed many times greater than that of ordinary vehicles hauled by animals; and beyond doubt it is highly dangerous when used on country roads, putting to great hazard the safety and lives of the mass of the people who travel on such roads in vehicles drawn by horses. Fearful accidents to persons driving animals which are frightened into unmanageable terror by automobiles are of common occurrence. And while there are usually laws regulating and limiting the speed at which they may be driven, it is matter of common knowledge that these laws are frequently violated, and that it is exceedingly difficult for officers, even in the day-time, to stop them when going at forbidden speed and arrest the drivers. And it is apparent that this would be *Page 525 much more difficult to do in the night-time. Moreover, in the night-time even those drivers of automobiles who might be considerate of the safety of others would not be able to see an approaching team in time to take the proper precautions. Considering these matters, and many others which might be suggested, we see nothing unreasonable in the regulation — and it is only a regulation — which forbids the use of automobiles on country roads in the night-time.
Of course, if the use of automobiles gradually becomes more common, there may come a time when an ordinance like the one here in question would be unreasonable. As country horses are frequently driven into cities and towns many of them will gradually become accustomed to the sight of automobiles, and the danger of their use on country roads will grow less. But the supervisors who passed this ordinance were dealing with present conditions in Marin County; and we are not prepared to say judicially that under present conditions the ordinance is so unreasonable as to be void.
We do not think it necessary to discuss the question further, because a general law has recently been passed by the state legislature which probably supersedes the ordinance here in question, and the decision of the case at bar will not be of much value as a precedent.
The person on whose behalf this writ was applied for is remanded to the custody of the sheriff, and the writ is discharged.
Shaw, J., Angellotti, J., Van Dyke, J., Lorigan, J., and Beatty, C.J., concurred.