QUESTIONS of law reserved by the Superior Court. Heard at June term, 1846, before Judges Harrington, Milligan and Hazzard, and John W. Houston, judge ad litem, in the place of the Chancellor, he and the Chief Justice being legally disqualified to sit.
The defendants were a joint stock company, incorporated in 1832, (8 vol. 107,) as the Wilmington and Susquehanna Railroad Company, with power "to locate and make a railroad across this State from *Page 390 the Pennsylvania to the Maryland line, between Philadelphia and Baltimore via Wilmington, having due regard to the situation or nature of the ground and of the buildings thereon, the public convenience and interest of the stockholders, and so as to do the least damage to private property," (sec. 12.) The said company was authorized (sec. 13,) to enter upon any land which they should deem necessary for laying out of said road; and also for the purpose of searching for stone, sand, gravel or wood, for constructing the same. By section 15, it was enacted that "whenever it shall be necessary for the said company to enter in and upon, and occupy for the purpose of making said railroad, any lands upon which the same may be located, if the owner or owners of said land shall refuse to permit such entry and occupation, and the parties cannot agree upon the compensation to be made for any injury or supposed injury, that may be done to said land by such entry or occupation," such damage should be estimated by five disinterested men, to be agreed on by the parties, or appointed by the Superior Court; and on their report being confirmed and the company paying the sum awarded "in full compensation for said lands, or for the injury sustained as aforesaid, the said company shall become seized of the same estate in the said lands which the owner held in the same, and they and all who act under them shall be acquitted and freed from all responsibility for or on account of such damage: provided, that payment of damages for lands through which the said road may be made, shall be made before said company, or any person in their employ shall be authorized to break ground, c. Section 16, provided "that if in the location of said railroad it shall be found necessary to pass over any navigable river or creek by a bridge or other edifice, it shall be the duty of said company to construct and keep in repair, a sufficient pass or draw in said bridge or edifice, over the channel or deepest part of said river or creek, for the purpose of letting vessels pass and re-pass through the same; which draw shall at all times, on the approach of any masted vessel or vessels, be drawn at the cost of said railroad company," c. c.
By a supplement to this act, passed in 1835, (9th vol. 9,) this company was united with the Delaware and Maryland Railroad Company; and was authorized, whenever it was necessary for them to enter into and upon, and occupy for the purpose of making the railroad, any lands or tenements, they should signify it to five commissioners named by this act, who should thereupon "estimate the damage that may be done to said lands and tenements, by such entry *Page 391 and occupation;" on payment of which, the title to the land should become vested in the company. But the owner of the land, if dissatisfied with their report, was authorized to sue out a writ of ad quod damnum, to inquire by a jury of twelve men "what damages will he sustained by such owner by reason of said railroad, so passing through any, lands or tenements belonging to him, her or them, taking into consideration all the advantages to be derived to him, her or them, by reason of said railroad."
Another supplement, passed in 1837 (9th vol. 59,) united the company with the "Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad Company," and authorized it to convert the drawbridge erected by it over the White Clay creek into a permanent bridge, "and to keep the draw closed, or dispense with it altogether: provided, that if by accident or otherwise, the bridge should be broken down or destroyed, the company should erect "another bridge over the said creek, at the same place, and of the same height and dimensions, and of the same width between the piers, as those of the present bridge."
By another supplement passed in 1839 (9th vol. 243,) the defendants were authorized to keep a permanent bridge, without a draw, over Boat or Bout creek, at the place where such a bridge was then erected, any thing in the previous laws notwithstanding: provided, that the owners of the land lying on said stream, should have the right within six months, to sue out a writ in the nature of a writ of ad quod damnum, to inquire by a jury of twelve men, "whether any and what damages have been sustained by such owner or owners, by reason of the said bridge, erected by the said company, over the said stream, being constructed without any draw or pass therein;" and to prosecute such proceeding to judgment and execution; and, provided further, that the defendants should pay the costs of a certain suit instituted against them in chancery in relation to this bridge.
This act, which was passed at the defendant's solicitation, with all the acts previously passed, were duly accepted by the defendants.
A further act was passed in 1845, (10th vol. 19,) as a supplement to the defendants' charter, extending the "benefits and provisions" which the act of 1839, secured to the owners of land on Boat or Bout creek, "to the owner or owners of any land lying and being on White Clay creek, or on Bed Clay creek, as well to recover damages for any injury heretofore sustained, as for injuries that may be hereafter sustained by any of the said owner or owners, in consequence of any act, work, or obstruction, of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad Company, heretofore done or constructed, *Page 392 or that may hereafter be made or done: provided, that proceedings for the recovery of damages for injuries heretofore sustained, shall be commenced within twelve months from the passing this act; and within twelve months from the time any injury may hereafter be sustained."
The present proceeding was taken under this last act, which was never accepted by the railroad company.
