1. The motion to dismiss the writ of error is denied.
2. A conveyance by a married woman of her separate property, in consideration of the satisfaction of a debt of her husband, is void.
3. Where, upon the death of the grantee in a deed executed by a married woman, a receiver is appointed for the property belonging to his estate, and the grantor in such a deed intervenes in the equitable proceeding for the purpose of asserting her right to recover the property so conveyed to the decedent, and mesne profits thereon, upon the ground that the conveyance was made in satisfaction of the debt of her husband, the proceeding is one in equity and is governed by equitable principles. In such a case the intervenor can not recover against the assets in the hands of the receiver for administration in equity, without accounting for such portion of the consideration for her deed as was represented by her own obligation.
4. Under the foregoing ruling, where there was an issue as to whether or not any part of the consideration for the wife's deed to the decedent was represented by her individual debt, it was error for the court, even without a request, to fail to charge the jury that any amount found by them to be lawfully due by the wife to the decedent at the time of the execution of the deed, and constituting a part of the consideration for the conveyance, should be accounted for by the intervenor.
5. In a civil case the burden of proof generally lies upon a plaintiff who has asserted a fact or facts as entitling him to prevail. A verdict in favor of such a party is authorized only if the jury find that he has *Page 456 established the essential averments of his affirmative pleading by a preponderance of the evidence. It is not proper to instruct the jury to decide the issue in favor of that party in whose favor the evidence preponderates, without further instruction as to the burden of proof. 6. The court erred in admitting irrelevant and immaterial testimony.
7. The remaining assignments of error relate to errors not likely to appear on another trial.
No. 13960. FEBRUARY 11, 1942. A. W. Gaskins died intestate. In an equitable proceeding in which his heirs at law and a large number of creditors were parties, a receiver was appointed to take charge of and administer his estate. Mrs. Warren intervened, seeking to recover from the receiver a described tract of land and mesne profits. She alleged, in substance, that she had bought the land from the administrator of the estate of J. Henry Gaskins, deceased, and later conveyed it to the Federal Land Bank of Columbia, S.C., to secure a loan of $2000; that thereafter she conveyed the land to the decedent by a warranty deed which recited a consideration of $4130.35; that the recited consideration was not paid, but the real consideration was that the grantee purported to assume the indebtedness of the Federal Land Bank, and released a debt then owing to him by the intervenor's husband. The intervention was allowed. The receiver answered and demurred. The demurrer was overruled, and exceptions pendente lite filed. By an amendment the receiver alleged, that when the intervenor first bought the land at the administrator's sale, the decedent had loaned her the purchase-price of $2600, which was paid to the administrator; that the administrator thereupon conveyed the premises to the intervenor, who then conveyed them to the decedent to secure the loan made to her to pay for the land; that thereafter the intervenor procured a loan of $2000 from the Federal Land Bank, and conveyed the premises to the land bank by deed to secure debt; that she paid the borrowed money to the decedent, who thereupon canceled his original security deed, and the intervenor then executed to the decedent a new deed to secure the balance remaining thus unpaid of the original loan; that this indebtedness amounted to $687.33, and represented a part of the consideration of the final warranty deed executed by the intervenor to the decedent; and that upon the execution of the warranty deed the second security deed from the intervenor to the decedent *Page 457 was canceled. He alleged that the balance of the original loan, which had been secured by the second security deed, had not been otherwise paid to the decedent; and that in the event the intervenor recovered the premises in dispute, the receiver was entitled to have that indebtedness set off against mesne profits, and, if it exceeded the mesne profits, to have judgment over against the intervenor for the difference. Intervenor's demurrer to this amendment was overruled. She did not except.
By a separate amendment the receiver asserted that the decedent had made certain payments to the Federal Land Bank, and had expended other moneys to meet the requirements of the intervenor's contract with the land bank. He prayed that these amounts be set off against mesne profits. On the trial it was so agreed, and the amount of such payments was stipulated.
The evidence was in sharp conflict upon the controlling question of fact as to whether Mrs. Warren had conveyed the property to the decedent to satisfy a debt of her husband, and as to whether the note for $687.33, which admittedly was originally the obligation of the intervenor formed part of the consideration for the final warranty deed. The receiver contended that it did, while the intervenor contended that it had been satisfied before the final deed was executed, and independently of that transaction.
