1. Where evidence which is irrelevant, immaterial, and prejudicial has been admitted over timely objections, and the motion for new trial complains because of that error a new trial should be granted. *Page 48
2. A charge upon prescriptive title for lands based upon actual adverse possession for twenty years was not authorized by the evidence.
3. Where the judgment is reversed on special grounds, no ruling will be made on other assignments of error, which are not likely to occur on another trial, nor on the general grounds of the motion for new trial.
No. 16007. NOVEMBER 13, 1947. Bell Futch, R. W. Tucker, Wootie Thornton, J. H. Tucker, J. O. Tucker, Mollie Rich, Walter Tucker, Ida McSwain, and Annie Durance brought an action of ejectment against Mrs. W. C. Jarrard. By amendment R. W. Tucker and Wootie Thornton were stricken as parties. The amended petition alleged that the remaining seven plaintiffs each owned an undivided 1/9 interest in a tract of land containing 80 acres, more or less, in Bacon County, Georgia, being a described part of lot 125 in the fifth land district, which defendant was in possession of. It was further alleged: E. B. Tucker, the deceased father of the plaintiffs, died seized and possessed of the land in question in 1911, and that it was later assigned as dower to their mother Margaret Tucker, who died September 24, 1945. The defendant was claiming the land under a deed, dated September 1, 1922, from Margaret Tucker who, at the time of her conveyance, had only a life estate therein. $200 per year was the rental value of the land, and each plaintiff was entitled to recover severally his undivided 1/9 interest in the land sued for, together with his like proportionate part of the mesne profits. The prayers were for such recovery and process.
In answer to the petition as amended, the defendant said that she purchased the land sued for from the plaintiffs and all of the other heirs at law of E. B. Tucker, deceased, including his widow, by warranty deed dated September 1, 1922, for a consideration of $750. She further set up in her answer: That all of the land sued for had been sold by the Sheriff of Bacon County at public sale as the property of Mrs. Margaret Tucker, to satisfy an execution for taxes due by her to the State of Georgia and Bacon County for 1920, and had been conveyed by the sheriff on September 6, 1922, to Mrs. Annie Wade, she being the highest and best bidder at the sheriff's sale. Mrs. Wade had later (November 4, 1946) conveyed the land sued for to her. *Page 49 She had gone into possession of the land under her deeds and had for the past twenty-three years been in actual, adverse, continuous, open, uninterrupted, exclusive, and peaceable possession thereof. She further said that, independently of her paper title for the land in controversy, she had acquired good title therefor by prescription, since she had for twenty years immediately before suit was filed been in actual adverse possession of the land and under such circumstances, which had ripened her claim into a good prescriptive title. She prayed that title be decreed in her as against all of the plaintiffs.
The record shows, and in the briefs for the plaintiffs in error and defendant in error it is conceded, that E. B. Tucker was seized and possessed of the land sued for at the time of his death in 1911; that it was assigned as dower to his widow, Mrs. Margaret Tucker; that she went into possession of and resided on it until the latter part of 1922; that the plaintiffs in error are some of the children of E. B. Tucker, who took a remainder interest with the other Tucker children in the lands sued for; and that Mrs. Tucker died September 24, 1945.
A verdict was returned in favor of the defendant, and being dissatisfied therewith, the plaintiffs filed their joint motion for new trial upon the usual general grounds and later amended it by adding seven special grounds.
The exception is to a judgment overruling the motion for new trial as amended. 1. Special ground 4 of the amendment to the motion for new trial complains because the court allowed in evidence over timely objections a tax deed dated September 6, 1921, from J. W. Googe as Sheriff of Bacon County, Georgia, to Mrs. Annie Wade, purporting to convey as the property of Mrs. Margaret Tucker all of the land in question, together with an execution in personam only against Mrs. Tucker, upon which it was based; also a quitclaim deed dated November 4, 1946, from Mrs. Annie Wade to Mrs. W. C. Jarrard purporting to convey the same property. We think that the admission of this evidence was erroneous. The defendant's answer admits that the lands sued for were assigned *Page 50 to Mrs. Tucker as dower prior to 1921. Her interest in the lands involved therefore was a life estate only. Code, § 31-101;Harber v. Harber, 152 Ga. 98 (108 S.E. 520). And, of course, no greater interest than she had passed to Mrs. Wade by the sale in 1921. By the death of Mrs. Tucker, the life tenant, on September 24, 1945, all interest which Mrs. Wade had acquired terminated, and she had no title for the lands to pass by her deed to Mrs. Jarrard on November 4, 1946. In these circumstances, the evidence objected to was irrelevant, immaterial, and we think highly prejudicial. Upon this ground the motion for a new trial should have been granted.