The plaintiff, Samuel Bailey, was the owner of a mill-seat and mills, on the White Clay creek, above the defendants' bridge. This bridge, with its embankments, c, were made by the defendants in the years 1835-6; the bridge having then a draw, as required by the original act of incorporation. It was made a permanent bridge, (without a draw,) in the spring of 1837, as authorized by the act of 1837. One of the piers of the bridge was partially prostrated by a flood in January, 1839, and a new pier erected by the side of the old one, occupying about four feet more of the stream of said creek, and diminishing the pass way of the water to that extent. The piers and abutments were placed transversely across the stream, and one corner of each abutment stands in the stream below high water mark; and these, with the piers and embankments, were the obstructions complained of. There was no culvert through the embankments.
The White Clay creek, is a stream lying within the State of Delaware, having its sources in Pennsylvania; navigable to vessels with masts, up to plaintiff's mills before the erection of this bridge, and the tide ebbs and flows up to, and above the bridge, but only within the State of Delaware.
The plaintiff, availing himself of the act of 1845, sued out a writ in the nature of a writ of ad quod damnum, to ascertain whether any, and what damages had been sustained by him, by the erection of the bridge aforesaid, or any other act or obstruction of the defendants.
It was admitted that all the acts, works, and obstructions complained of, were done and made by defendants prior to June, 1839, and a large amount of the damages assessed had accrued therefrom prior to 1840. Also, that the railroad, embankments, bridge, and other works, were not located upon, over, or across the plaintiff's premises; nor has any portion of his land been taken or occupied by the defendants in the making the road, bridge, or other works.
On the execution of the writ, the defendants declined appearing before the jury, and the sheriff returned an inquisition taken on the 5th and 6th of May, 1845, finding damages for the plaintiff to the *Page 393 amount of $3,888. Whereupon, on motion of Mr. Wales, and exceptions filed, a rule was granted to show cause why the writ and inquisition should not be set aside; and the questions of law arising under this rule were afterwards, by consent, reserved for hearing in banc.
The exceptions relied on, were: 1st. That the act of 1845, by. virtue of which the writ issued is unconstitutional and void; being a violation of the vested rights of the said company, and of the Constitution of the United States, and also of this State. That the said act has not been accepted by the defendants, and is partial and unjust in its provisions. 2d. Because neither the bridge, railroad, or embankments referred to, were erected or made on the lands or property of the plaintiff. 3d. Because the defendants were not present or heard before the jury of inquest; and, believing the said act of assembly unconstitutional and void, filed a protest in writing before the said inquest against the said proceedings.
The cause was argued in the Court of Appeals, by Layton for plaintiff; and Wales and Frame, for defendants.
On the constitutional question, Mr. Layton cited, Const.Art. 6, sec. 1; 1 Blac. Com. 160; 12 Serg. Rawle 331, 344; 1 Ired. Dig. 140; 4 Dev. Rep. 1; 6Cranch 87, 136; 3 Dall. 386, 395; 2 Pet. Rep. 522;12 Wheat. 270, 370; 1 Cow. 550; 4 Dall. 14; 1Cranch 137; 1 Binn. 415; 13 Pick. 60; 7 Ibid 466; 2 Dall. 309; 1 Marsh 290; 11 Mass. Rep. 396; 2Harr. 514; 3 Marsh 423; 8 Pick. 96; 6 Conn.Rep. 493; 3 Story Com. 250-1, 245-7-9, 266; 12 Wheat.257, 358; 4 Ibid 235, 197, 629, 370: 1 Hill Rep. 324; 11Pet. Rep. 420; 8 Ibid 110; 2 Ibid 414; 3 Dall.391; 15 Serg. Rawle 72.; 8 Wheat. 89; 4 Ibid. 200; 12 Ibid 370, 262; 4 Ibid 425; 1 Cranch 109; 9Ibid 374; 4 Ibid 384; 1 Baldw. 74; 21 Pick.250; 16 Mass. Rep. 273; 1 Paige Ch. Rep. 107; 2 Hill31, 45; 13 Wend. 325; 25 Ibid 680; 4 Hill 384; 23Wend. 103; 8 Cow. 146.
Frame and Wales, contra., cited, 2 Harr. Rep. 76, 514, 553; 3 Ibid 294, 335, 441; 1 Del. Laws Appx. 70, 79, 80; 8 Ibid 3; Const. Art. 1, § 9; 1 Blac. Com. 44;Mag. Chart. Ch. 29; 2 Co. Inst. 50; 6 Cranch 135; 9Ibid 52, 535; 2 Dall. Rep. 307; 3 Ibid 387; 3Story Const. 268; 2 Pet. Rep. 414, 419, 657; 13Wend. 328; 1 Paige Rep. 107; 11 Mass. Rep. 404; 4Hill 140; 5 Pick. 69; 4 Wheat. 235; 4 Hill 76, 92; 2 Pet. Rep. 245; 8 Cow. 146, 246; 9 Conn. Rep. 436.
Judge Harrington, delivered the opinion of the court. The case before us, so much elaborated in *Page 394 argument, as it well deserved to be on account of the grave questions involved; may be compressed within narrower limits, when the true questions at issue are fairly presented to the mind. Indeed, the argument itself has, by mutual concession, excluded many topics which it will be unnecessary for me particularly to notice in expressing the opinion of the court on the whole matter.
