1. The provision of section 19 (f) of the Unemployment Compensation Law of 1937, that "All individuals performing services within this State for any employing unit, which maintains two or more separate establishments within this State, shall be deemed to be employed by a single employing unit for all the purposes of this Act," when considered with other provisions of the act, is applicable where each such separate establishment employs eight or more individuals.
(a) Where, as in the present case, a partnership, which was an employer under the terms of said act, maintained two separate establishments, in each of which more than eight individuals were employed, and a corporation acquired the business and assets of one of such establishments but did not acquire substantially all of the business or assets of the original employer, it was not entitled to the benefit of the experience rating of such former employer for the purpose of determining the percentage of contribution that it should make under the terms and provisions of the Unemployment Compensation Law.
2. The following portion of section 19 (f) of the Unemployment Compensation Law is not violative of the due-process and equal-protection clauses of the Federal and State Constitutions, nor of the uniformity-of-taxation clause of the State Constitution, for any reason assigned: "Employing unit' means any individual or type of organization, including any partnership, association, trust, estate, joint-stock company, insurance company or corporation, whether domestic or foreign, or the receiver, trustee in bankruptcy, trustee or successor thereof, or the legal representative of a *Page 610 deceased person, which has, or subsequent to January 1, 1936, had in its employ one or more individuals performing services for it within this State. All individuals performing services within this State for any employing unit, which maintains two or more separate establishments within this State, shall be deemed to be employed by a single employing unit for all the purposes of this Act."
(a) The court did not err in overruling the plaintiff's motion for a new trial.
No. 16338. NOVEMBER 18, 1948. REHEARING DENIED NOVEMBER 30, 1948. The exception in this case is to a judgment overruling the plaintiff's motion for a new trial, after submission of the cause to a judge to determine without the intervention of a jury. The petition was brought under section 14 (d) of the Georgia Unemployment Compensation Law, by Cartersville Candlewick Inc. against Ben T. Huiet, Commissioner of the Department of Labor, to recover alleged overpayment of contribution made to the Department of Labor under the Unemployment Compensation Law. Ga. L. 1937, p. 836; Ga. L. 1941, p. 552; Ga. L. 1945, p. 337; Code, Ann. Supp., § 54-650. The petition was in two counts, which were substantially identical except that count 2 attacked the first paragraph of section 19 (f) of the Unemployment Compensation Law as being violative of stated provisions of the Federal and State Constitutions. Ga. L. 1937, p. 841; Code, Ann. Supp., § 54-657 (f). The substantial prayers of the first count were: (2) that the petitioner be declared a successor to the benefit-experience rating of its predecessor, the Cartersville Division of Candlewick Yarn Mills; (3) that the petitioner be awarded a judgment for $605.02, with interest. The second count contained in addition to the above a prayer that "section 19 (f) (1) be declared unconstitutional, as violative of sections 1-815, 2-102, 2-103, and 2-5001 of the Annotated Code of Georgia of 1933."
There was no demurrer to the petition, but the defendant answered, denying that the plaintiff was entitled to the recovery sought, and denying the unconstitutionality of the act attacked. The judge, trying the case without a jury, found in favor of the defendant as to both counts of the petition, and refused a new trial, and the plaintiff excepted. The motion for a new trial was based on the general grounds, with amplifications thereof. Two contentions are argued in the brief of counsel for the plaintiff, *Page 611 to wit: (1) section 19 (f) of the Unemployment Compensation Act is inapplicable to the facts of the instant case; (2) if said section is construed to be thus applicable, it is unconstitutional as being violative of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution, and of the equal-protection, due-process, and uniformity-of-taxation provisions of the Constitution of Georgia.
