1. Where a marriage has been regularly solemnized and the parties live together as man and wife, there is a presumption that the parties had capacity to contract the marriage, and of the existence of all other facts necessary to render the marriage valid; and this presumption prevails until the contrary appears. Such presumption can be negatived only by disproving every reasonable possibility against the validity of the marriage. The evidence here was insufficient to overcome the presumption in favor of the validity of the marriage attacked.
2. An affirmance of the judgment on the main bill of exceptions will not require a dismissal of the cross-bill when the effect of such affirmance will leave the main case for trial in the lower court.
3. Exceptions and assignments of error not argued in the brief or otherwise, nor generally insisted on, will be treated as abandoned.
4. The record of a court in which a case is being tried may be proved by the production of the record itself, and a certified copy is not necessary.
5. A party to a marriage contract, duly shown, will not be estopped to deny the validity of such marriage by reason of the disqualification of one of the parties to enter into the marital contract because of a previous undissolved marriage, unless it be shown that such disability to marry has been removed.
Nos. 15830, 15834. JUNE 12, 1947. REHEARING DENIED JULY 11, 1947. Edwina Gertrude Reed brought an action against Charles A. Reed, seeking by the petition as amended a total divorce, temporary and permanent alimony, and counsel fees, and an injunction to *Page 509 prevent him from selling, encumbering, or otherwise disposing of certain real and personal property. She alleged that they entered into a contract of marriage on May 31, 1942, and lived together as husband and wife until about January 1, 1947. The husband, by his positively verified answer, admitted that he and the plaintiff were husband and wife under the alleged contract of marriage, but denied all other material allegations of the petition as amended. On the interlocutory hearing, at the conclusion of the evidence, the husband requested and was granted a recess for the purpose of preparing an amendment to his answer. The amendment, which was allowed over the objections of the plaintiff, is as follows:
"Now comes the defendant, Charles A. Reed, in the above-stated matter, and with leave of the court amends his plea and answer this day filed in said matter by adding thereto the following: That the question of temporary alimony and counsel fees came on for a hearing before the court on this date, the defendant at the time of the hearing having entered his answer and giving counsel for the plaintiff a copy thereof; that during the trial of said matter certain testimony was given by the plaintiff with reference to the divorce of the defendant of a former marriage, as well as a divorce proceeding with reference to plaintiff's marriage after the date of the ceremony between plaintiff and defendant; that, upon this testimony being offered, plaintiff asked that the divorce proceedings between the defendant and his wife, Pauline Reid, by a former marriage, be submitted in evidence and upon obtaining the original papers in said matter from the office of the clerk of this court, same disclosed that the defendant had not obtained a total divorce from Pauline Reid, whom defendant had married prior to the ceremony between him and the plaintiff; that a copy of said divorce petition and all entries thereon is hereto attached showing that a first verdict was granted in this court on the 24th day of January, 1943, but that a second and final verdict as provided by law has never been granted; therefore, at the time of the ceremony between plaintiff and defendant in this case, this defendant had a living wife and she is now living and the alleged marriage ceremony between plaintiff and defendant was void; that no valid marital relationship has ever existed between them, thereby precluding plaintiff from any rights whatever for alimony, permanent or temporary, or attorney's fees." The defendant further amended his answer by *Page 510 striking the admission that he and the plaintiff were husband and wife, and by denying this allegation of the petition.
The amended answer, which was sworn to by the defendant as being true and correct, and the original record in the divorce proceeding between the defendant and Pauline Reid, were introduced in evidence over the objections of the plaintiff. The defendant introduced no further evidence. The evidence for the plaintiff included: a certified copy of the marriage license and the certificate of marriage between the plaintiff and the defendant, showing that the marriage was consummated on May 31, 1942, in Aiken County. South Carolina; the defendant's original sworn answer, in which he admitted his marriage to the plaintiff; and oral testimony substantiating her pleadings. The defendant excepted to the judgment awarding temporary alimony and counsel fees, on the ground that it was contrary to law and the evidence, because the plaintiff was not the wife of the defendant, he having a living wife at the time of the alleged marriage, which previous marriage had never been dissolved.
