The defendant suffered a default, and the plaintiff, on the hearing in damages, proved that by force of the collision described in the complaint his intestate was thrown from his wagon and sustained injuries from which he died on the following day. The plaintiff then rested his case and the defendant, under a notice filed in pursuance of Chap. 220 of the Acts of 1897, offered evidence to prove that the accident was not caused by its negligence, and that the negligence of the deceased, Lawler, contributed to cause his injury. The plaintiff then offered evidence to rebut that of the defendant. From all the evidence so offered the court has found the facts set forth in the finding and, without having found as a fact from such evidence, or as a conclusion of fact or law from the facts found, either that the defendant was negligent or that it was not negligent, or that Lawler was not negligent or that he was negligent, has rendered judgment for the plaintiff for substantial damages. Nowhere in the record is it stated that the court held that the defendant was negligent, or that the deceased exercised due care. The conclusion and ruling of the court, in the language of the finding, was that it "did not find from the evidence that the defendant was not guilty of negligence, or that the plaintiff's intestate was guilty of negligence, but ruled and held that the facts found did not show that the defendant was not guilty of the negligence charged in the complaint, or that the plaintiff's intestate was guilty of negligence contributing to his injury."
In this conclusion, in connection with the final judgment rendered, three rulings by the trial court are involved: First, that the defendant failed to establish, as a fact, by preponderance of evidence, either its claim that it was free from negligence, or that the deceased was negligent; second, that the facts which were proved did not of themselves constitute in law either due care upon the part of the defendant or negligence upon the part of the plaintiff; and third, that when in such a hearing the evidence presented by both the defendant and the plaintiff fails to show, either that the defendant was without negligence or that the plaintiff was negligent, *Page 80 the plaintiff may recover substantial damages; in other words, that the burden of establishing the proposition that it exercised due care, or that the plaintiff failed to exercise due care, rests upon the defendant, and that when it appears from the evidence presented by both sides that the defendant has failed to sustain that burden, judgment will follow for the plaintiff for the amount of damages proved.
We cannot review the decision of the trial court as to the weight of the evidence bearing upon the questions of negligence, as questions of fact. To the extent that the claims of the defendant upon the subject of negligence presented only questions of fact, the decision of that court that the evidence in support of its claims did not preponderate over that against them, is final.
Inasmuch as the court has neither held, as a conclusion of law from the facts found, that the conduct of either party was negligent, nor that it was free from negligence, our inquiry is not, did the court err in deducing from the facts found an inference which was wrong, but did it err in failing to draw from such facts an inference of law favorable to the claims of the defendant, or in failing to hold that the facts in themselves constituted contributory negligence by one party and due care by the other, as the defendant claimed?
If the facts found show of themselves that Lawler failed to perform some duty imposed by law, or that the defendant did not fail, as alleged, to perform some duty imposed by law, the decision of the trial court was erroneous. But if it appears from the record that the court, in reaching its conclusion of legal liability, did not violate any principle of law, either in defining a legal duty or in the process of deducing an ultimate fact from the subordinate facts found, and that the only duty involved in the case is that of ordinary prudence in the conduct of the parties under all the circumstances as testified to at the trial, this court will not undertake to decide whether the conduct of the parties as described in the finding does, or does not, in its opinion, support an inference of negligence,i.e. legal liability. In such cases the inference of the trial court is a conclusion upon the questions of the measure of *Page 81 duty, and the extent of performance, which are from the nature of the case so interdependent as to constitute, for purposes of review, a single, indivisible question of fact, and the conclusion is therefore final.
If the subordinate facts stated in the finding as descriptive of the conduct of the parties, are such as to be necessarily and wholly inconsistent with the inference drawn, the record then includes another question, i.e. the plain violation of legal principles in reaching the conclusion.