After the conveyance to him by the intervenor, the decedent had sold the land to intervenor's husband and her sons, giving them bonds for title. It was undisputed that upon the death of her husband the intervenor had vacated the premises, but had again taken possession after the death of the decedent. The court admitted, over objection of the receiver, testimony of a son of the intervenor, that when the intervenor moved off of the place, following the death of her husband, she did so because the decedent ordered her to leave, and told her that "if she didn't move, he was going to put her on the road." The court also admitted, over objection and on cross-examination, testimony of a witness who was bookkeeper for the receiver, that the books of account of decedent had been offered in evidence in another suit brought by an assignee of the decedent against strangers to the present litigation, and that the trial in which the records were introduced resulted in a verdict for the defendant.
The jury found in favor of the intervenor the premises in dispute, *Page 458 and $1600 mesne profits. They found in favor of the receiver $914.30, the amount stipulated to be the sums expended by the decedent in taxes, insurance premiums, and payments to the Federal Reserve Bank. A motion for new trial in the usual general form was presented to the judge in due season. This motion was captioned "Mrs. Fannie Gaskins v. Federal Land Bank of Columbia (the style of the original equitable suit), Martha Warren, Intervenor." It recited a verdict and judgment for the intervenor, and set forth that "the intervenor, being dissatisfied with the verdict and judgment in said case, comes," etc., and was signed by the counsel who had appeared for the receiver, as attorneys for movant. Upon this motion the court entered an order in part as follows: "It is ordered that the plaintiff — W. W. Turner, receiver A. W. Gaskins, deceased, — show cause before me. . . It is further ordered that Dr. W. W. Turner, receiver A. W. Gaskins, deceased, be served," etc. At the same time the court entered a further order reciting that "W. W. Turner, receiver A. W. Gaskins, having made a motion for a new trial," etc., the matter was set down for hearing in vacation. Service of the motion and order was acknowledged by counsel for the intervenor. Thereafter, and without objection on the part of the intervenor or her counsel, the motion for new trial was regularly amended by the receiver, proceeding as the movant. 1. The motion to dismiss the writ of error is upon the ground that because of the irregularities referred to in the statement of facts there was no valid motion for a new trial. Whether an infirmity in the motion for a new trial would constitute a valid reason for dismissing the writ of error in a case where the only assignment of error is upon the order overruling the motion for a new trial, or whether such an irregularity would simply require affirmance of the judgment below, need not now be determined. The bill of exceptions also assigns error on the ruling against the receiver's demurrer to the intervention, exceptions pendent lite having been regularly entered. This alone would require denial of the motion to dismiss. However, we think the questions presented by the order overruling the motion for a new trial are properly here. It is quite evident that the losing party used a *Page 459 printed form for the original motion, and that in filling out this form his counsel made it recite at the outset that the intervenor, "being dissatisfied with the verdict," etc., submitted the motion, when it was intended to have it recite that the receiver or defendant submitted the motion. It was signed by counsel who had appeared at the trial on behalf of the receiver as attorneys for the movant. While the rule nisi is directed to the receiver, the further order of the court, which forms a part of the same motion and quite evidently was a part of the same paper, refers to the motion as that of the receiver. Service of the motion was acknowledged by counsel for the intervenor, who waived all other and further service, and later the motion for new trial was amended by the receiver without objection on the part of the intervenor. The amendment was offered as an amendment to the motion for a new trial theretofore filed by the receiver, and was so allowed by the court. We think it is too late for the intervenor now to question, for the first time, the sufficiency or regularity of the original motion. She acquiesced in the judge entertaining the motion at the time he entertained it, and did not then question the sufficiency of the motion or the jurisdiction of the judge to entertain it. She can not do so now. Code § 6-805; Heath v. Philpot, 165 Ga. 844 (142 S.E. 283); Scott v. Gaulding, 60 Ga. App. 306 (3 S.E.2d 766).
2. According to the contentions of the intervenor, a part of the entire consideration recited in her deed to the decedent was the extinguishment of a debt of her husband. This being true, the deed was void, even though the remainder of the consideration was the assumption of a debt lawfully due by the intervenor to a third person. Cross v. Cordell, 149 Ga. 383 (100 S.E. 365); James v. Greene, 152 Ga. 814 (2) (111 S.E. 187);Bond v. Sullivan, 133 Ga. 160 (65 S.E. 156, 134 Am. St. R. 199); Broxton v. Nelson, 103 Ga. 325 (30 S.E. 38, 68 Am. St. R. 97); Carlton v. Moultrie Banking Co., 170 Ga. 185 (152 S.E. 215). Consequently the court did not err in overruling the demurrer to the intervention.