The parties stipulated as follows: "In the year 1937, Candlewick Yarn Manufacturing Company was incorporated in Bartow County, with stock ownership equally in Messrs. Slaughter, Hamilton, Knight, and Dawson. This corporation operated one mill at Cartersville, Georgia. In the year 1940, the corporation acquired a second mill at Dalton, Georgia. Separate operating records were set up for this mill. Separate reports were also made to the Georgia Unemployment Compensation Bureau, and separate contributions made. In December, 1941, the corporation was dissolved and operation of the mills continued as a partnership. Under the partnership, separate records on each mill were maintained. From the dissolution of the corporation until the year 1943, the partnership filed separate unemployment compensation returns for each mill. For the year 1943, and for each year thereafter, the partnership in response to a request from the Bureau combined the reports of the two mills, and filed them together. But each mill had a separate and distinct purchasing and selling office, personnel officer, and separate plant. In December, 1946, the Cartersville division and the Dalton division each incorporated as separate and distinct entities, under the names respectively of Cartersville Candlewick Inc. and Dalton Candlewick Inc., with the four partners subscribing to equal amounts of stock in the two companies. All assets except life insurance and a cash reserve set aside for pre-determined tax liability of the old partnership were transferred to the respective corporations, and operations continued without interruption. The value of the property acquired by the Cartersville corporation was approximately $120,000.00, while the value of the property acquired by the Dalton corporation was approximately $75,000.00. Since 1940 the employment history of the two plants as one entity was favorable, qualifying it before its division into two entities to the minimum rate in so far as the experience rating formula applied to benefits paid to unemployed workers. Each of these mills has *Page 612 at all times herein referred to had in its employ more than eight employees, the Cartersville plant approximately ________ workers and the Dalton plant approximately ________ workers. On or about April 1, 1947, Forms GA-UC 1 were filed with the Department of Labor, setting out therein that Cartersville Candlewick Inc. had acquired all the assets of the Cartersville Division of Candlewick Yarn Mills (which name was assumed by the corporation in 1940 when the Dalton Mill was acquired), and that Dalton Candlewick Inc. had acquired all the assets of the Dalton Division of Candlewick Yarn Mills.
"In 1941 the Unemployment Compensation Act was amended, setting up a formula under which the original basic or `standard' rate of contributions of 2.7 percent computed upon wages paid workers by the employers could be reduced on a scale therein fixed to a minimum of 1.5 percent, the formula being made up of the amount of benefits paid to unemployed workers under the employers and other factors set up in the amendment. On April 30, 1947, petitioner filed returns for the first quarter of 1947 and paid to defendant $756.28 computed on a contribution rate of 1.5% of its wages payable for employment. The rate of 1.5% used in its return was the experience rate earned by Candlewick Yarn Mills, the preceding partnership. On or about July 1, 1947, defendant made demand on petitioner for additional contributions for the first quarter of 1947 for the excess up to the standard rate of 2.7% on its wages payable to employment over the amount of 1.5% reduced rate already paid, and petitioner on July 15, 1947, because of defendant's contention that petitioner was not qualified for a reduced rating under said formula, under protest, paid to defendant $605.02.
"On or about November 21, 1947, a claim for refund was filed with the Department of Labor, Employment Security Agency, on Forms GA-UC 518, provided by said Agency for such purpose. On or about November 24, 1947, petitioner received notice by letter from the Department of Labor that its claim had been rejected. The Commissioner refused to recognize petitioner as a successor employer under section 7 (c) 7 (iv) to the benefit-experience rating of Candlewick Yarn Mills, and bases his refusal on section 19 (f) (1) and 19 (g) (1)." *Page 613 1. The plaintiff claims to have succeeded to the benefit-experience rating of Candlewick Yarn Mills, by reason of an amendment to section 7 (c) 7 (iv) of the Unemployment Compensation Law, passed by the General Assembly in 1943, which amendment provided in part: "That any corporation . . or other legal entity, who acquires by purchase, merger, consolidation, or other means, substantially all of the business or assets thereof, of any employer and who thereafter continues such acquired business, shall be deemed to be a successor to the predecessor from whom such business was acquired for purposes of section 7 of this act, and, if not already an employer prior to such acquisition, shall become an employer on the date of such acquisition. The successor shall succeed to the employment benefit-experience record of the predecessor." Ga. L. 1943, p. 614; Code, Ann. Supp. § 54-622 (7) (iv).