The grounds of this rule were fully discussed in Farrell v.Waterbury H.R. Co., 60 Conn. 239, 246-257, and again as affected by recent changes in procedure, in Nolan v. NewYork, N. H. H.R. Co., 70 Conn. 159, 185, 193. The rule is firmly established, and has frequently been expressed by this court in various forms. While the nature of the rule is such that it cannot be both fully and accurately stated in a brief form, it may be put thus: When the question of legal liability is purely that of prudent conduct under the circumstances of a particular case, and no violation of law by the trial court is apparent from the record, its conclusion as to negligence or legal liability, including the measure of duty as well as the extent of performance, is final.
In the case at bar the facts relevant to the questions of negligence which were proved in the court below are recited in the finding. The act which the defendant claims constituted contributory negligence was the attempt of Lawler to cross the track under the circumstances detailed in the finding. The defendant claims that the failure of Lawler to look for an approaching car behind him was in itself negligence. But it is not found that he failed to look. The defendant, under the ruling of the court as to the burden of proof, failed to establish that fact. The finding is : "Whether he looked back or listened before attempting to cross did not appear." If it is the defendant's claim that there is an unbending rule of law which requires one to stop, look and listen before crossing a street railway track upon a highway, we cannot sanction it. But it is unnecessary to discuss that question here. If it was not of itself negligence for Lawler to attempt to *Page 82 cross the defendant's tracks after having seen the approaching car, then the facts in this case do not show contributory negligence as a matter of law.
We think the facts found do not show that it was necessarily unreasonable conduct for him to attempt to cross after having seen the car. Upon the facts proved it may or may not have been. The finding does not state how near to him the car was when he turned in upon the track. The court has found that it was "at least seventy feet from him," and further, that "he had time at the speed at which he was driving to cross safely ahead of the car had it been going at its ordinary, proper rate of speed." It is consistent with the facts proved that Lawler saw the approaching car and, without negligence on his part, failed to observe from his position the unusual speed at which it was running, so that his conclusion that he could safely cross was not an unreasonable one. Clearly it is not negligence in law for one to cross a street railway track in front of an approaching car which he has seen and which does not appear to him to be dangerously near, and which would not have been so in fact had it been running at its ordinary rate of speed. Whether one who has observed an approaching street car should have also apprehended that it was approaching at such a speed as to reach him before he could cross the track, is generally a question of fact to be determined upon the circumstances of each particular case. Consolidated Traction Co. v. Glynn, 59 N.J.L. 432;Downey v. Pittsburgh, A. M. Traction Co., 161 Pa. 131; Callahan v. Philadelphia Traction Co., 184 id. 425;Patterson v. Townsend, 91 Iowa 725. The plaintiff's intestate "was not bound, at his peril, `to know,' before attempting to cross, that a collision would not occur. He was only required to make such observation and acquire such information as would have convinced a reasonably prudent man, in a like situation, that the passage could be made in safety."Saunders v. City Suburban R. Co., 99 Tenn. 130, 135. We cannot say upon these facts that as a matter of law Lawler was negligent, nor that the trial court, in holding that it had not been shown that the plaintiff's intestate was guilty *Page 83 of contributory negligence, applied to his conduct any other test than that of reasonable prudence, or that any different rule should have been applied. The conclusion of the trial court, that when measured by that test the conduct of Lawler had not been shown to have been negligent, is final.
Street railway companies in operating their cars along public streets have a common right in the highway with other travelers. In the absence of any law or municipal ordinance regulating the speed of their cars, they must be run at such speed and must be kept in such control as not to interfere unreasonably with the rights of others upon the highway. In using the highway they must exercise reasonable care to avoid inflicting injury upon others. Laufer v. BridgeportTraction Co., 68 Conn. 475, 489. A street railway company has "no right to propel its cars at such a rate of speed as is incompatible with the safe and customary use of the street by others who have equal rights with the company upon it." It must run its cars "with such care and at such a rate of speed that other persons, either on foot or in vehicles, may use the street in safety, provided they exercise reasonable care for their own protection." Consolidated Traction Co. v.Glynn, supra.
We are asked to hold that the trial court erred in ruling that the defendant failed to prove that it was in the exercise of such care. Not that it erred in deciding that the defendant had failed to prove it as a fact, for such a ruling could not be reviewed here, but in ruling that the facts found to have been proved did not as a matter of law constitute due care upon the part of the defendant.
The rate of speed at which the car was moving just before the accident is not definitely fixed by the finding. It is given as not less than ten nor more than twenty miles an hour, and as probably twelve. The last words are qualified by the statement preceding them. This would seem to have been unnecessary had the court been satisfied that the rate of speed was twelve miles an hour. Its speed was greater than its "ordinary, proper rate of speed." Though, as ordinarily operated, it could be stopped in seventy feet, the motorman did *Page 84 not succeed in stopping it within a distance of two hundred feet. When he saw Lawler turn upon the tracks the motorman did all in his power to stop the car except to sand the track. The car was coasting down hill and the tracks were slippery in places.
Has the defendant, by force of the facts found, proved that it was not guilty of negligence? If the exercise of reasonable caution and prudence required that the car should have been run at a slower rate, or should have been held in better control as it ran down this hill, or that its motorman should have sanded the tracks by the means provided for that purpose, it cannot be claimed that it was free from negligence.
This court cannot say that as a matter of law the defendant was not negligent in running its car down this descent at the rate of speed shown, or in not having more complete control of the car, or in omitting to sand the track. We cannot lay down definite rules for the management of electric cars. The trial court, the only proper tribunal for the determination of these questions, has decided that the defendant has failed to prove that its conduct, as tested by the standard of reasonable prudence, was free from negligence, and that decision we cannot review.
By suffering a default the defendant, under our practice, voluntarily assumes the burden of proving, either that the accident was not caused as alleged in the complaint, by his omission to perform some legal duty, or that the plaintiff's failure to perform some legal duty essentially contributed to cause it. If the facts which are established upon a hearing in damages after a default falls short of such proof, the defendant has failed to sustain his burden, and judgment follows for the actual damages proved.
Whether the question of negligence depends entirely upon the proof of particular facts, or upon the proof of facts showing that the conduct of the parties was or was not that of persons of ordinary prudence, or of facts constituting in themselves negligence or want of negligence, — upon such a hearing in damages the burden rests upon the defendant to establish by a preponderance of evidence facts which show, either that the *Page 85 defendant was not guilty of the negligence alleged in the complaint, or that the negligence of the injured person contributed to cause the accident. "The burden is on the plaintiff to show the extent of the damage. When he has done that he may rest. . . . In respect to negligence the defendant assumes the burden of proof." And this must be proved by a preponderance of evidence like any other fact to be established in a civil suit. Nolan v. New York, N. H. H.R. Co.,53 Conn. 461, 477. In Crogan v. Schiele, 53 Conn. 186, although some of the court questioned the correctness of JUDGE STODDARD's statement of the effect of a demurrer as an admission in a hearing in damages, the court was unanimous that the burden of proof upon the question of negligence rested upon the defendant. In the dissenting opinion of JUDGE PARK (p. 208), in which, upon this point, JUDGES CARPENTER and LOOMIS concurred, it is said: "It is now the settled doctrine of this State, that it is competent for the defendant to controvert the facts as to negligence. . . . In this respect the burden is on the defendant. . . . If he offers no evidence judgment goes against him for all the damages proved. But if he offers evidence upon the subject of negligence, the question must be determined wholly by the evidence. As the defendant takes the burden he must establish his claims by a preponderance of proof." Among the later cases in which this rule is observed, are Martin v. New York N.E. R. Co.,62 Conn. 331; Sprague v. New York N.E. R. Co., 68 id. 345; LaBarre v. Waterbury, 69 id. 554, 556; Bergin v. So.New Eng. Tel. Co., 70 id. 54, 65; Julian v. Stony Creek RedGranite Co., 71 id. 632.
The defendant failed to prove facts sufficient to sustain its claims; the case therefore stood as if the plaintiff had proved the amount of his damage and had rested, and the defendant had offered no evidence. The court properly rendered judgment for substantial damages.
There is no error.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.