In a cross-bill, error is assigned on the ruling of the court allowing the amended answer to be filed, and on the court's ruling admitting in evidence the original record in the proceeding for divorce filed by Charles Albert Reid against Pauline Reid, on the grounds: (a) that no proof was offered to show the genuineness of the document, or that the plaintiff there was the same person as defendant in the present case; (b) that the defendant was estopped from attempting to plead or prove a former marriage; and (c) there was no sufficient pleadings or proof as to the existence of any former undissolved marriage of the defendant. 1. The assignment of error in the main bill of exceptions challenges the correctness of the judgment awarding temporary alimony and counsel fees to the wife. Counsel for the plaintiff in error takes the position that such ruling was contrary to law and the evidence, for the reason that at the time of the alleged marriage between the parties to the present suit the plaintiff in error had a living wife, who is now living, and that the former marriage had never been dissolved. *Page 511
"Alimony is an allowance out of the husband's estate, made for the support of the wife when living separate from him. It is either temporary or permanent." Code, § 30-201. The existence of a valid marriage is essential to the recovery of alimony.Pickren v. Pickren, 190 Ga. 609 (10 S.E.2d 40). While it was held in Chapman v. Chapman, 162 Ga. 358 (133 S.E. 875), that the trial court erred in refusing to award temporary alimony and counsel fees, for the reason that such award is made for the purpose of affording the wife the means of contesting all of the issues between herself and husband, and that one issue is whether the marriage between them was valid or not, this court inBarnett v. Barnett, 191 Ga. 501 (13 S.E.2d 19), declined to follow such ruling because it was in conflict with older and controlling decisions of this court. In Barnett v. Barnett, supra, and in Morgan v. Morgan, 148 Ga. 625 (97 S.E. 675, 4 A.L.R. 925), this court held that, on an interlocutory hearing, where it appeared conclusively from the pleadings and the evidence that no valid marriage ever existed between the parties, either because of a previously undissolved marriage, as in the Barnett case, or because of the legal incapacity of one of the parties to enter into the marital contract, as in theMorgan case, the trial court could not properly make an award of temporary alimony and counsel fees to the wife. And inRoseberry v. Roseberry, 17 Ga. 139, it was held that an inquiry into the validity of the marriage between the parties on a hearing for alimony was not a hearing of the case on its merits. This brings us to a consideration of the controlling question presented by the main bill of exceptions, and that is: did the husband show conclusively, at the interlocutory hearing for temporary alimony and counsel fees, that his alleged marriage to the defendant in error was invalid because at that time he had a living wife by a former marriage, which marriage had never been dissolved?
"When a marriage has been regularly solemnized and the parties live together as man and wife, there is a presumption that the parties had capacity to contract the marriage, and of the existence of all other facts necessary to render the marriage valid; and this presumption prevails until the contrary appears."Murchison v. Green, 128 Ga. 339, 341 (57 S.E. 709, 11 L.R.A. (N.S.) 702); Clark v. Cassidy, 62 Ga. 407 (5);Hardeman v. Hardeman, 179 Ga. 34 (1) (175 S.E. 9). The presumption in favor of the *Page 512 validity of a marriage, duly shown, is one of the strongest presumptions of the law. 35 Am. Jur. 303, § 192. It arises because the law presumes morality and not immorality; marriage and not concubinage; legitimacy and not bastardy. The strength of the presumption increases with the lapse of time. Brown v.Parks, 173 Ga. 228, 236 (160 S.E. 238). The presumption arises in the instant case by virtue of proof of the ceremonial marriage between the parties, and proof of their cohabitation as man and wife for several years thereafter. The validity of the marriage was attacked by the husband by his amended answer, which was positively verified and presented in evidence. He thereby assumed the burden of establishing the invalidity of such marriage.
"The presumption as to the validity of the marriage can be negatived only by disproving every reasonable possibility. The status of the woman is involved as well as the legitimacy of children, and every reasonable presumption must be indulged which will relieve the woman of the charge of being a concubine and her children of being declared bastards. Piers v. Piers, 2 House of Lords Cases, 380; Cash v. Cash, 67 Ark. 278 (54 S.W. 744); Wilkie v. Collins, 48 Miss. 496." Brown v. Parks, supra. The invalidity of the marriage attacked must be shown by clear, distinct, positive, and satisfactory proof. Every presumption in favor of the legality of the marriage must be removed. Quoting further from Brown v. Parks, supra, at page 238: "If it is shown that a party to a marriage has contracted a previous marriage and that his or her former spouse is still living, this has been held not to destroy the prima facie validity of the second marriage. In such a case it has been presumed that the first marriage has been dissolved by divorce, and that the burden to show that it has not rests on the person seeking to impeach the last marriage, notwithstanding he is thereby required to prove a negative." See also, in this connection, 35 Am. Jur. 314, § 204. It must be shown that a divorce has not in fact been granted between the parties to an alleged prior marriage. Mere proof that one party had not obtained a divorce is not sufficient, for the other party might have obtained a divorce which would remove the legal impediment.