3. While the plaintiff's action was one to recover the land and mesne profits, such as would have constituted a suit at law if between the original parties to the transaction, she presented her claim by intervening in a court of equity seeking a judgment for the land against an equitable receiver, and a recovery of mesne profits out of assets in the hands of the court for administration. *Page 460 Accordingly, the rights and liabilities of the intervenor and the receiver, who as an officer of the court held only a qualified title to the property in dispute and the other assets in his hands for administration, are governed by equitable principles. The intervention necessarily sought equitable relief, since, although it prayed only for recovery of the land and for a money judgment for rents and profits, it could be satisfied only from assets in the hands of the officer of the court appointed in the equitable proceedings. Chapman v. McPherson, 177 Ga. 471 (170 S.E. 481). Having thus sought relief at the hands of a court of equity, the intervenor could obtain relief only by herself doing equity. Code § 37-104. Snell v. Spalding FoundryCo., 180 Ga. 582 (180 S.E. 218). Bond v. Sullivan, supra;Carlton v. Moultrie Banking Co., supra. The receiver was entitled to set off against the intervenor's claim the note executed by her to the decedent, which had been secured by a deed to the land and which represented the unpaid balance of the money loaned to her by the decedent to pay the purchase-price of the land to her original grantor.
4. The court having overruled the demurrer to the amendment of the receiver, which pleaded the set-off referred to in the foregoing division of this opinion, and that ruling being unexpected to, it became the law of the case; and it was error for the court, even in the absence of a written request, to fail to submit this contention to the jury. It is true, as pointed out by counsel for the defendant in error, that at one place in his charge the judge instructed the jury that if they believed from all the facts and circumstances and evidence in the case "that the debts as included as any part of the consideration were the debts of Martha Warren and not the debts of John Warren, then the deed would be good and valid, and the intervenor, who is Martha Warren, would not have the right to recover the land in this case." It is insisted by counsel that this was a more favorable charge than the receiver had any right to ask for, and authorized the jury to find in his favor if they believed that any part of the note which at one time had admittedly been owing by the intervenor to the decedent formed the consideration or any part of the consideration for the deed. The difficulty is that the court also instructed the jury that if they should find "that the debts of J. W. Warren, the husband of Martha Warren, made up any part of the consideration of the deed in *Page 461 question, that is, the deed from Martha Warren to A. W. Gaskins, it would be absolutely void and not binding on her, and under circumstances like that she would be authorized to recover the property as sued for." We can not say that error in failing to charge on the pleaded defense of set-off was cured by the general instruction upon which counsel for the intervenor relies. Furthermore, it is obvious that while the general instruction would have authorized a general finding in favor of the receiver if the jury found with him on the issue of fact as to the previous payment of intervenor's note, it did not permit the jury to allow him credit for any such unpaid lawful indebtedness if it did enter into the consideration. The defense was a pleaded one, and the court should have charged the jury upon it. The failure to do so was error which requires the grant of a new trial.
5. The court instructed the jury: "You will decide these issues in favor of that party, intervenor or defendant in this case, as the preponderance of the evidence may require. By preponderance of the evidence is meant the superior weight of the evidence upon the issues involved, which, while not sufficient to wholly free the mind from a reasonable doubt, yet is sufficient to incline a reasonable and impartial mind of the jury to one side of the issue rather than the other." The jury were not otherwise instructed as to the burden of proof. The intervenor was the moving party, and the burden rested upon her to prove the material allegations of her intervention by a preponderance of the evidence. A failure to carry that burden would have authorized a finding against her, even though the evidence may not have preponderated in favor of the receiver. The error in this charge probably would not require a reversal if no other error appeared; but since the judgment must be reversed for the error referred to in the foregoing division of the opinion, it is proper to call attention to the inaptness of the instruction here dealt with.
6. The court admitted testimony to the effect that after the death of her husband the intervenor moved off of the land because she was required to do so by the decedent, who took all of her crops and told her in substance that if she did not leave he would put her in the road. The issues in the case were as to the validity of the deed made by the intervenor to the decedent, and as to the value of the property for rental purposes. The testimony objected *Page 462 to was not relevant to either of these issues; and since it was calculated to prejudice the jury, it was error to admit it. It was also error to admit testimony as to what transpired in a court trial between other parties, concerning a matter in no wise connected with the dispute between the receiver and the intervenor. It is true that the witness was on cross-examination, and he was the receiver's bookkeeper, and that the questions asked him related to the correctness of his books. Books of account may be impeached in the manner provided by law, but not by showing that they were introduced in another trial between wholly different parties, and that the jury found against the entries. This amounts to no more than proof of the opinion of the jury in the other case that the books were not correctly kept. The court should not have admitted this testimony.
7. The other assignments of error relate to matters not likely to arise on another trial, and are not dealt with.
Judgment reversed. All the Justices concur, except Bell, J.,disqualified.