This action was brought by the conservator in his own name to recover real and personal property alleged to have been transferred without consideration by the ward to his brother, while under the undue influence of the transferee. Before any answer was filed the ward died, and the Union and New Haven Trust Company, his administrator, entered to prosecute. Ten months afterward the defendant filed a suggestion on the record of the termination of the conservatorship, and moved that the cause be dismissed and erased from the docket. The motion was granted on the ground that the action was originally improperly brought in the name of the conservator, and not in the name of the ward by the conservator acting in his behalf; that as the action never stood in the name of the deceased ward, the statute authorizing the administrator of a deceased plaintiff to enter and prosecute did not apply; and that since no motion was made to substitute one plaintiff for another, the action was without a plaintiff.
The old rule was that a conservator could not maintain an action to collect the ward's debts in his own name as conservator. Treat v. Peck, 5 Conn. 280;Hutchins v. Johnson, 12 Conn. 376; Riggs v. Zaleski,44 Conn. 120. Even if the rule still prevails, the consequences of a failure to observe it are very different *Page 682 now from what they were when Riggs v. Zaleski was decided in 1876. The conservator was the proper person to bring the action, and in his complaint he alleges that he brings it as the conservator of Arthur Ruickoldt. Under §§ 622 and 623 of the General Statutes, the action could not have been defeated, in Ruickoldt's lifetime, because not brought in his name. Being on the face of the complaint beneficially interested, his name might have been entered or substituted as a plaintiff, on motion. In the meantime, the action, even if brought by the wrong plaintiff, was still pending. As was said in Bowen v. National Life Asso., 63 Conn. 460,476, 27 A. 1059, the Practice Act has "radically changed the old practice with reference to joinder, admission and dropping of the parties to a suit, and the changes were intentionally and deliberately made."
When Ruickoldt died the action did not abate; nor was the conservator discharged by his ward's death. He still had the estate in his hands and must account for it to the Court of Probate. Until he was discharged the action was not without a plaintiff, and, subject to possible objection which the defendant did not make, it remained pending in court, with the conservator as the sole nominal plaintiff, until August 7th, 1915, when the administrator entered to prosecute. If the administrator then had a right to enter, the action remained in court with two plaintiffs, until the final account of the conservator was accepted and he was discharged by the Court of Probate. The record does not show when the conservator was discharged, but that fact was not suggested on the record until May, 1916, ten months after the administrator had entered to prosecute.
We think the administrator had a right to be substituted as plaintiff under § 623. Arthur Ruickoldt was the party for whose benefit the action was brought, *Page 683 and his right to be substituted as a plaintiff in the action was a substantial right which survived to the administrator. The broad language of § 1 of the Survival Act of 1903 (Public Acts of 1903, Chap. 193) is that "no cause or right of action shall be lost or destroyed by the death of any person, but shall survive in favor of or against the executor or administrator of such deceased person." Under this statute the survival of actions is the rule and not the exception, and the presumption is that every cause or right of action survives until the contrary is made to appear by way of exception to the rule. The phrase "right of action" includes the right to commence and maintain an action. 7 Words Phrases, p. 6226. It is broad enough to include a right to be admitted to prosecute a pending action, either as a coplaintiff, or substituted plaintiff; and under § 623 the administrator had a right to be substituted as plaintiff in place of the conservator. Nobody would doubt that the administrator of a decedent, who ought to have been made a defendant, but was omitted through mistake, could be joined as defendant in an action which survived against the estate, and we see no reason why the administrator of a decedent who ought to have been joined as a plaintiff, but was omitted through mistake, may not be admitted as a coplaintiff, or as substituted plaintiff if necessary, in a pending action which survives in favor of the estate.
Strictly speaking, the right which survived to the administrator in this case was the very same right which the decedent had in his lifetime: the right to be substituted as plaintiff under § 623 of the General Statutes. It is, therefore, true, as the memorandum of the Superior Court suggests, that the administrator ought to have made application under that statute to be substituted as plaintiff, instead of entering to *Page 684 prosecute under § 2 of the Survival Act. Nevertheless, he succeeded in making himself a party on the record by entering to prosecute, and the defendant's real grievance was, not that the administrator had no right to come into the action, but that he had come in through the wrong door. That being so, the appropriate remedy was not a motion to dismiss and erase from the docket, but a motion to strike from the record the entry to prosecute. Section 622 provides that "no action shall be defeated by the nonjoinder or misjoinder of parties"; and this must include the lesser proposition that no action should be defeated because the right party came into it, or attempted to come into it, in the wrong way.
There is error and the cause is remanded with directions to restore it to the docket.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.