Applying these well-established principles of law to the pleadings and the evidence in the instant case, has the husband fully carried the burden and conclusively shown that the second marriage *Page 513 was invalid by reason of a previous marriage which had never been dissolved? We think not. At the hearing the evidence for the husband was limited to the positively verified amended answer, and to the original record of the same court of a divorce proceeding between himself and Pauline Reid, who was alleged to be his wife by the previous marriage. The record of the divorce proceeding disclosed that a first verdict finding in favor of a total divorce was granted on January 24, 1943, but that a second and final verdict was never granted in that case. The husband, by his amended answer, alleged that an examination of such record disclosed that a total divorce was never granted in that case; and "therefore, at the time of the ceremony between plaintiff and defendant in this case, this defendant had a living wife and she is now living and the alleged marriage ceremony between plaintiff and defendant was void; that no marital relationship has ever existed between them." This evidence is clearly insufficient, and fails to remove all the presumptions in favor of the validity of the marriage attacked. First, there is no evidence to show that, if any lawful marriage ever existed between the defendant and Pauline Reid, she did not herself obtain a total divorce (in a proceeding wherein he was also granted a total divorce) or his disabilities to contract marriage removed as provided by the Code, § 30-122, or that the defendant had not been served with any divorce papers. Nash v. Nash, 198 Ga. 527, 535 (32 S.E.2d 379); 35 Am. Jur. 324, § 212. And second, there is no proof to show that the defendant did not obtain a total divorce from Pauline Reid in some other divorce action. Briefly, the evidence for the defendant shows that he had a living wife at the time of the marriage and that she is now living, and that a total divorce was never granted in the proceeding filed by him in Richmond Superior Court in 1942. Accordingly, it must be held that the plaintiff in error failed to carry the burden of disproving "every reasonable possibility" in favor of the validity of the marriage attacked, and that the court did not err in awarding temporary alimony and counsel fees.
2. It is the general rule that, where the judgment of the trial court is affirmed on the main bill of exceptions, the cross-bill of exceptions will be dismissed. Kerlin v. Young,159 Ga. 95 (5) (125 S.E. 204); Tift v. McCaskill,171 Ga. 289 (4) (155 S.E. 192). Here, however, the affirmance of the judgment on the main *Page 514 bill of exceptions will still leave the main case for trial in the lower court; and the cross-bill of exceptions assigning error on the ruling of the court allowing the amended answer to be filed, and admitting an original document in evidence, will be retained. Code, § 6-901; Perkins v. Madison, 175 Ga. 714 (2) (165 S.E. 811). See also, in this connection, AlexanderLumber Co. v. Bagley, 184 Ga. 352, 363 (191 S.E.2d 446).
3. The assignments of error in the cross-bill of exceptions on the ruling of the court allowing the amended answer to be filed, and on the ruling admitting the record in the divorce proceedings in evidence on the ground that there were no pleadings or proof as to the existence of any former dissolved marriage of the defendant, not being insisted on in the oral arguments, or in the brief of counsel for the plaintiff in error, are treated as abandoned.
4. The contention of the plaintiff in error in the cross-bill of exceptions, that the court erred in allowing in evidence a document purporting to be an action for divorce filed by Charles Albert Reid against Pauline Reid, because no proof was offered as to the genuineness of the document, or that the plaintiff in that case was the same person as defendant in the present proceeding, is without merit. The original papers in the former divorce proceeding in Richmond Superior Court, the same court before which the present case is being tried, were introduced in evidence. In Sellers v. Page, 127 Ga. 633 (5) (56 S.E. 1011), it was ruled: "When the record of a court in which a case is being tried is material evidence in a case, it may be proved by the production of the record itself, and a certified copy is not necessary." In such a case additional proof as to the genuineness of the original papers would not be necessary. The allegations of the amended answer, which was sworn to and introduced in evidence, were sufficient to identify Charles Albert Reid, plaintiff in the former divorce proceeding, as being the same person as Charles A. Reed, defendant in the present case.
5. The assignment of error on the ruling of the court allowing in evidence the original record in the former divorce proceeding, on the ground that the defendant was, by his acts and conduct, estopped from attempting to plead or prove the former undissolved marriage as a bar to an award of temporary alimony and counsel fees, is controlled, adversely to the contention of the plaintiff *Page 515 in error in the cross-bill of exceptions, by Pennaman v.Pennaman, 153 Ga. 647 (2) (112 S.E. 829). It was there ruled: "Although the applicant and the alleged husband lived together some twenty-five or thirty years after the marriage ceremony between them was performed; inasmuch as the disqualification to marry was not removed, the husband was not estopped from setting up the invalidity of his marriage to the plaintiff in the suit for alimony." See also Christopher v.Christopher, 198 Ga. 361, 379 (3 S.E.2d 818), wherein the case of Pennaman v. Pennaman, supra, was considered and followed, and distinguished from Dillon v. Dillon, 60 Ga. 204, relied upon by the plaintiff in error.
Judgment affirmed on both bills of exceptions. All theJustices concur.