This is an appeal by plaintiff from an order denying his motion for a new trial. The controversy between the parties turns principally upon the effect of an instrument, in form a deed absolute, executed by the defendant Waters to plaintiff Beckman, and purporting to convey certain real estate, to wit, the island of San Miguel, containing about fourteen thousand acres of land and situated in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Santa Barbara County. On the part of the plaintiff the claim was and is that this instrument was in fact what it purported to be, while the defendants contended below, as they contend here, that the deed was intended to be and was a mortgage. The transaction included the execution and delivery by Waters to Beckman of a bill of sale of live-stock and other personal property on the island, and the same question of mortgage or absolute transfer is presented with reference to this bill of sale.
The action was commenced on March 11, 1904. An amended complaint, filed on July 2, 1904, alleges that on or about the first day of February, 1892, Waters executed and delivered to plaintiff a deed conveying the said island of San Miguel, and on the same day executed and delivered to plaintiff a bill of sale transferring the personal property above referred to. It then alleges that on the same day, February 1, 1892, the plaintiff executed and delivered to Waters an instrument in writing whereby, after reciting the conveyance by Waters to Beckman of all the right, title, and interest of Waters in the island of San Miguel and in the personal property thereon, it was agreed that Waters, his heirs, executors, administrators, or assigns "may at any time hereafter within three years from date hereof, pay to me, my heirs, executors, administrators or assigns, the sum of $7,000, gold coin of the United States, with interest thereon at the rate of ten per cent per annum, interest payable semi-annually, and upon the payment of the said sum and interest thereon in manner and time aforesaid I do . . . agree to reconvey by a good and sufficient quit-claim deed and bill of sale to said William G. Waters . . . all of my right, title and interest in and to the above described real and personal property and the increase thereof, excepting such personal property or products from said island that are *Page 583 sold in the mean time, and in the event of such payment in the manner and at the time hereinabove set forth with the interest at the time it becomes due, then the said W.G. Waters shall be entitled to credit for the amount of such sales upon said indebtedness." It is alleged that on March 25, 1892, defendant Waters paid one thousand dollars on account of the purchase price of the property mentioned in said instrument; that at divers times prior to January 1, 1896, sums aggregating fifteen hundred dollars were received in part payment of said purchase price as proceeds and profits accruing from the property on the island and that on or about the first day of January, 1896, the plaintiff at the request of Waters granted said defendant further time for payment of the balance of the purchase price. Plaintiff, it is alleged, held possession of the real and personal property so transferred to him from the first day of February, 1892, to the eleventh day of May, 1896, said island being in charge and control of a manager employed by plaintiff; said manager died on the eleventh day of May, 1896, whereupon Waters assumed charge and control of said island, and he and those claiming under him have ever since held possession of said island and property as trustees for plaintiff. On March 8, 1897, Waters sold, conveyed, and assigned unto his co-defendant, San Miguel Island Company, a corporation, his right to and interest in said island and the property thereon, and said corporation has ever since claimed an interest in said real and personal property. It is further alleged that Waters is the manager of the business of said corporation; that as such he has received rents, issues, and profits of said island for which he has not accounted, and that the defendants claim said island and the property thereon adversely to plaintiff. No payments except as above stated have been made under said agreement of purchase. Under these allegations the plaintiff prayed for the appointment of a receiver, that the defendants be required to account, that they be restrained from disposing of the real or personal property, and that upon the ascertainment of the amount due by Waters to plaintiff under the agreement of February 1, 1892, the court order said amount to be paid to plaintiff and in default of such payment that the interest of the defendants in the property be divested.
The defendants answered separately, denying most of the *Page 584 material allegations of the complaint and setting up affirmative defenses. The nature of the issues raised will appear with sufficient clearness from the following summary of the findings.