The plaintiff's proceeding is to recover damages alledged to have been sustained by him from the act of the defendants. His writ of ad quod damnum directs the jury to inquire whether any, and what, damages have been sustained by him in consequence of the act, work, and obstruction of the defendants, in the construction of a certain bridge and causeway across White Clay creek. He is the owner of a mill-seat and mills on that creek, above this bridge, and has suffered damage, as the proceeding assumes, as the indirect and consequential result of its erection; either from the obstruction in the navigation, impeding the flow of water, or otherwise, which he is entitled to ascertain and recover, by writ and inquisition. Objections have been urged to thisform of proceedings; and even to the regularity of the writ and inquest; but I wish first to settle the right of action, before I examine the mode of remedy, or form of process.
The defendants are an incorporated company, authorized by legislative grant to make a railroad across the State in a certain direction; with power, at first general, and afterwards specific, to make a bridge across the White Clay creek. They were required to locate the road with due regard to public convenience, and so as to do the least damage to private property; and to compensate any person through whose land the road might be located, the damages which he might sustain from their entry upon and use, and indeed their appropriation of his land; for, by the charter, the title, to the land so occupied is vested in the company on payment of damages. They were authorized to make bridges over such streams of water as it might be necessary for them to cross, being required in respect to navigable rivers or creeks to furnish a sufficient draw or passway for vessels, with only two exceptions, one of which was the White Clay creek, and the other, a stream called Boat or Bout creek, in Brandy-wine hundred. In regard to White Clay creek, the authority to make a close bridge was expressly given by act of Jan. 13th, 1837, with the sole condition, that in case of its destruction they should erect another bridge at the same place, and of the same dimensions. The right to make a close bridge over Boat creek was conferred on the defendants, by the act of the 14th of February, 1839, with a proviso *Page 395 that the owners of land lying on said stream should be entitled to inquire by a jury what damages they sustained by reason of the bridge being made without a draw or passway; which damages the defendants were made liable for; and they accepted the power thus given them, with this condition.
Under these legislative grants, with the restrictions mentioned, the defendants proceeded to locate a railroad; and built a bridge over the White Clay creek with a draw, which they afterwards closed, and made a permanent bridge; under the act of 1837. In the location of the road the defendants entered upon no land of the plaintiff, and appropriated none of his property to their use. Neither the bridge, nor its abutments, approaches or appurtenances, have any connection with the plaintiff's property. The defendants, therefore, claim theright, by grant from the State, to make this bridge without any liability whatever to individuals, for any obstruction it may occasion to the creek over which it is built.
The leading question, then, in this cause, is, whether there is any such legal liability on the defendants; and, supposing the plaintiff to have sustained incidental and indirect damage from the obstructions caused by this bridge, whether any right of action accrued to him, as against these defendants, for the erection of this bridge by them under the circumstances stated. If such right of action did not exist originally; the next question will be, whether it was lawfully conferred by the act of the 4th of February, 1845.
The White Clay creek, and all other navigable rivers within the State, belong to the State, not merely in right of eminent domain, but in actual propriety. The State retains the right of eminent domain to even private property, or property granted by it to individuals; which is the ultimate right of the sovereign power to resume the grant for public purposes, on payment of just compensation. (11 Pet. Rep. 641, 642; Vattel B. 1, ch. 20, § 244.) But navigable streams have never been granted to individuals; and the State resumes nothing, and of course violates no one's right of property, when, for great public purposes, it uses the waters of such rivers even so as to impede or deprive individuals of their accustomed use of them. It is true, that in relation to great rivers which afford essential means of commerce with other States and the world, certain restrictions are imposed on the States themselves by the Constitution of the United States; but of such a river as this it may be assumed, at least since the case of Wilson vs. The Blackbird Creek Marsh Company, (2 Pet. Rep. 251,) that the State has the unrestricted right of a *Page 396 proprietor over its waters; and may obstruct or close the same, if the public interest or convenience requires it to do so. As a public highway, it is free to all citizens for navigation or fishery; but when the legislature deems it more beneficial to the public to close this highway by a permanent bridge, or to exclude the fish from its waters by a dam, it is a question only of public expediency, and furnishes no just ground of complaint from individuals who have heretofore enjoyed benefits and advantages which may be abridged, or cut off, by the improvement. Much less does it give a right of action. Even if such an obstruction were unauthorized; the unlawful act of an individual; no private right of action would accrue for that which is a common wrong, and a nuisance. The remedy would be general, like the injury; by indictment of the wrong-doer, and abatement of the nuisance. And so with regard to private property situated upon such rivers. The owner of such property holds it, subject to this right of the public to use the stream at the will of the legislature; and if, in the use of it, indirect damage arises to such property, it is an inconvenience to which he must submit, unless the State makes compensation as a mere gratuity. It is damnum absque injuria; a damage not merely without remedy, but without right to a remedy; a part of the cost of the party's connection with society, to be set off against its general blessings, or compensated by the use of the river still left to him in a restricted form, and to which he has no better right than every other citizen. Either he must submit to this inconvenience, or the public give up their right to use the river in the mode desired. The assumption that such use of it, authorized by the State, gives him a right of action against any one, is founded on the idea that, as owner of land adjoining the river, he has a right to the uninterrupted flow of the river in its natural course, which the State cannot interrupt for any purpose, however general or important the object may be. Such a proposition was pronounced in Lansing vs. Smith, to be "too extravagant to be seriously maintained." "It denies, (as the court there said,) to the State, the. power of improving the navigation of the river by dams, or any other erections which must affect the natural flow of the stream, without the consent of all the proprietors of the adjacent shore within the remotest limits which may be affected by the operation."