2. Complaint is made in grounds 6 and 7 of the amendment to the motion because the court submitted to the jury in his charge the law on prescriptive title as contained in the Code, §§ 85-401, 85-402, 85-403, 85-404, and 85-406. Section 85-406 provides: "Actual adverse possession of lands for 20 years, by itself, shall give good title by prescription against everyone, except the State or persons laboring under the disabilities. . ." This section provides for a title to land by prescription based upon possession alone for the time prescribed without the aid of any written evidence of title. Shiels v. Roberts, 64 Ga. 370;Montgomery v. Trustees of Masonic Hall, 70 Ga. 38. Possession is "adverse" within the meaning of the section only as to one who has an immediate right to bring an action to recover lands the possession of which is wrongfully withheld. This court has many times held that a remainderman does not have such a right until after the death of the life tenant. Napier v.Anderson, 95 Ga. 618, 628 (23 S.E. 191); Rollins v.Davis, 96 Ga. 107 (23 S.E. 392); Luquire v. Lee,121 Ga. 624 (49 S.E. 834); Glore v. Scroggins, 124 Ga. 922 (53 S.E. 690); Brinkley v. Bell, 131 Ga. 226 (62 S.E. 67). Among the defenses set up in the present case, and separate and distinct from one that the defendant had acquired by deeds all of the interest of the plaintiffs, is one that the defendant had been in actual adverse possession of the lands involved for more than twenty years immediately before the plaintiffs brought suit to recover them, and under such circumstances as would in law ripen her claim into a good prescriptive title. Based upon that theory of the defendant's pleadings, the court charged section 85-406, and the related sections. The *Page 51 criticism lodged against that portion of the charge is that there was no evidence to authorize it, and that the charge as given in effect instructed the jury to find for the defendant if the evidence showed that she had been in actual possession of the lands involved for a period of twenty years prior to suit, irrespective of their status as remaindermen. If there is evidence in the record which authorized it, then, of course, there is no merit in the complaint with which we are now dealing. It is undisputably shown by the record that E. B. Tucker died in 1911 seized and possessed of the lands sued for; that they were afterwards assigned as dower to his widow, Margaret Tucker; that the children of E. B. Tucker, some of whom are the plaintiffs in error here, took a remainder interest therein, subject to the life estate of their mother; that the defendant went into possession during the latter part of 1922; and that Mrs. Margaret Tucker died September 24, 1945. In these circumstances, it is well-settled law that prescription did not begin to run against the plaintiffs until the death of their mother in 1945. Consequently, as to the plaintiffs in error, there is no evidence in the record to show that the defendant held "adverse possession" of the lands in question for twenty years prior to the date suit was brought, and therefore we must hold that it was error to charge that principle of law. A general rule of force in this State is that a charge upon legal principles must be adjusted to both the pleadings and the evidence. SouthernExpress Co. v. Newby, 36 Ga. 635, (91 Am. D. 783);McDonald v. DeLaPerriere, 178 Ga. 54 (172 S.E. 1); Smoot v. Alexander, 188 Ga. 203 (3 S.E.2d 593); Jones v.Hogans, 197 Ga. 404, 412 (29 S.E.2d 568). For the reason assigned in these grounds of the amended motion, a new trial should have been granted.
3. In view of the rulings made in the foregoing divisions, which will require a reversal of the judgment refusing a new trial, and as the evidence may not be the same on the next trial, the general grounds (which include an issue of forgery as to the purported deed dated September 1, 1922, from the plaintiffs to the defendant) and the questions raised in other special grounds complaining of the charge will not be dealt with.
Judgment reversed. All the Justices concur, except Wyatt, J.,who took no part in the consideration or decision of this case. *Page 52