Defendant's demurrer to the complaint was sustained, and plaintiff failing to answer within the time allowed therefor, a judgment was entered for defendant, from which plaintiff appeals.
The complaint is in four counts, and, in so far as material to our consideration of the case, alleges: That plaintiff and Margaret I. McNamara are the sole heirs of Mary Anne Holland, who died intestate; that at the time of her death deceased had on deposit in the Hibernia Savings Loan Society the sum of $5,633.43, which was her separate property; that sometime prior to her death, by reason of the mental incompetency of the deceased and the wrongful acts of Julia McCarthy (for whom since her decease William Kelly, as executor of her estate, has been substituted as defendant), the latter secured from deceased a written instrument authorizing a transfer of said deposit from the name and account of Mary Anne Holland to a new account in the names of "Julia McCarthy, or Mary Anne Holland, payable to either, or the survivor"; that the instrument so authorizing such transfer was procured by undue influence; that it was never signed by Mary Anne Holland nor delivered to Julia McCarthy, who wrongfully and without right, claims title to the deposit of money. The prayer of the complaint is that said written instrument authorizing the transfer of the account be declared void; that said deposit of money be adjudged to be a part of the estate of the decedent; that the Hibernia Savings Loan Society holds said money in trust for the use and benefit of the estate of deceased and for the plaintiff, and that the court direct that payment thereof be made to plaintiff.
Among other grounds of demurrer sustained by a general order was want of plaintiff's capacity to maintain the action and want of sufficient facts to constitute a cause of action.
Assuming, as we must, against the demurrer, that this money as alleged belonged to deceased at the time of her death and that she died intestate, leaving plaintiff and Margaret I. McNamara as her sole heirs, they are, as provided by section 1384 of the Civil Code, entitled to it "subject to the control of the probate court, and to the possession of any administrator appointed by that court, for the purpose of administration." To like effect is section 1452 of the Code of Civil Procedure, which declares the executor or administrator *Page 509 entitled to the possession of all the estate of a decedent until the estate is settled or delivered by order of the court to those entitled thereto, but which, as to real estate only, provides that the heirs alone, or jointly with the executor or administrator, may sue to recover or quiet title to the same. By section 1581 of the Code of Civil Procedure, the executor or administrator is required to take into possession all the estate of a decedent, and by section 1582 such personal representative is empowered to institute actions for the recovery of such property, whether real or personal, "or to determine any adverse claim thereon." These sections, and the provisions of others pertinent to the subject, contemplate that transfers of property of deceased persons shall be effected by means of administration under the control and orders of the probate court acting under and pursuant to provisions of law designed to protect the rights and interests, not only of the estate of the decedent, but of all persons interested therein, whether creditors, claimants, heirs or legatees. To permit one claiming to be sole heir of a deceased person who is alleged to have died intestate, leaving a deposit of money in bank, to maintain an action of any character affecting the property, whether for the direct recovery thereof or to determine an adverse right thereto, is well calculated to lead to inevitable confusion and inconvenience. There might be legatees under a will, or heirs other than the one suing, or creditors of the decedent entitled to such money in payment of their claims, none of whom would be affected by the judgment. Assuming that in the case at bar and upon issue joined upon all the allegations of the complaint, judgment had been rendered for the defendants, such judgment would be ineffectual as a plea in bar to an action against the same defendants for the same property brought by the administrator of the estate. One having possession of money or property of a decedent at the time of the latter's death should not, at the suit of an heir, be called upon at his peril to deliver or pay it over unless he can conclusively establish for all time that there was no will, no legatees, no creditors of the estate, and no other heirs, without all of which he could not be exempt from liability, nor unless a judgment therein rendered in his favor would protect him in subsequent litigation for the same property by other heirs or the personal representatives *Page 510 of the deceased. In Grattan v. Williams, 23 Cal. 16, it is said, quoting from the syllabus: "A debt due to the intestate is a personalty and does not descend to the heir like realty, but vests in the administrator who has the sole right to maintain actions to collect the same." To this point the case was cited with approval in Robertson v. Burrell, 110 Cal. 568, [42 Pac., 1086], where the court says: "Nor can the heir by any act of his own strip the representative of any of his rights or relieve him from the performance of any of his duties. The heir may sell his interest, but the administrator still has control of the property sold for the payment of debts and the general purposes of administration. The heir cannot bring an action to enforce payments or collect debts; and, even when he attempts to do so by suing in his individual capacity as executor, the right of action not being in both, but in the executor alone, a demurrer will be sustained." To the same effect is Buchanan v.Buchanan, 75 N.J. Eq. 274, [138 Am. St. Rep. 563, 20 Ann. Cas. 91, 22 L. R. A. (N. S.) 454, 71 A. 745], where it is held that the next of kin of a decedent have no standing in a court of law or equity to maintain an action for the recovery of property alleged to belong to the estate of their decedent. The general rule, supported by all the authorities in this as in other jurisdictions, is that in the absence of specialcircumstances an heir cannot maintain an action for the recovery of or affecting the personal estate of his decedent. If such be the general rule, then, it follows that in order to maintain the action the heir must in his complaint set forth the special circumstances which as to him constitute the exception to the rule, and by virtue of which he is entitled to maintain the action. To undertake to specify grounds which would bring a case within the exception could serve no purpose, since each case must be governed by the circumstances thereof. Sufficient to say that the complaint in the instant case (the material allegations of which we have set out) is entirely barren of any facts constituting grounds for invoking the equitable aid of the court in protecting plaintiff's interest in the estate of decedent. Such actions can be maintained only by the qualified personal representative of the deceased, the existence of whom, having charge of the estate, we must assume in the absence of any allegations to the contrary. *Page 511
Appellant in support of his contention cites a number of cases to the effect that an administrator cannot sue to set aside a fraudulent transfer made by his intestate unless there is a deficiency of assets wherewith to pay existing creditors. This is quite true, for the reason that the creditors only are interested. The heirs stand in the shoes of the fraudulent grantor, and since he would have been precluded from setting aside such conveyance it necessarily follows that they are likewise bound. (Shiels v. Nathan, 12 Cal.App. 604, [108 P. 34]; Emmons v. Barton, 109 Cal. 662, [42 P. 303].) The instant case, however, does not involve a fraudulent conveyance made by plaintiff's intestate. According to the complaint, the fraud and wrong whereby Mary Anne Holland was induced to part with the money was committed by Julia McCarthy, and since Mary Anne Holland in her lifetime might have brought suit to recover it, her personal representative not only has the power, but it is his duty to sue for the recovery thereof as a part of the estate of decedent, to which, as administrator, he is entitled. The cases of Tully v. Tully, 137 Cal. 60, [69 P. 700], and Estate of Page, 57 Cal. 241, cited by appellant as upholding the right of an heir to bring suit to quiet title to real estate, are not applicable, for the reason that such right is secured by the provisions of section 1452 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
Upon further consideration of the case, we are satisfied with the conclusion reached in the Department decision.
The judgment is, therefore, affirmed.
Shaw, J., Sloss, J., Melvin, J., Wilbur, J., Richards, J.,pro tem., and Angellotti, C. J., concurred.
Rehearing denied.
Following is the opinion rendered in Department, December 27, 1917, referred to in the foregoing decision: