So far as the alleged errors are concerned, the trial before the Superior Court may be regarded as if had upon an action by Perry, trustee in insolvency, against Supplee, to set aside the mortgage made to him by the insolvent debtor, Hall, within sixty days before the commencement of the insolvency proceedings. We do not think any one of the errors assigned furnishes ground for a new trial. *Page 20
The only questions requiring notice are those raised by the third, fifth and sixth assignments of error, to the consideration of which counsel for Supplee very properly confined his brief and argument.
As to the third assignment of error, it appears that on the day following the execution of the mortgage in question, Russell L. Hall gave to his son a bill of sale of all his interest in the stock of goods in his store and also conveyed to him certain land; that these conveyances were voluntary and without consideration, and that the deeds of land covered the equities in the land mortgaged to Supplee, and all of the other real estate in this State belonging to said Russell L. Hall, excepting one piece which he had transferred to another person to secure an outstanding debt.
The trustee offered these transfers in evidence. Counsel for Supplee objected on the ground that they were acts subsequent to the mortgage. The court admitted the evidence as tending to show what said Hall's intention was on December 8th with reference to the mortgage transaction.
There is no error in this. The fact, unexplained, that a man in failing circumstances who transfers property to secure an existing debt without new consideration, also, on the day following that transfer, substantially strips himself of all his visible property by voluntary conveyances to his son, certainly tends to show that the transfer to his creditor was made with a view to insolvency. The possibility that such voluntary conveyances may be so explained as to destroy any apparent probative force, does not make them irrelevant when unexplained. A single transfer to prefer one creditor, by a debtor hopelessly insolvent, necessarily carries some implication that it is made with a view to insolvency; a series of transfers for the same purpose, and of voluntary conveyances made within a period of one or two days, by which most of the debtor's assets are exhausted, clearly strengthens such implication as to each.
The fifth assignment of error purports to specify error in the exclusion of the testimony of the witness Carroll, in *Page 21 reference to an alleged delivery to him by Russell L. Hall of certain mining stock.
The court has made no finding of its rulings excluding such testimony, except as they may be gathered from a statement of what took place in court (apparently an excerpt from the stenographer's notes), containing questions put to the witness and his answers, remarks of counsel to each other and to the court, and remarks by the court to the counsel and to the witness. The only questions which the court appears to have excluded are these: (1) "Did he (Russell L. Hall) deliver to you on or about that date (December 9th), subsequent to December 8th, mining stock?" (2) "Will you state whether on December 9th, or thereabouts, Mr. Hall delivered mining stock to you for the purpose of having the same delivered to his son?"
Hall had been used by the trustee as a witness to prove the amount and values of property owned by him when he executed the mortgage of December 8th, and in cross-examination by counsel for Supplee had testified that he owned on that day mining stock which he had omitted to mention on his direct-examination; that he could not remember the name of the company or the number of shares of this stock which he then held, and that he did not know and had never inquired whether these shares were still in Mr. Carroll's possession or not, but that he did not think they were.
Supplee's counsel claimed that such delivery to Carroll was without consideration, and thereupon called Carroll as a witness in rebuttal. The witness was first asked if Hall had delivered and transferred to him certain mining stock owned by Hall, and the witness replied that so far as the transfer was concerned he had not received any transfer of any stock. He was then asked the question: "Did he deliver to you mining stock?" He declined to answer, because "any information I have on that matter, any papers I may have, I received in a professional capacity."
The question was claimed for the purpose of showing that in this manner Hall secreted property from his creditors. *Page 22 The court found that any paper the witness may have received was received in his professional capacity while as counsel advising his client, and said that inquiries as to what took place between them as counsel and client, whether acts or declarations, should not be permitted. The question was further insisted upon, because Hall had testified that he had handed the stock to Carroll for the purpose of paying certain of his creditors, and that Carroll's answer would affect the credibility of Hall by showing that statement of his to be false; but the court declined to allow this to be done through testimony of Mr. Hall's attorney, as to what took place between himself and his client on the occasion named, and held that what so took place should be treated as a privileged matter. Thereupon the court sustained the objection to the question, and exception was duly taken.
There is no error in this. There seems to have been some unnecessary misunderstanding between counsel as to the meaning of the question put. If it were a mere inquiry of Carroll, whether he had in his possession, at the time mentioned, certificates of stock belonging to Hall, it might well have been admitted; but its exclusion, if that were its meaning, did not injure Supplee, unless involving the exclusion of further inquiries. We think this was fairly involved, and that the ruling of the court excluded inquiries of the witness as to information which came to him through inspection of papers left with him by Hall, and declarations made by Hall, on the ground that he received the papers and heard the declarations while engaged in professional consultation with his client. We see nothing in the circumstances disclosed by the record that justifies us in finding that the trial court erred in holding that information thus obtained is within the privilege of counsel and client.
It is true that in certain cases apparent invasions of professional confidences have been permitted, as where certain inquiries have been allowed for the purpose of identifying documents traced to the possession of counsel, or where declarations are made to counsel in respect to the commission of some intended crime; but in this case inquiries into the *Page 23 confidential relation of counsel and client were pressed for the purpose of proving that the client contemplated some conduct which might render him liable to a civil action by reason of actual or constructive fraud, and for the purpose of contradicting testimony that had been given by the client. The seal placed upon the consultations of counsel and client cannot be broken for such purposes. State v. Barrows,52 Conn. 323, 324.
The sixth assignment does not clearly specify any particular error. Apparently the error intended to be assigned is the admission of the testimony of the insolvent, Hall, that at the time he made the transfer in question he regarded himself as being in failing circumstances. His knowledge of his own condition, as well as the fact of actual insolvency, was in issue, and no testimony could well be more relevant than that of the insolvent himself. If, as claimed by Supplee's counsel, the events of the trial indicated that Hall was acting in collusion with the trustee, such inference, if reasonable, might go far toward destroying the weight of his testimony, but could not render it irrelevant.
There is no error in the judgment of the Superior Court.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.