1. The evidence authorized the verdict for the plaintiff in ejectment on the one issue made by the pleadings as to whether or not the deed from her husband to her had been delivered. *Page 282
2. In view of a portion of the defendant's testimony, which could properly have been construed as meaning that his deed had been executed with intent to hinder or delay creditors, the judge did not err in charging the jury in effect that such intention would not prevent the grantee, as against the defendant grantor, from recovering the land sued for.
No. 14392. JANUARY 13, 1943. Mrs. Lessie Waters brought an action of ejectment against her husband, M. J. Waters, from whom she had separated; and based her claim of title on a voluntary warranty deed from him, dated in 1929, recorded in 1933, and conveying the premises sued for. In his answer the husband admitted that he signed a deed to her some years previously, but set up that "said deed has never been delivered to the plaintiff," and therefore that she had no title. The jury found for the plaintiff, and the judge refused a new trial on the general grounds of the motion and on an exception to the charge. In the trial the recorded deed was admitted in evidence without objection.
Although the husband testified that he "never did deliver this deed to [his] wife at any time," and that she "has never been in possession of this deed," there was testimony by the wife, in addition to the recording of the instrument and the return of the land for taxes by the husband in the name of the wife, that, "after he had it made and he signed it, he came in and gave it to me at our house where we were living;" that she "took this deed and put it in [her] trunk and kept it until 1933," when she had it recorded, and when it was mailed back to her, she "put it in the wardrobe drawer and it stayed there until [she] left" her husband, and "the reason [she] didn't take the paper with [her] was because [she] didn't take anything with [her] except what [she] had on," because of his cruel treatment and her fear "he would kill [her] before [she] could get away," and she "didn't think of the papers or anything except getting away." She also testified that she had executed a deed to the Highway Department for part of the land, and loan papers on the land in her name, when the husband was present in these transactions.
As to the intent of the instrument there was testimony by the husband that he "executed this deed to prevent [a creditor] from enforcing that execution against me on this tract of land." although *Page 283 he later said that he "executed this deed so we could borrow money to buy fertilizer;" and that while the creditor "could have levied on the other piece of land," that "other land was encumbered with a security deed, and this land had nothing against it;" that he "couldn't borrow the money as it was because this execution was against" him.
James Groover also testified, without objection, that after the deed was made the husband told him that a creditor "was fixing to sue him or had sued him, and he told me that he couldn't sell that place there, that he had give it to . . his wife."
The special grounds are limited to an exception to the charge, the exact language of which as contained in the record is as follows: "Movant says that the court erred in charging the jury in said case as follows: `I charge you that no man can convey his property with intent to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors, and then come unto court and have that conveyance set aside or defend against its validity, if that was his purpose in doing that. Of course it is for you to say in this case whether or not Mr. Waters had that idea in view when he made this deed. If you find that he did have that idea and that was his purpose, then he would be estopped from denying the claim of Mrs. Waters under this deed, if you find that it was delivered. But remember, before Mrs. Waters would have any title at all, you would first have to find that this deed was delivered to her.' Movant says that the above excerpt from said charge of the court is error, for the reason that there was no evidence to warrant the court in charging the jury on the subject of the deed being made to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors; that such a burden on said movant, and was directly contrary to the law and evidence in said case." No exception is taken to the quoted instruction on the ground that in charging the jury that they must pass not only on the question whether the deed had been delivered, but on the question whether the defendant had executed it with a fraudulent intent, the court committed error, in that not only was the charge "on the subject" irrelevant as being without evidence to support it, but because any such unauthorized submission of the question of fraud was calculated to inflame and prejudice the minds of the jury against the defendant. 1. On the one issue made by the defendant's pleadings as to whether his deed to the plaintiff had been delivered, the verdict was authorized by the evidence, not only under the presumption of delivery from the recording of the instrument (Stinson v. Daniel, 193 Ga. 844, 849, 20 S.E.2d 257, and cit.; Bracewell v. Morton, 192 Ga. 396 (2, 3),15 S.E.2d 496), but by testimony of the wife that the husband gave the deed to her, that she kept it in her trunk and in a wardrobe drawer until their separation, and that she did not take it with her because of her haste in getting away after his cruel treatment. There was other evidence indicating a delivery, as set forth in the statement of facts.
2. While the only issue under the pleadings was whether the deed had been delivered, the defendant excepted to the charge quoted in the statement of facts as to the fraudulent character of the defendant's conveyance, on the ground that it was unauthorized by any evidence. This charge set forth no erroneous principle of law, and the record does not sustain the contention that the instruction as given was not authorized by the evidence.