Nor would the evil of such a principle stop here. If the State cannot use its own property for public purposes without liability for incidental damage, much more must it be liable for such damage in the exercise of its right of eminent domain: so that it would be impossible *Page 397 to make a railroad or canal, or authorize any other public improvement, without incurring such an indefinite amount of liability as would effectually put a stop to improvement. Every road, public or private, crossed by such railroad or canal, would afford occasion for numberless suits; every person, however remote, who was deprived of any easement or convenience, however slight, though it was held by the same authority that takes it away, would have his. action on the case for damages; and, as this would be a continuing wrong, the liability to renewed suits would, in case of special damage, continue to exist, until the projected improvement was abandoned. Such a principle is indeed, too extravagant to be seriously maintained; while the contrary is vindicated not merely by its reasonableness and necessity, but by the authority of repeated decisions of the courts.
In The Plate Glass Company vs. Meredith, and others, (4 TermRep. 794,) the defendants acting as commissioners of pavements, under an act of parliament, so paved the public street as to cut off the usual communication to plaintiffs' warehouse, and the court decided that no action would lie for damages. Lord Kenyon said, "if such an action could be maintained, every turnpike act, paving act, and navigation act, would give rise to an infinity of actions. If the legislature do not empower the commissioners to award satisfaction to individuals who happen to suffer, they are without remedy. The interests of individuals must, give way to the accommodation of the public;" and Judge Buller said, "if the thing complained of were lawful at the time, no action can be sustained against the party doing the act."
A public navigable river, prima facie and of common right, belongs to the sovereign power. The lands of individuals bounding such river are held by grants from or under the State, which grants do not divest the State of its power to improve the navigation, c, and, for such purposes, it may do every thing for the full enjoyment of its rights; only it cannot take private property for public use without compensation. (Hollister vs. The Union Company, 9 Conn.Rep. 436, 446.)
The public, as owners of the river, may improve the navigation without liability for remote and consequential damages to individuals. The injury is one to which individuals must submit as the price of the social compact: it is damnum absque injuria.
Remote and consequential injuries by turnpike roads, improvements of rivers, or streets, c, will not furnish a cause of action *Page 398 against those who are. authorized by the legislature to accomplish such object, if they act within their powers, with honesty and discretion.
The statute of New York, authorizing the construction of a basin in the Hudson river at Albany, and erections whereby the docks of individuals above were rendered inaccessible, or less easily approached by vessels, and therefore, much depreciated in value; though it provided no compensation for such a consequence, is not unconstitutional, either as taking private property for public use without just compensation, or impairing the obligation of contracts. This not being a direct invasion of private property, but remote and consequential merely, and arising from a public improvement, the injury is one to which individuals must submit as the price of the social compact, and in the eye of the law the injury is damnum absque injuria. (Lansing vs. Smith, 8 Cow. Rep. 146.)
The act of 1832, which incorporated the W. S. Railroad Company, authorized the defendants to make a drawbridge over any navigable river or creek it should be found necessary to cross in locating the road; and the act of 1837, having special reference to the bridge already built over the White Clay creek, gave them authority to convert that bridge into a permanent bridge, without a draw; provided, that if by accident or otherwise, the said bridge should be broken down or destroyed, it should be their duty to erect another bridge over the said creek at the same place, and of the same height and dimensions, and of the same width between the piers, as those of the bridge then erected. Upon the principles before stated, if the act and obstruction of which the plaintiff complains, be the erection or change of this bridge, within the scope and meaning of the authority thus granted by the legislature, these acts afford no ground of action for damages resulting from such bridge, and the plaintiff is wholly without remedy.