In order to determine the applicability of section 7 (c) 7 (iv) as thus amended, the definition of the word "employer" used therein becomes necessary. Section 19 (g) (1) of the act of 1937 is as follows: "`Employer' means: (1) Any employing unit, which for some portion of a day, but not necessarily simultaneously, in each of 20 different weeks . . has or had in employment eight or more individuals (irrespective of whether the same individuals are or were employed in each such day." Ga. L. 1937, p. 841; Code, Ann. Supp., § 54-657 (g) (1).
In the first paragraph of section 19 (f), the term "Employing unit" as referred to in section 19 (g) (1), supra, is itself defined as follows: "`Employing unit' means any individual or type of organization . . which has, or subsequent to January 1, 1936, had in its employ one or more individuals performing services for it within this State. All individuals performing services within this State for any employing unit, which maintains two or more separate establishments within this State, shall be deemed to be employed by a single employing unit for all the purposes of this Chapter."
The second paragraph of section 19 (f) is in part as follows: "Whenever any employing unit contracts with or has under it any *Page 614 contractor or subcontractor for any work, which is part of its usual trade, occupation, profession, or business, unless the employing unit as well as each such contractor or subcontractor is an employer by reason of subsection (g) [Section 19] . . the employing unit shall for all the purposes of this Act be deemed to employ each individual in the employ of each such contractor or subcontractor."
It is in the interpretation of the last sentence of the first paragraph of section 19 (f) that the parties differ. The plaintiff contends that the separate establishments referred to in such sentence include only such establishments as employ less than eight individuals. The defendant Commissioner of Labor, and the trial judge (by overruling the motion for a new trial), construe such sentence to apply to each separate establishment even though it employs eight or more individuals.
It will be noted that the second paragraph of section 19 (f), providing that the employing unit shall be deemed to employ each individual in the employ of a contractor or subcontractor, makes an exception in cases where such contractor or subcontractor is itself an employer, but no exception is made in the sentence here being considered. When the first and second paragraphs of section 19 (f) are read and considered together, it seems clear that no exception was intended to be made in the first paragraph as to separate establishments which employed eight or more individuals.
To construe that sentence as claimed by counsel, would have the effect of adding the words, "unless such separate establishments employ eight or more individuals each," or words of similar import. The meaning of the sentence as written is plain, and it does not include the exception contended by counsel. It was a part of the original unemployment act of 1937, and was the law at the time of enactment of the acquisition statute in 1943. Had the legislature in passing the act of 1943 intended to make its provisions applicable in case of a transfer of less than substantially all of the business or assets of an employer, it could have easily so stated, as was done in the unemployment compensation law of the District of Columbia, which provides: "If the business of any employer is transferred inwhole or in part, the transferee shall be deemed a successor for the purposes of this *Page 615 section. . . The successor shall take over and continue the employer's account, including its reserve and all other aspects of its experience under this section, in proportion to the payroll or employees assignable to the transferred business." (Italics added.) District of Columbia Code, Supp. VI, §§ 46-303 (7) (a), (c).
No contention being made by the plaintiff that it acquired substantially all of the business or assets of Candlewick Yarn Mills, it is unnecessary to consider the meaning of the term "substantially all," as used in the acquisition statute of 1943.
Since the first paragraph of section 19 (f), including the last sentence thereof, is plain and unambiguous, resort to rules of construction is in fact unnecessary. "If the legislature does plainly and distinctly declare its intention, the act is not open to construction; it needs and can receive none. It stands self-interpreted, and courts have nothing to do but to enforce it." Neal v. Moultrie, 12 Ga. 104, 110. "It is not for the court to say, where the language of the statute is clear, that it shall be so construed as to embrace a case because no good reason can be assigned why it was not included in the statute. . . As has been frequently announced, courts have nothing to do with the wisdom, policy, and expediency of the law." Atkins v. State,154 Ga. 540, 542 (114 S.E. 878).
