In No. 1012, the State Referee has found that the policy sued on in that action was written by the George B. Fisher Company, agent for the defendant the North River Insurance Company, and also agent for the Williamsburg City Fire Insurance Company, and its successor, the United States Fire Insurance Company, which is the defendant in No. 1016. The policy sued on in No. 1016 was issued by the Williamsburg *Page 638 Company and afterward assumed by the United States Company; and the referee finds that the policy sued on in No. 1012 was issued on condition that the policy sued on in No. 1016 should be surrendered, and that the latter policy was never surrendered. Plaintiff has filed no remonstrance against the acceptance of this finding, and the conclusion of the referee, that the policy sued on in No. 1012 never came in force, is clearly right, for it was never intended or agreed that both of the policies above named should be in force at the same time.
As to the policies sued on in Nos. 1005, 1007, 1014 and 1016, the first question which presents itself is whether they, or any of them, were automatically terminated on April 20th, 1917, when the subject of insurance was transferred from Lord, trustee, to the plaintiff. Each of these policies contains the following provisions: —
"This entire policy, unless otherwise provided by agreement indorsed hereon or added hereto, shall be void . . . if any change, other than by the death of an insured, take place in the interest, title or possession of the subject of insurance."
"No officer, agent or other representative of this company shall have power to waive any provision or condition of this policy except such as by the terms of this policy may be the subject of agreement indorsed hereon or added hereto, and as to such provisions and conditions no officer, agent or representative, shall have such power or be deemed or held to have waived such provisions or conditions unless such waiver, if any, shall be written upon or attached hereto, nor shall any privilege or permission affecting the insurance under this policy exist or be claimed by the insured unless so written or attached."
It is admitted that no writing waiving the above condition, or permitting the continuance of the insurance *Page 639 after the transfer of the subject of insurance from Lord, trustee, to the plaintiff, was indorsed on or annexed to the policies; but the plaintiff's claim is that the oral agreement between Woodford and the defendants' agents as set forth in the finding, was enough to bind all the insurance during the interval between the transfer and the loss, pending the plaintiff's determination of the amount of insurance it would finally carry. In Nos. 1005 and 1014, the plaintiff further claims that the action of the defendants' agents in demanding and receiving the full annual premiums on the policies sued on, after knowledge of the transfer and of the loss, was in recognition of the continued existence of the policies after the transfer. In Nos. 1007 and 1016 an additional claim is made based on the custom found, and on Mr. Fisher's request for the continuance of the insurance after knowledge of the transfer to the plaintiff, and before the loss.
The authority of the agents of the several defendants to consent orally to the temporary continuance of a policy after transfer of the subject of insurance, in accordance with the custom found, is not disputed, but the defendants' position is that the authority of the agents to so consent was limited by the custom which was not followed; it being admitted — at least, as to Howe and Wakefield, Morley Company — that no request for an oral consent to a continuance of their policies was made by Woodford between the dates of the transfer and of the loss.
It is apparent, however, that the custom found is that which relates to the ordinary case of a transfer of the subject of insurance in respect of which no antecedent agreement for the continuance of the policy has been made; in which case the first necessary step toward obtaining a continuance is to ask for it. That is not quite this case. *Page 640
The transaction here in question was one in which Woodford, acting as broker, was attempting to place a very considerable amount of insurance — evidently based on the bankrupt's schedules of assets — on a wood-working plant in the hands of a trustee in bankruptcy. The property itself does not appear to have been regarded as an objectionable risk, but, because an insured trustee in bankruptcy has not the same incentive to care in fire protection as an absolute owner, the plant was affected with an undesirable moral hazard, which was thought to be temporary and was expected to be eliminated within a short time by a sale of the plant to an absolute owner. Under these circumstances, the agents, seeking to obtain for their principals the continuance of the insurance, in whole or in part, after the objectionable moral hazard had been eliminated, contracted with Woodford, as a consideration for the issuance of the policies to the trustee in bankruptcy, that in case he still controlled the insurance when the expected transfer to an absolute ownership took place, their policies should be continued on the property "either in full or in a proportionate amount to the amount which the new owner should finally determine and carry." The expected transfer was concluded on the afternoon of April 20th, and the insurance was still controlled by Woodford, who had contracted with the plaintiff to continue all the policies in force until the plaintiff should finally determine, after inventory, the amount of insurance it would carry. The inventory was commenced on April 21st, and was in progress when the plant was practically destroyed by fire about nine o'clock on the morning of April 26th. According to the almanac for that year, four business days intervened between the transfer and the loss.
We take up first the question of the authority of the *Page 641 agents to make the contract, and while the custom found throws some light on that subject, we are of opinion that the authority of the agents to make this particular oral contract must be determined primarily by reference to the accepted principles of the law of agency, aided by the decided cases, among which we have been referred to many that are helpful, but none directly in point. Without attempting to reconcile the numerous and conflicting decisions on the point, we have selected a few authorities as to the powers of a general fire insurance agent, which appear to us to be sound in principle and consistent with our statutes providing for a standard form of fire insurance policy, and for State supervision of the financial responsibility of fire insurance companies doing business in Connecticut.