2. Supposing him to be without any right of action previous to the act of 1845, we are next to consider the effect of that act which, according to the plaintiffs' construction, and the use to which in this suit it is applied, gives to him a remedy by writ, in the nature of a writ of ad quod damnum, to recover damages for any injuryheretofore sustained, or that may be sustained hereafter, in consequence of any act, work or obstruction of the defendants, heretofore done or constructed, or that may be hereafter made, or done. If this be the true construction and meaning of the act of 1845, it will not be denied, that it necessarily raises the question whether the legislature *Page 399 can essentially vary the terms of a charter of incorporation without the consent of the company; can make an act duly authorized by its charter, and lawful when done, unlawful; and subject it not only to a general action, but to a summary action for damages, under circumstances where neither the charter, nor common law, give any right of action, or claim for damages. I endeavor to state the question correctly. The defendants' charter authorized them to make and to change this bridge, without imposing on them any liability to pay any incidental and consequential damages to the owners of lands lying on the river. The general law of the land imposes no such liability, and denies that the plaintiff can sustain, in a legal sense, any injury from such authorized act of the defendants. I assume, at present, that the bridge is made, and afterwards changed in strict compliance with the authority given by the charter; and the plaintiff contends that the act of 1845, makes the defendants liable to an ad quod damnum process, for the recovery of damages sustained by him in consequence of the erection of this bridge. The question then is, as I have stated, whether, after an act of incorporation is duly granted, accepted and acted under, a subsequent legislature can, without the consent of the corporators, essentially change its terms.; can make an act lawfully done in pursuance of it, unlawful; and subject the company to actions and damages, where no cause of action existed before. It can hardly be necessary to attempt the argument of such a question; but 1 will state a few general propositions established by the adjudged cases on this subject.
It was conceded in the argument, that an act of the State legislature which has the effect to impair the obligation of a contract, is unconstitutional and void, under the prohibitions of the Constitution of the United States; and it was further conceded, that the State courts, as well as the courts of the United States, were not only authorized, but bound, to treat such an act as a nullity; because the 6th article of that constitution expressly declares it to be the supreme law, binding on all courts, and judges. While he argued that an act divesting vested rights was not unconstitutional; and further, that this court had no authority to declare any act of the legislature void, merely because it violated the constitution of this State, the counsel for the plaintiff did not deny, but fully admitted, that an act thus violating the Constitution of the United States, could not be binding on any one.
An act of incorporation either for public or private purposes is, both in form and substance, a contract. (3 Story Com. 258.) "It confers *Page 400 rights and privileges upon the faith of which it is accepted. It imparts obligations and duties on the part of the corporators which they are not at liberty to disregard; and it implies a contract on the part of the legislature, that the rights and privileges so granted shall be enjoyed." It is laid down by Judge Story as a general principle, that whenever a law is in its own nature a contract, and absolute rights have vested under it, a repeal of that law cannot divest these rights, or annihilate or impair the title so acquired. (Ibid 258.) The charter of this company is a contract between the State and the corporators, that if they will risk their money in making a great public improvement through the State, they shall have the franchises, liberties, and privileges, granted by the charter; subject only to the restrictions, and conditions, which it contains. Among other powers granted, was that of entering upon private property, and making it their own, on payment of damages to be ascertained in a specified mode; the power to make bridges across any rivers or creeks which it might be necessary to cross, provided, that in case of navigable rivers they should make drawbridges; and the express power to make the bridge over White Clay creek a close bridge without a draw. The Tight to make such a bridge is conferred without any condition or obligation to pay damages to any person, other than those whose property might be taken for the use of the company; and the charter was accepted and acted upon by the company, on the faith of a contract implied by the very nature of the grant, that the State should permit them to enjoy the rights and privileges so granted. Whatever may be said, therefore, of the power of the legislature to alter this charter, it cannot be doubted that an act which imposes conditions to the rights so granted, which makes the company liable to damages, where the charter or previous laws imposed no such liability, and which fixes a summary mode of enforcing such claim, and recovering the damages; is an act which not only divests the vested rights of the corporation, but violates the obligations of the contract implied by the charter. A vested right is defined by Judge Duncan, in Eakin vs. Raub, "as the power one has to do certain actions, or to possess certain things, according to the laws of the land." Such was the right of the defendants to build this bridge, without any other condition or liability than those imposed by the charter; and which was not only divested by the further imposition of liabilities destructive of the power, but such as violate the contract under which the power was accepted and exercised. I presume no one will doubt that if these liabilities had been imposed by the charter *Page 401 of this company, it would not have been accepted by the defendants. If such a law were made to apply, not only to White Clay creek, and Boat creek, but to all other creeks and streams, (as in justice it ought, if justly applicable to any,) nothing is more certain than that it would defeat the object of every act of incorporation for public improvement which is under any necessity to cross public streams. This would be the strongest proof of the extent of the superadded responsibility of the defendants; but it needs not such a change as that to violate a charter. The manner, or degree, in which this change is effected, says Judge Story, (3 Story Com. 250,) can in no respect influence the conclusion. "Any deviation from its terms, by postponing or accelerating the period of performance which it prescribes;imposing conditions not expressed in the contract; or dispensing with the performance of those which are a part of the contract, however minute or apparently immaterial in their effect upon it, impair its obligation." (Green vs. Biddle, 8Wheat. Rep. 197-98; M'Cullough vs. Maryland,4 Wheat. 316.)
These principles are further illustrated by the following decisions.