The court found that the possession of the property was never delivered to the plaintiff and that plaintiff never held possession as owner or otherwise; that defendant Waters never held possession of said property as trustee for the plaintiff or otherwise than as owner; that, in fact, said deed and bill of sale and said written agreement, all dated February 1, 1892, were and were intended by the parties thereto to be a mortgage by Waters to Beckman to secure the payment to Beckman of the sum of seven thousand dollars on or before three years from February 1, 1892, with interest thereon at the rate of ten per cent per annum, payable semi-annually. It was found that no extension of time had been granted by plaintiff to defendant and that plaintiff's claim was barred by the statute of limitations.
As above suggested, the plaintiff's main contention on his motion for a new trial was that the evidence did not sustain the finding that the transaction in question constituted a mortgage. Of course, if the plaintiff's position was that of a mortgagee, there can be no question that his right to relief is barred by limitation. The debt secured by the mortgage was due three years from February 1, 1892. The finding that no extension was granted is not attacked, and, consequently, an action to foreclose the mortgage was barred at the expiration of four years from the maturity of the debt, or February 1, 1899. The last mentioned date was more than five years before the commencement of the action.
It is thoroughly settled by the decisions of this court that an instrument purporting to convey the title to real or personal property may be shown to have been intended to operate as a mortgage. It has often been said that clear and convincing evidence is required to justify a court in finding that a deed which purports to convey the title to land in fee simple was intended to be a mortgage. But, as is said in Couts v. Winston,153 Cal. 686, [96 P. 357], (in which many earlier cases are cited), "whether or not the evidence offered to change the ostensible character of the instrument is clear and convincing is a question for the trial court. . . . In such cases, *Page 585 as in others, the determination of that court in favor of either party upon conflicting or contradictory evidence is not open to review in this court." And similarly, in Wadleigh v. Phelps,149 Cal. 627, 637, [87 P. 93, 98], it is said that this court "will not disturb the finding of the trial court to the effect that the deed is a mortgage, where there is substantial evidence warranting a clear and satisfactory conviction to that effect."
In the case at bar it appears that, before any of the transactions here involved, the defendant Waters and one Schilling had been jointly interested in the ownership of San Miguel Island and the personal property thereon. In December, 1890, Waters had purchased Schilling's interest, giving him therefor a promissory note for seven thousand dollars, secured by an instrument described in the record as a "pledge" of the island and of the property thereon. This note and pledge were assigned by Schilling in January, 1892, to the plaintiff Beckman, who was acting on behalf of himself and one Gaty. A finding which is not attacked declares that this assignment was a part of the transaction of February 1, 1892, by which the deed, bill of sale, and reconveyance agreement were executed. Coincident with the assignment of the pledge, Schilling made a quitclaim deed to Beckman of an undivided one-half interest in the island. This deed declared that it was made to Beckman for the purpose of enabling him "to fulfill all the obligations required in the said pledge of the said Schilling." Beckman and Gaty signed an agreement declaring that they were equally interested in the purchase of the note and pledge from Schilling, and on the first day of February, the date on which the papers between Beckman and Waters were executed, Beckman executed to Gaty a deed of an undivided one-half interest in the island and the personal property thereon, such instrument reciting that Gaty had advanced a part of the consideration for the transfer from Schilling to Beckman. On the same day and as part of the same transaction, Beckman conveyed to Waters all of his interest in the island and personal property by instruments reciting that they were intended to discharge the pledge of Schilling. Then followed the making of the deed and bill of sale and the agreement set forth in the complaint.
We think these facts fully justified the trial court in *Page 586 concluding that the conveyance from Waters to Beckman was, in fact, a mortgage to secure the payment of seven thousand dollars, and this, notwithstanding the fact that there was no writing whereby Waters in terms bound himself to pay such sum to Beckman. It will be observed that seven thousand dollars was the consideration which Waters had originally agreed to pay Schilling for a one-half interest in the property, and that the payment of this sum was secured by lien upon the property. Beckman and Gaty succeeded to the interest of Schilling. New papers were executed eliminating Schilling from the transaction and introducing Beckman as the party with whom Waters was dealing. The same property which had been "pledged" to Schilling to secure the payment of the seven thousand dollars was conveyed to Beckman, and this property was by the agreement accompanying the deed and bill of sale to be reconveyed to Waters upon payment of the same sum of seven thousand dollars, which had, two years before, been the purchase price of an undivided one-half interest. Waters remained in possession, and as is shown by the pleadings, made partial payments to Beckman.