The general principle that "the powers of the agent are, prima facie, coextensive with the business intrusted to his care, and will not be narrowed by limitations not communicated to the person with whom he deals," is applicable to insurance agents. Union Mut. Ins. Co. v. Wilkinson, 80 U.S. (13 Wall.) 222, 235; 1 Cooley's Briefs on Insurance, p. 345 (quoting the above excerpt and citing other cases). Huffcut, stating the principle more concretely, says of the authority of an insurance agent: "If authorized to solicit and accept risks, or issue and renew policies, he is a general agent, and has ostensibly all the powers incidental to such an agency or customary in it." Huffcut on Agency (2d Ed.) p. 143. "An insurance agent clothed with authority to make contracts of insurance or to issue policies stands in the stead of the company to the assured."Rivara v. Queen's Ins. Co., 62 Miss. 720, 728.
"Practically the agent is the principal in the making of the contract. It seems to us therefore that the rule may be properly thus laid down: that an agent authorized *Page 642 to issue policies of insurance, and consummate the contract, binds his principal by any act, agreement, representation or waiver, within the ordinary scope . . . of insurance business, which is not known by the assured to be beyond the authority granted to the agent." American Central Ins. Co. v. McLanathan,11 Kan. 533, 549.
"In his relations with the plaintiff, who had no notice of any limitation upon his apparent authority other than those contained in the policies, Eastman, as the ostensible general agent of the defendant and its representative delegated to adjust the plaintiff's loss, stood in its place as to all the matters involved in the adjustment, and had full power to waive any of the conditions of the policies relating thereto, save as the provisions of the policies may have imposed some restraint upon him." Bernhard v. Rochester GermanIns. Co., 79 Conn. 388, 391, 65 A. 134. It should be noted that the Bernhard case turned on the authority of the agent, after the policy had been issued, to vary its terms by a subsequent parol waiver of the requirement that proofs of loss should be filed within a specified time, and it was held that the waiver being acted on was effective on the ground of equitable estoppel.
In the case at bar the parol agreement in question was made as a consideration of the issuance of the policies and related to their continuance after an expected transfer of the subject-matter to a new owner. It was in the nature of an oral contract of insurance, and we turn now to the question of the authority of general fire insurance agents to make oral binding contracts of insurance. Some of the books lay down the broad proposition, supported for the most part by the older cases, that a general agent of a fire insurance company may make by parol any contract of insurance which he might make by a written contract; but we *Page 643 are inclined to agree with the Massachusetts court in holding that considerations of public policy underlying modern governmental supervision of the insurance business require that the contract liabilities of insurance companies should not be left subject to the uncertainties of parol testimony for an indefinite time. The safer rule appears to be that laid down in McQuaid v. AEtnaIns. Co., 226 Mass. 281, 285, 115 N.E. 428, that a general agent of a fire insurance company "ordinarily . . . has authority only `to make valid oral contracts of insurance for some temporary purpose incidental to the issuing of policies [of insurance] for long periods of time,'" citing Baker v. Commercial Union Assur. Co.,162 Mass. 358, 38 N.E. 1124; Scammell v. China MutualIns. Co., 164 Mass. 341, 41 N.E. 649. So in a New York case, where the validity of a parol agreement for successive renewals of a policy of fire insurance unlimited in point of time was in question, it has recently been held, affirming Squier v. Hanover FireIns. Co., 162 N.Y. 552, 57 N.E. 93, and distinguishingTrustees of the First Baptist Church v. Brooklyn FireIns. Co., 19 N.Y. 305, that while general insurance agents have authority to bind their principals temporarily by oral contracts to renew, they have no authority to bind them by oral agreements running indefinitely into the future. Struzewski v. Farmers Fire Ins. Co.,226 N.Y. 338, 123 N.E. 661.
The authority of general fire insurance agents to agree orally to such alterations in the conditions of the policy as are permitted by the terms of the policy itself to be made by written agreement indorsed on or affixed thereto, is upheld by the weight of authority. See 2 Joyce on Ins. (2d Ed.) § 439; 3 Cooley's Briefs on Insurance, pp. 2476-2478; 26 Corpus Juris, p. 287, § 360. Limiting our decision to oral agreements intended to bridge over reasonably short intervals of *Page 644 time pending the issuance or alteration, according to its terms, of a written policy, such oral agreements are not inconsistent with effective State supervision of the business of fire insurance.
