Jurisdiction of a habeas-corpus case brought by the father against the mother to obtain the custody of a child of four years, the mother residing in Fulton County, could be exercised by the judge of the superior court of that county, although at the time of the issuance of the writ the child was in another county, the mother never having given up the custody or control.
No. 13332. JUNE 13, 1940. A petition for habeas corpus was filed in the superior court of Fulton County by T. A. Crowell, the father of a four-year-old son, against Mrs. Crowell, the mother of the child, she being a resident of Fulton County. The petitioner alleged that by a decree of the superior court of Treutlen County each of the parties was awarded custody and control of their minor child for six months of each year; and that in violation of that decree the defendant illegally detained from the petitioner the person of the child. The respondent filed a special plea to the jurisdiction of the court, contending *Page 502 that said court was without jurisdiction of either the respondent or the child, for the reason that the child does not reside in Fulton County, but now is and has been for more than a month with his grandmother in Early County, Georgia, and that the superior court of that county alone has jurisdiction of the respondent and the child. At the hearing the respondent so swore, and in addition said that she was familiar with the decree of Treutlen superior court, but did not know or agree that each of the parties should have the child for six months of the year; that she took the child out of Fulton County down to his grandmother, about 200 miles from Atlanta, and did not wish to bring him back; and she admitted that she has had the child more than six months. The decree of Treutlen superior court was introduced in evidence. It recited the award of the custody and control of the minor child to each parent for six months of each year, and it further provided that the party with whom the boy is not living at any time shall have the right and privilege to visit and see him. Also it was provided that the father should contribute a sum of money each month "in an amount that shall be agreed upon as necessary for his support and maintenance." The judge of Fulton superior court passed the following order: "The within petition for habeas corpus coming on for hearing, and it appearing to the court that this court does not have jurisdiction, the plea to the jurisdiction is hereby sustained and the petition dismissed." To this order the petitioner excepted. Mrs. Crowell was a resident of Fulton County. The four-year-old son, whose custody under the divorce decree was given to the mother for six months, and then to the father, each to have the child six months of each year, was, at the date of the service of the habeas-corpus order, with the child's maternal grandmother at Arlington, Early County, Georgia. The six-months period when the child was to remain with his mother had expired. In response to the writ she did not produce the child, but filed what was called a special plea to the jurisdiction. The judge heard evidence, and dismissed the petition. The only question presented is, where did the illegal detention exist? The Code, § 50-103, vests jurisdiction in the judge of the superior court of the circuit "where *Page 503 the illegal detention exists." Mrs. Crowell swore: "I have made no provision to return the boy to Mr. Crowell. Yes, the six-months period is up, and my decision is contrary to the decree, but not contrary to what I thought. I have not given up custody or control of the boy. I just do not want to bring him back up here. I could have brought him back, but just decided I would not."
Counsel for Mrs. Crowell contends that under the authority ofHunt v. Hunt, 94 Ga. 257 (31 S.E. 515), and Simmons v.Georgia Iron Coal Co., 117 Ga. 305 (43 S.E. 780, 61 L.R.A. 739), the phrase "where the illegal detention exists" can not mean any other place than the one where the party whose custody is sought actually is at the time of the issuance of the writ. Neither decision so holds. It is expressly stated in the opinion in the Hunt case that no question of jurisdiction was made at the trial; and therefore any expression of the learned judge on that subject was obiter. For all that appeared, the mother was at the time in that county where the habeas corpus was issued, and it was in that county that the illegal restraint by her was had; and it was for that reason that it was said in the opinion in theHunt case that jurisdiction did not depend upon the question of residence. In the Simmons case there is a learned and interesting discussion on the general subject of habeas corpus; but that decision did not deal with the question here presented, and nothing there ruled or said is helpful on the controverted issue now before us. Our remarks as to the Simmons case apply as well to McBride v. Graeber, 16 Ga. App. 240 (85 S.E. 86), cited in the brief of defendant in error. In Rivers v. Mitchell, 57 Iowa, 193 (10 N.W. 626), it was ruled: "In habeas-corpus proceedings to recover the custody of a child, the mere fact that such child is, at the time of the petition, in a foreign jurisdiction will not deprive the court of jurisdiction, nor be sufficient excuse for not producing it in obedience to the writ. The important question is, where is the power of control exercised? If by the respondent before the court, he may be required to produce the child and be punished for his failure." In Breene v. People, 51 Colo. 342 (117 P. 1000), the holding was that, "Where a husband who had separated from his wife without her consent obtained possession of their child, and took it from the State, the trial court, having jurisdiction of both of the parties, had authority upon an application for a writ of habeas corpus to compel the *Page 504 father to return the child, and produce him before the court." In the opinion it was said: "Numerous cases hold that the writ operates upon the person within the jurisdiction, and he can be compelled to produce a child from without the jurisdiction. In Church on Habeas Corpus, at page 170, it is said: `The writ of habeas corpus is sometimes resorted to as a foundation for reaching persons restrained of their liberty beyond the jurisdiction of the court to which application is made, but which restraint has been caused by a person acting within the jurisdiction of the court. . . This question comes up most frequently in cases concerning the custody of infant children; and where a person is shown to have once had the custody of a child, and he has parted with it to some one else wrongfully — that is, without legal authority — so that it is true that he can not redeliver the child at the time when its production is required, the child being then out of his possession, custody, and control, the fact that he has so parted with the possession of the child is no answer to proceedings to compel its production on habeas corpus, except where there is clear proof of an absolute impossibility to produce the child.'" For other authorities see the cases cited in 29 C. J. 116, § 113, particularly White v. White, 77 N.H. 26 (86 A. 352); Ex parte Young, 50 Fed. 526; Duryee v. Duryee, 188 N.Y. 440 (81 N.E. 313); Shaw v. Shaw, 114 S.C. 300 (103 S.E. 526).
On the precise question here involved this court has never ruled; but, both on principle and authority, we hold that under the facts of this record the illegal detention was at the place of the residence of the child's mother, the respondent, who has the custody and control, and, in legal contemplation, the possession, as she testified that she did have at the time the writ was sued out. The decree of Treutlen superior court, along with the other evidence at the hearing, showed a prima facie right in the father to the custody of the child. Barlow v.Barlow, 141 Ga. 535 (81 S.E. 433, 52 L.R.A. (N.S.) 683);Milner v. Gatlin, 143 Ga. 816 (85 S.E. 1045, L.R.A. 1916B, 977); Oetter v. Oetter, 150 Ga. 118 (102 S.E. 818).
Judgment reversed. All the Justices concur. *Page 505