We conclude that the defendant Commissioner of the Department of Labor properly construed the first paragraph of section 19 (f), and that under such construction, and the acquisition statute of 1943, the assets and business of the Cartersville Division of Candlewick Yarn Mills, which division was acquired by the plaintiff in this case, constituted one of two separate establishments of a single employing unit, and was not itself an employer as defined in section 19 (g) (1), and therefore that the plaintiff was not entitled to the benefit-experience rating of the predecessor employer, Candlewick Yarn Mills, which as an employing unit under section (f), and as an employer under section 19 (g) (1), maintained and operated what were designated as the Cartersville and the Dalton Divisions; plaintiff having acquired only the assets and business of the Cartersville Division, which admittedly did not constitute "substantially all" of the business and assets of the employer, Candlewick Yarn Mills. *Page 616
2. The portion of section 19 (f) of the Unemployment Compensation Act attacked by the petitioner is not unconstitutional for any reason assigned. The attacks on this provision assert in paragraph 19 (a) of count 2 of the petition: That it denies to petitioner equal protection of property "by imposing upon it a higher rate of contribution to the unemployment-compensation fund than successors in the same class who acquired the benefit-experience rating of their predecessors, and thereby tends to decrease petitioner's resale value while increasing its operating costs:" (b) that it denies due process of law to the petitioner, in that the language of said section raises "an `irrebuttable presumption' of the fact that any employing unit which maintains two or more separate establishments within the State, regardless of the number of employees in each establishment, shall be classified as a single employing unit for the purposes of this act, and thereby petitioner's predecessor is arbitrarily and without recourse denied classification as an employer, and petitioner as a successor employer under section (g) of the act, in complete disregard to the facts in its particular case." As to paragraph 20 — said provision violates the uniformity of taxation provision of the State Constitution, "in that it places upon petitioner a greater burden of contribution to the unemployment-compensation fund than is borne by its competitors in the same class who succeed under" the acquisition statute of 1943 "to the benefit-experience rating of a predecessor; said tax falling unequally upon contributors in petitioner's class according to the type of management of their predecessors in one case, and to the amount of assets acquired in another."
As to the allegations of paragraph 19 (a), it may be stated that successors who acquire the benefit-experience rating of their predecessors are not in the same class as petitioners. Such successors must acquire substantially all of the business, or assets thereof, of an employer. Thus the statement in that paragraph that a higher rate of contribution is imposed upon the petitioner than "successors in the same class" is not in accord with the facts in this case or the law. Consequently, the attack made in paragraph 19 (a) was without merit.
As to paragraph 19 (b) — no "presumption" whatever is created by the portion of section 19 (f) here under consideration. After *Page 617 defining the term, "Employing unit," it provides that "all individuals performing services within this State for any employing unit which maintains two or more separate establishments within this State shall be deemed to be employed by a single employing unit for all the purposes of this act." Since this provision creates no presumption, the allegation that it is invalid because of raising an irrebuttable presumption is entirely without merit.
The attack made in paragraph 20 was substantially that section 19 (f) taxes the petitioner at a higher rate than others "in the same class who succeed to the benefit-experience rating of a predecessor." Since no one in the petitioner's class could succeed to the benefit-experience rating of a predecessor, this allegation can not be true, and consequently paragraph 20 does not show unconstitutionality of section 19 (f).
This court will not declare an act of the legislature unconstitutional unless the conflict between the act and the Constitution is clear and palpable. Cooper v. Rollins,152 Ga. 588 (1) (110 S.E. 726, 20 A.L.R. 1105); Wright v.Hirsch, 155 Ga. 229 (116 S.E. 795). It can not be held, as argued in the brief of counsel for the plaintiff, that the provision here attacked bears no reasonable relation to the object sought to be attained by the act. None of the following authorities, cited by counsel, require or would authorize a different conclusion from that here reached: Woolworth Co. v.Harrison, 172 Ga. 179 (156 S.E. 904); American Bakeries v.Griffin, 174 Ga. 115 (162 S.E. 513); City of Newnan v.Atlanta Laundries, 174 Ga. 99 (162 S.E. 497, 87 A.L.R. 507); City of Douglas v. South Ga. Grocery Co., 180 Ga. 519 (179 S.E. 768, 99 A.L.R. 700).
Under the rulings made in divisions 1 and 2, the court did not err in overruling the plaintiff's motion for a new trial.
Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur, except Head, J.,who dissents.