When the contract under discussion is examined in the light of the foregoing principles, it appears to be within the ostensible authority of the defendants' agents and by no means unreasonable or improvident under the surrounding circumstances. Without restating them in detail, the findings show that these agents were intrusted with the solicitation and issuance of policies; that the contract in question was incidental to the issuance of policies on a plant not objectionable in itself, but temporarily subject to an undesirable moral hazard which was expected to be eliminated in the near future by its transfer to an absolute ownership. The really desirable business in sight was the continuance of the insurance when and after the moral hazard had been thus eliminated. With a view to getting that business, the agents entered into a present oral contract with Woodford — necessarily conditioned on his continued control of the insurance — that their policies should be continued in force on the plant either in whole or in proportion to the insurance which the new owner should "finally determine and carry." We think this contract very plainly carried with it the customary oral consent to the continuance of all the policies after the expected transfer; such consent being effective only for a reasonably short time in which the new owner had opportunity to finally determine what insurance it would permanently carry. That the parties so understood it, appears not only from the fact that Woodford relied on it to protect him in binding all the policies while the plaintiff was taking inventory; but also from the fact that Wakefield, Morley Company and Howe demanded and received from *Page 645 Woodford the full annual premiums on their policies, after full knowledge of the transfer, and of the loss (which occurred within two months after the policies were issued), and of the plaintiff's claim that the policies were in force at the date of the loss. Fisher learned of the sale to the plaintiff, and before the actual transfer took place, asked Woodford for the future insurance. In view of the antecedent contract, we think this request involved a fresh assent to the continuance of his policies. Under the circumstances, the interval of four business days between the transfer of the plant and the loss was not an unreasonably long period of time to be covered by an oral agreement for continuance. The parties contracted with reference to a probable reduction of the insurance carried by the trustee in bankruptcy, and agreed that all the policies should be continued unless the new owner should finally determine to carry less insurance. In the meantime, the plaintiff elected to have all the policies continued and was diligently taking inventory for the purpose of finally determining what insurance it would permanently carry, when the loss occurred.
The specific objection is made that the agents attempted to delegate a discretionary power. We regard this objection as untenable, for the agents made the contract themselves, and exercised their own discretion in making it. No attempt was made to authorize Woodford to contract for the defendants, and his contract with the plaintiff binds himself only. Moreover, we are of opinion that the defendants are affected with imputed knowledge of contracts made within the ostensible authority of their agents. "Eastman was sent out to the world and to the plaintiff as endowed with those comprehensive powers which attach to a general agent, and to him was delegated the duty of representing the defendant in the adjustment *Page 646 of the plaintiff's loss. His knowledge, in the absence of any provision in the contract to the contrary, became the knowledge of his principal." Bernhard v. RochesterGerman Ins. Co., 79 Conn. 388, 393, 65 A. 134; citingMcGurk v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 56 Conn. 528,539, 16 A. 263; Ward v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co.,66 Conn. 227, 241, 33 A. 902; The Distilled Spirits, 78 U.S. (11 Wall.) 356. The knowledge of a general agent of a fire insurance company authorized to write insurance and consent to transfers, acquired in the course of the transactions he is authorized to conduct, is the knowledge of the insurer. 14 R.C.L. p. 1158, § 339, and cases cited.
The contract was made by and with Woodford in his representative capacity as an insurance broker. For all purposes of protection against loss by fire, the sole beneficiary of the contract was the prospective purchaser of the plant; a person not then identified, but capable of positive identification in case the contingencies happened upon which the contract was conditioned. Certum est quod certum reddi potest. When the plaintiff bought the plant and took Woodford's agreement to continue all outstanding insurance written for Mr. Lord, until the plaintiff should finally determine the amount it would carry, the contract at once identified the plaintiff as the sole beneficiary of the insurance. We see no reason why the plaintiff might not sue on the contract in its own name, joining both contracting parties; and this it has done in the four cases now under discussion, by its reply to the second defense to both counts. Baurer v. Devenis,99 Conn. 203, 121 A. 566.
The trial court, after holding that none of the policies, except those issued by companies for which Woodford himself was a general agent, was continued in force, also held that the plaintiff could not recover against *Page 647 Woodford for the breach, thus adjudicated, of his undertaking temporarily to bind all outstanding insurance, solely on the ground that the plaintiff's admitted cause of action was single in its nature and had been split by making Woodford a codefendant in each of the actions against the separate corporate defendants. Our conclusion makes it unnecessary to review this ruling of the trial court in the four cases under discussion; but since the stated purpose of all parties is to obtain a decision which will control other cases not before us, it may be desirable that we should do so. We are of opinion that Woodford's undertaking, though stated in general terms, was in its nature severable. It could only be fully performed by temporarily continuing in force each and every outstanding policy, or its equivalent, and that understanding is expressed in Woodford's letter of April 20th by the phrase, "Policies in due course, or to be rewritten to suit your pleasure." Performance as to any policy might depend on what Woodford did or omitted in that instance, and a defense might be made by one agency, or one insurer, not made by, or not open to, another. If the plaintiff had sued Woodford in one separate action, it could not have attempted to prove its damages until after all the actions against the corporate defendants had passed to judgment; and it would still be a question whether a failure to recover against any particular insurer was due to Woodford's default. On the other hand, the plaintiff, suing as the beneficiary of the contract between Woodford and the agents of the respective defendants, was entitled to make Woodford a party in each action. Baurer v.Devenis, 99 Conn. 203, 216, 121 A. 566. See alsoBridgeport v. Scott Co., 94 Conn. 461, 466, 109 A. 162.
In No. 1012 there is no error.
In Nos. 1005, 1007, 1014 and 1016, there is error, the judgments are set aside and the causes remanded