(a) "Every conveyance of real or personal estate, by writing or otherwise, had or made with intention to delay or defraud creditors, and such intention known to the party taking, is void as to creditors of the maker;" and "Every voluntary deed or conveyance, not for a valuable consideration, made by a debtor insolvent at the time of such conveyance, is likewise void against creditors of the maker;" but these conveyances, "though void as to creditors and the other persons designated, are good between the parties." Gunn v. Chapman, 166 Ga. 279 (142 S.E. 873), and cit.; Jones v. Dougherty, 10 Ga. 273 (5);Beale v. Hall, 22 Ga. 431 (8); McDowell v. McMurria,107 Ga. 812, 814 (33 S.E. 709, 73 Am. St. R. 155); Flannery v. Coleman, 112 Ga. 648, 650 (37 S.E. 878); Boswell v.Boswell, 147 Ga. 734 (95 S.E. 247); Code, § 48-104. "Though a deed be made to defraud creditors, neither the vendor nor those in privity with him will be allowed to set up this fact to defeat an action of ejectment brought by the vendee. The deed is good as between the parties thereto . ., though void as to creditors."Bush v. Rogan, 65 Ga. 320 (38 Am. R. 785). While "an executory contract . . may . . be impeached by the vendee, . . if shown to be directly connected with the fraudulent *Page 285 scheme in which the deed originated," the parties "being in pari delicto, and the conveyance being an executed contract, the vendor can not impeach it as a muniment of title in the vendee, whether possession of the land has been delivered under it or not, nor whether the vendee really paid [any] recited purchase money or not. The vendor is estopped." Parrott v. Baker,82 Ga. 364 (4), 371-374 (9 S.E. 1068), and cit. Therefore, as the judge correctly charged, the husband could not attack as fraudulent his voluntary deed to the wife, even though it may have been executed to hinder, delay, or defraud his creditors, and whether or not she had knowledge of such an intention.
(b) While it was inaccurate for the judge to charge the jury that it was their duty to pass upon the question as to whether the defendant had a fraudulent purpose and intent when he made the deed, this inapt instruction seems to have been completely nullified by what was said in connection therewith, to the effect that it made no difference, so far as the rights of this plaintiff and defendant were concerned, whether the defendant's purpose was fraudulent or not. Accordingly, if, as contended, the injection of the question of a fraudulent intent in the conveyance was unauthorized by the evidence, it tended to militate against the interests of the plaintiff grantee just as much or more than it did against the present movant. If the deed was delivered and was not fraudulent, it would be good. If the deed was delivered and was fraudulent, under the instruction given it still would be good as far as the rights of the plaintiff and the defendant were concerned. In submitting to the jury the question as to a fraudulent intent, the judge in so charging expressly conditioned their finding on a further finding that the deed "was delivered," and plainly and emphatically told the jury, "But remember, before [the wife] would have any title at all, you would first have to find that this deed was delivered to her." Therefore, construing together all of the instruction complained of, it was not erroneous as a matter of law.
Had not the defendant himself by a portion of his testimony made it appear that the deed was executed to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors, and had the record failed to show any other evidence as to fraudulent intent, nice questions would arise as to whether the instruction as given was erroneous in that its language was calculated to inflame and prejudice the minds of the jury *Page 286 against the defendant; and whether the assignment of error as made was sufficient to raise that particular point, or would be limited to the point specifically stated, that said charge "is error for the reason that there was no evidence to warrant the court in charging the jury on the subject" of fraudulent intent, so as to invoke an application only of the general rule relating to legal prejudice from a charge unsupported by evidence, that "An instruction to the jury that is unauthorized by the evidence is erroneous, and, if it is not apparent that the jury could not have been misled thereby, is cause for new trial."Citizens Southern National Bank v. Kontz, 185 Ga. 131 (6), 148 (194 S.E. 526), and cit. In view of the fact, however, that the defendant himself by a portion of his own testimony appeared to have set up a new and additional, though unpleaded, defense, with additional testimony to like effect, to all of which there was no objection, the judge did not err, but very properly charged the jury as to the legal effect of such evidence; since it is well settled, not only as to a petition but as to an answer, that where evidence setting up an unpleaded contention, defense, or issue is allowed to go to the jury without objection, the court may without error charge the law on that subject. Mickle v. Moore, 193 Ga. 150 (3), 155 (17 S.E.2d 728), and cit.; Freeze v. White, 120 Ga. 446 (47 S.E. 928); Central Railroad Banking Co. v. Attaway, 90 Ga. 656,659 (16 S.E. 956), and cit.; Tietjen v. Dobson,170 Ga. 123, 125 (152 S.E. 222, 69 A.L.R. 1408); Howard v.Ga. Ry. Power Co., 35 Ga. App. 273 (6) (133 S.E. 57);Georgia Railway Power Co. v. Belote, 20 Ga. App. 454, 457 (93 S.E. 62); Gainesville c. R. Co. v. Galloway, 17 Ga. App. 702 (4) (87 S.E. 1093); Wilson v. Ray, 64 Ga. App. 540 (3), 546 (13 S.E.2d 848). The basis of this principle is that if there had been an objection to the testimony, on the ground that it was unauthorized by the petition or answer, the pleading might have been so amended as to meet such ground of objection.
Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur. *Page 287