An act of the legislature of New Jersey, declaring that certain lands should not hereafter be subject to taxes, is a contract which cannot be rescinded; and a subsequent law repealing such act is unconstitutional. (New Jersey vs. Wilson, 7 Cranch 164.)
Insolvent acts which discharge the debtor from future liability for debts contracted previously, are void. (Sturges vs.Crowningshield, 4 Wheat. 122; M'Millan vs. M'Neill,4 Wheat. 209.)
An act of the legislature of New Hampshire, altering the charter of Dartmouth College, in a material respect, without the consent of the corporation, is an act impairing the obligation of a contract; and is unconstitutional and void. (Dartmouth College vs.Woodward, 4 Wheat. 518.)
Acts of incorporation, when granted on a valuable consideration, assume the nature of contracts; and vested rights under them are no more subject to legislative power than any other vested rights. (11Pet. Rep. 569.) When land is granted, the State can exercise no acts of ownership over it, unless it be taken for public use; and the same rule applies to a grant for a bridge, a turnpike road, or any other public improvement. (Ibid 569.)
Rights legally vested in a corporation, cannot be controlled or destroyed by any subsequent statute, unless a power for that purpose be reserved in the act of incorporation. (2 Mass. Rep. 143, 146.)
If these principles be well established, and apply to the case before *Page 402 the court, which, in my judgment they clearly do, it will be unnecessary for me further to inquire, whether the act of 1845, violates the constitution of this State; or to examine at any length into the power of this court to declare an act of assembly void, when it is in direct opposition to that constitution. Yet, I would not let the occasion pass, without repeating what has been over and over again decided by the highest courts and the ablest judges in the United States, almost without exception, that in such a conflict it is not only the right, but the bounden duty, of the courts, to give force to the constitution, and annul the pretended law. The power results from the very structure of the government; and exists for the protection of the people, as well as of the constitution itself. The argument which contradicts it, is drawn from the principles of the common law, and a view of the powers of common law courts, under the British form of government, in reference to the law making power there, which is so transcendental that it has been pronounced omnipotent. Deprive the argument of this basis; namely, the supposed supremacy of the legislature over the judicial department, and no just conclusion can be drawn against the judiciary. It assumes that the power whichgives law must necessarily be superior to that which receives it; and that which may be controlled by the acts of another, must, in its nature, be the inferior. I submit that this is mere sophistry when applied to the present matter. The very question is, whether it is law that is given; and, whether in respect ofthe act under consideration, the court can be controlled. Both departments derive existence, and all the powers they possess, from the constitution; they are co-ordinate in their several spheres; and the relation of superior or inferior, cannot be ascribed to either. (Vanhorne's lessee vs. Dorrance, 2 Dall. 304.) The legislature possesses no inherent power of making laws; and no powers but such as are derived from the constitution, subject to its limitations and restrictions; the leading one being, that it shall make no law contrary to the constitution. Beyond this, it no more represents the sovereignty of the people than either of the other branches of government does; and when it assumes to pass an act contrary to the constitution, it is not a legislative act, and cannot have the force of law. (11 Pet. Rep. 644.)
The judiciary derives existence and power from the same high source. Its business is to administer justice according to law; that is, according to the Constitutions of the Government, and the laws passed by the legislature within the sphere of its authority, and in *Page 403 conformity to the constitution. None other are laws of the land, having any force or effect, In a case, therefore, of plain, palpable, conflict between the constitution and an act of assembly, the court cannot do otherwise than distinguish between that which is law, and that which is not. And, in doing so, so far from arrogating any right to control the legislature in any of its constitutional powers, it is but asserting that which forms the basis of all our institutions, — the supremacy of the constitution itself, and the entire dependence of every department upon the ultimate sovereignty of the people.
It has been remarked by a learned judge, "that no principle can be better established; none more conducive to personal liberty and security of property; none of which the people of this free country can more justly boast; none which so eminently distinguishes ourAmerican constitutions over every other country and government, than the doctrine which has prevailed since their formation, in the courts of all these States, from Maine to Georgia; that the peoplepossess the sovereign right to limit their lawgiver, and that actscontrary to the constitution are not binding as laws. The concurrence of statesmen, of legislators, and of jurists, uniting in the same construction of the constitution, may insure confidence in that construction." (Eakin vs. Raub, 12 Serg. Rawle 359; Cole vs. Virginia, 6 Wheat. 401.) I shall refer to no other authority on this point, (though they abound in all the books,) than that which is the highest of all authorities on constitutional questions, namely, the late Chief Justice Marshall. "The judicial department of every government, (says he,) is the rightful expositor of its laws, and emphatically of its supreme law. If in a case depending before any court, a legislative act shall conflict with the constitution, it is admitted that the court must exercise its judgment on both, and that the constitution must control the act. The court must determine whether a repugnancy does or does not exist; and, in making this determination, must construe both instruments. That its construction of the one is authority, while its construction of the other is to be disregarded, is a proposition for which this court can perceive no reason." (Bank of Hamilton vs.Dudley, 2 Pet. Rep. 492, 524.)