Taking all of these transactions together, it is a reasonable inference that the transaction between Beckman and Waters was intended to simply substitute the former for Schilling. The fact that under the terms of the agreement set forth in the complaint Waters was to receive a retransfer on payment of the precise sum which had been due to Schilling, lends strong support to the view that Beckman was purchasing the claim of Schilling, together with the security for it held by Schilling. It is certainly unlikely that Waters, after agreeing to pay seven thousand dollars for a one-half interest in the property, would be willing to part with the entire property for no greater consideration than a release of his liability for this amount. And it would likewise be strange that Beckman, if he were the owner of property one half of which had, two years before, been sold for seven thousand dollars, should be willing to agree to sell the entire property at any time within three years for the same sum with interest. Again, the partial payments which in his complaint Beckman admits having received are more consistent with the existence of a debt and mortgage than of an agreement for sale which contained no provision for partial payments. A further circumstance supporting *Page 587 the conclusion of the court below is the execution by Beckman to Gaty on February 1, 1892, the very date of the transactions in question, of a deed conveying a one-half interest in the property. If his interest was that of a mortgagee his conveyance might well have been intended to transfer an interest in the mortgage, but if, on the other hand, he was the owner and had already made an agreement to sell the property to Waters, he could not properly convey any part of the property to any one else.
It is undoubtedly true that there can be no mortgage without an indebtedness (Ahern v. McCarthy, 107 Cal. 382, [40 P. 482];Henley v. Hotaling, 41 Cal. 22), and that no note for the seven thousand dollars was given by Waters. But in this respect the case is analogous to Couts v. Winston, 153 Cal. 686, [96 P. 357]. There, too, there was no direct promise in writing to pay the sum advanced, but the transaction as a whole was such as to justify the inference that the money was advanced as a loan and that the party executing the deed had at least impliedly agreed to repay the sum advanced. The same inference is permissible here, and is the more reasonable because of the fact that the instrument providing for a reconveyance speaks of payment of the sum of seven thousand dollars, "at the time it becomes due," and provides for credits to Waters upon his "indebtedness."
There are several alleged errors of law assigned by the appellant. The plaintiff offered in evidence a power of attorney from himself to Gaty. This paper does not appear to have been executed on the same day as the instruments in controversy, and was not proven to be a part of the same transaction. Furthermore, there is nothing to show that it was ever brought to the knowledge of the defendant Waters, and it could not therefore bind him.
The plaintiff was not present at the trial. His deposition, taken in a former action, was offered. The defendants objected to its admission upon two grounds, one of which was that the certificate of the notary before whom the deposition was taken was not signed. The objection was sustained. There was no error in this ruling. Under section 2032 of the Code of Civil Procedure, a deposition must be "certified by the judge or officer taking" it. A certificate, prepared in proper form, was attached to the deposition, but, as suggested above, *Page 588 the notary had neglected to sign it although the notarial seal had been affixed. Where, as here, the form of certificate indicates that it was intended that the authentication should be by means of a signature, we do not think a sealed, but unsigned, certificate amounts to a compliance with the requirement that the deposition shall be certified by the officer.
It is also claimed that the court erred in denying the motion for a continuance on the ground of the absence of the plaintiff. The court did not abuse its discretion in this ruling. The affidavits offered to support the motion showed, at most, that the plaintiff was unable to be present at the time set for the trial. But there was nothing to indicate that he would be able to appear at any later time, nor was there any sufficient showing of an excuse for the failure to take his deposition in proper form before the trial.
No other points are raised.
The order is affirmed.
Shaw, J., and Angellotti, J., concurred.
Hearing in Bank denied.