If, therefore, the act of assembly of 1845, be susceptible of no other interpretation than the one given to it in the argument, and which I have been considering, it is unconstitutional and void. But I now proceed to show that this act is susceptible of a construction which shall make it harmonize with the constitution, and at the same time carry out an important public object which the legislature may *Page 404 be supposed to have had in view in passing it. This is our duty. We are never to suppose an intended violation of the constitution. At the same time, we are bound to place such a construction on the law as will give it effect, if by possibility it will bear such a construction. The courts have gone very far to effect this object. The case of Eakin vs. Raub, so much relied on by the plaintiff, not as authority, but for the reasoning of a dissenting judge, is a striking example of the industrious zeal of a court to harmonize the law with the constitution. In Jones vs. Wootten, (1 Harr.Rep. 77,) the Superior Court of this State decided that a court would never give a construction to an act of assembly which would render it unconstitutional, if the act be susceptible of any other. I submit that the act of 1845, is perfectly capable of such a construction without doing violence to its provisions; by giving to its terms a strictly legal and technical signification, and confining it to such acts and obstructions of the railroad company as wereunauthorized by its charter, and illegal in themselves. This will make it a law operating only upon the remedy; and not giving, or designed to give, a right of action where none before existed. We have seen that every damage is not in legal contemplation an injury; that there may be damnum absque injuria; that there may be acts which occasion damage and loss to a party without conferring upon him any legal redress; and this not merely for the want of any adequate remedy, but because he has no right of action, or just claim to any remedy. The remedy is perfectly under the control of the legislature; the right of action is not. (1 Kent's Com. 455.) In accordance with this well established distinction, the act of 1845, provides that the plaintiff shall have a remedy by ad quod damnum "as well to recover damages for any injury heretofore sustained as forinjuries that may be hereafter sustained," in consequence of any act, work, or obstruction of this railroad company; that is, for anyunauthorized act, work, or obstruction, for no other can produce an injury in contemplation of law; and the legislature cannot be supposed to have intended to extend a remedy for injuries which the plaintiff had no right to complain of, and which gave him no right of action. If, therefore, the defendants have done any thing in the construction or maintenance of this bridge that was not authorized by their charter, the remedy attaches, and the act of 1845 has full force and effect.
The views which I have before presented of the rights of these parties under the several acts of assembly, including the act of 1845, were on the assumption that the bridge over the White Clay creek, *Page 405 was built, and altered, strictly in pursuance of authority conferred on the defendants, by the several legislative grants of 1832, 1835, and 1837. If this be not so, these acts will afford no protection. That it was originally built in conformity with the charter, seems to have been recognized by the legislature itself; for the act of 1837, which authorizes its conversion into a close bridge, requires the defendants, in case it should be broken down, or destroyed, to build another at the same place, and of the same height and dimensions, and of the same width between the piers. The only question then is, whether the bridge, in its altered, or renewed form, is in these respects, similar to the bridge first erected, and existing at the time the act of 1837 was passed; for a bridge of any other height, or dimensions, or at any other place, or of any other width between the piers, being unauthorized, would render the defendants liable for any special damage occasioned by an alteration in its construction. The record shows that this restriction of the act of 1837, has not been attended to. Since January, 1839, the bridge occupies four feet more of the stream of this creek, than is authorized by law; and varies to that extent, which may be a very material one, from the bridge as it was first built, and as it was up to 1837. Whether this deviation was the cause of the injuries of which the plaintiff complains, or any of them, does not appear to the court. Neither the inquisition, nor the testimony taken on the rule, sufficiently shows the source of damage found by the jury, to enable this court to sustain the return on this ground. Indeed, the inquisition itself state's that the jury were directed to inquire of the damages sustained by the plaintiff, by the change of the bridge from a drawbridge to a close bridge; which change was entirely authorized by the act of 1837, and afforded no ground for assessing damages. Even if unauthorized, the obstruction to the navigation would afford no cause of individual action, as the injury would be general to all citizens. The testimony of Mr. Faris, one of the inquisitors, was, that this comprised the heaviest item of the claim; and for which, of course, the largest sum was allowed. But, on the principles before stated, this was an injury for which no damages whatever were recoverable; both because the defendants were authorized to obstruct the navigation; and, if they were not, the right of navigation is a right common to all citizens, and the violation of it a public wrong, to be punished by indictment. Mr. Faris also stated, that a part of the damages assessed, was for injury to flour in the plaintiff's mills, caused by the obstruction of the water; but the date of this injury *Page 406 does not appear, or whether it was caused by the bridge in its original, or altered form. If this damage was caused by any obstruction which the additional four feet of pier caused to this stream, we are of opinion, that this was a proper subject for the assessment of damages; and that the plaintiff is entitled to recover it by force of the act of 1845, under the remedy which it affords by writ of ad quod damnum. For such an injury an action on the case would lie, where special damage resulted to any one; and, there being a right of action, it is perfectly competent for the legislature to provide a new remedy for such right. It is not objectionable, either for removing the bar of limitation, or for furnishing a different mode of trial by jury, from that which applies to ordinary suits in court. The same power that may limit actions, may remove the limit according to its views of public expediency. These acts have always been sustained on the ground that they affected the remedy merely, and not the right. A party is barred of his suit, after a limited time, only because the public interest requires such limitation; if the legislature judges otherwise, and extends the time of limitation, or removes it altogether, no wrong is done to the debtor, by reviving the suspended remedy of the creditor. Neither is there anything unconstitutional in the mode of trial. All land which has been condemned for the use of the railroad, under its charter, has been condemned by this means; and the very validity of their title to the railroad. rests on the constitutionality of this mode of assessing damages. I know these laws have been questioned; but it seems now to be settled, that the legislature, in the assertion of its right of eminent domain, may not only take private property for public use, but prescribe the mode of assessing damages, even without trial by jury. (Buonaparte vs. Camden and Amboy R. R. Company, 1 Bald.C. C. Rep. 219) But, in truth, this is a trial by jury, such as was known and used in the administration of justice in this State, on various occasions where the legislature conferred a special remedy, even before the present constitution, the requisition of which, is simply, that "trial by jury, shall be as heretofore." (Art. 1,sec. 4.)
Neither do we think the act is open to any constitutional objection, on the ground taken in argument, that it is a partial, if not a personal remedy given to this plaintiff, and certain other citizens, to the exclusion of all others; and against these defendants only. The remedy is given to all who are liable to the mischief; and against those only, who can do the injury. It is a remedy given to any and every one who is an owner of land lying on the White Clay creek, or Red Clay creek, *Page 407 for injuries done to such land, by the unlawful acts of the company. It must, of course, be construed in reference to the subject matter of its provisions; and will not, by any means, bear the construction put on it by the defendants' counsel, as extending to personal injuries to travellers, the loss of baggage, or injury to cattle. The law means: to protect the owners of land lying on these creeks, from the consequences of any unauthorized obstruction of the creeks, and damage thereby done to the land, or other property there being. It was wholly unnecessary, and would have been idle, to extend it to any others; for no others could by possibility be injured in the way complained of, and by the obstructions intended to be prohibited. It was the solitary case in which the legislature had authorized this company to make a close bridge over a navigable stream, without providing compensation for injury to owners of land on the stream. This was done, and it was not now in the power of the legislature, perhaps it would not have been expedient if it had been, to provide such remedy. But it was eminently proper, that ample protection should be afforded against any further obstructions that were not authorized, or lawful. The company had all they needed for the use of their railroad; the right to build a close bridge; to close the navigation of this stream against vessels with masts; and, to a certain extent, to obstruct the flow of water, and turn it back on the owners of land above. All this, these land owners had to submit to, without remedy; but the legislature expressly prohibited this company from any further obstruction; and gave to all who should be injured thereby, a summary remedy to recover damages. It would have been as idle to extend a remedy for injuries to land, to any other than the owner of the land, as it would have been, to make it operate upon any other railroad company, than these defendants, when no other company could produce the injury in the way complained of. This kind of legislation is frequent in practice: the instances of such partial laws, if these be partial, are numerous in our statutes. Almost every act of incorporation has some special law protecting the object of the corporation, and why should not individuals, liable to injury from it, be specially protected? Ditch companies are incorporated, and their ditches guarded by special laws, with special prohibitions, penalties, and remedies; towns are incorporated, and all persons, as well strangers, as those who dwell there, are put under special restrictions, having reference to the place, and are made liable to special penalties, and remedies. The defendants themselves, by the 20th section of their charter, have a remedy for injuries to their road, *Page 408 or to any "work, edifice, or device," which they may erect, that no individual, and no other company possesses; namely, the right to recover three times the amount of actual damage sustained. They have surely no right to complain, if others are specially protected against their unlawful acts; and are empowered to recover single damages for injuries done by them. In all these instances, the remedy is necessarily confined to those who are liable to the injury; and to pronounce this act unconstitutional, on this ground, would be to declare against the validity of a very numerous class of statutes, never before questioned. If there exists any doubt on this subject, or in regard to the mode of trial, it is sufficient for me to say, that it does not present a case of that clear, palpable, violation of the constitution, that will warrant a court, having due regard to the rights of the legislature, and a proper diffidence of its own judgment in a case of conflicting opinions, to declare such a law null and void.
These are the views we entertain of the case before us. According to them, the act of assembly of 1845, is not unconstitutional; but the use to which it has been applied in this case, is not warranted by that act, and would render it, if such were the necessary construction to be placed on the law, plainly unconstitutional. I have endeavored to show that we are not driven to such a construction; but may give force and effect to that act, within reasonable limits, in perfect consistency with the constitution; and are, by no means, compelled to declare it a nullity. The result is, that the inquisition of damages returned in this case, ought to be set aside, and the plaintiff remitted to his rights, under such a construction of the act of 1845, as will not make it impair the obligation of the State's contract with the defendants, or violate the fundamental law of the land.