1. The fears of the slayer that will justify a homicide must be the fears of a reasonable man, and the law, in cases of homicide, does not take into account the actual fears of the slayer, but considers all the circumstances to determine whether they were sufficient to generate fears in a reasonable person.
2. There was nothing either in the evidence introduced by the State or in the defendant's statement to warrant an inference that there had been mutual combat between the parties, and that the defendant relied on justifiable homicide under the fears of a reasonable man, as defined *Page 730 in the Code, §§ 26-1011, 26-1012. It was therefore erroneous for the court to charge § 26-1014, which is applicable only to mutual combat.
3. The charge on justifiable homicide in defense of habitation was inapplicable to the evidence, but was not subject to any criticism made.
4. It is not error to fail to charge that the defendant's statement may be considered in connection with the conflicts in the evidence, and that the jury may believe the statement in preference to the testimony of any witness, where the court elsewhere in the charge appropriately instructed the jury that they might believe the defendant's statement in preference to the sworn testimony.
5. The court did not err, under the evidence in the present case, in charging the jury as follows: "The law presumes every intentional homicide to be malicious until the contrary appears from circumstances of alleviation, of justification, of mitigation or excuse; and the burden is on the slayer, whenever an intentional homicide has been proved, to make out such circumstances to the satisfaction of the jury, unless they appear from the evidence produced against him."
6. It was not erroneous to charge the jury in the language complained of in special ground 6, as dealt with in the opinion.
7. It was not erroneous to instruct the jury that: "When the killing is proved to be the act of the defendant, the presumption of innocence with which he enters upon the trial is removed from him and the burden is upon him to justify or mitigate the homicide. But as I have charged you heretofore, the evidence in justification or mitigation may be found in the testimony introduced against him. If there be no evidence introduced to show justification or mitigation, and if the evidence introduced shows the homicide committed as charged in the indictment, the burden would then be upon the prisoner to show mitigation or excuse."
8. Where on the cross-examination of a witness it is shown that he has given previous contradictory testimony in connection with the same matter, it is proper to permit him to offer in explanation matters to rebut the discrediting effect of his previous testimony.
9. Since this case must go back for a new trial for reasons set forth in division 2, no ruling is made on the general grounds of the motion for new trial as to the sufficiency of the evidence to support the verdict.
No. 15421. APRIL 4, 1946. REHEARING DENIED MAY 10, 1946. Fleming Bivins was found guilty, with a recommendation of mercy, of the murder of Luke Warren by shooting him with a pistol. The defendant filed his motion for new trial on the general grounds, which motion, as amended by several special grounds, was overruled by the trial court. The exception is to that judgment.
The evidence for the State was conflicting in many particulars, *Page 731 and the principal witness for the State, Henry Taylor, admitted that his testimony as given on the trial was contradictory to the testimony given by him at the coroner's inquest, and explained this variation by stating that immediately after the homicide the defendant and the defendant's wife, Louella Bivins, had persuaded him to verify the version of the homicide that they would insist upon, that is, that the deceased was advancing on the defendant with an ice pick, and that the defendant shot the deceased in self-defense; and that they had threatened his life if he did not give such account of the homicide. The evidence of Henry Taylor on the trial was to the effect: that on the night of the homicide he was at the home of Luke Warren, and Fleming Bivins was also there; that Luke Warren and Fleming Bivins were gambling; that the witness was not gambling because he had no money; that the trouble started when the defendant accused the deceased of "turning him up" for selling liquor; that they played on for a few minutes, and the defendant "broke" the deceased; that the defendant then went over to his home, which was in the building adjoining the house in which the deceased lived, and came back with his pistol; that the defendant told the deceased that he had come over to kill him because he had "turned him up," and the deceased pleaded with him not to kill him; that the defendant's wife encouraged her husband to kill the deceased, and the defendant commenced shooting at him and fired three shots; that the deceased did not move; and that the defendant walked within about three or four feet of him and shot him, and the deceased fell out of the door steps. Henry Taylor further testified: that after the homicide the defendant told him to come over to his house, and they went into the kitchen, and the defendant's wife got an ice pick and took it to the place where the deceased was lying, and pitched the ice pick over on the right hand side of the deceased; and that afterwards the three of them planned to tell the story to make the homicide appear to be in self-defense, and the defendant and his wife told the witness that, unless he "stuck" to that story, they would kill him.
Mozell Divins, who lived in the other side of the house in which the deceased lived, testified that she was awakened by the quarreling between the defendant and the deceased, and heard the defendant leave the house; and that he later came back, and she *Page 732 looked out of her door and saw the defendant start to shoot the deceased, whereupon she hastily closed her door to avoid being shot.
There was evidence that the policemen who investigated the case found an ice pick under the feet of the deceased. The embalmer testified that he found a bullet wound in the body under the left arm and bullet wounds in the head of the deceased. The homicide occurred in Macon, Bibb County.
The defendant's counsel on cross-examination brought out the fact that several of the witnesses had testified at the coroner's inquest, and that their testimony on the trial was different from that given at the inquest.
The defendant made a statement in which he attacked the testimony of all the witnesses, and gave as his version of the homicide that he and the deceased were gambling, and he won all the money that the deceased had; that the deceased asked to borrow 50 cents from him, which he loaned the deceased, and that the deceased wanted another loan of 50 cents, but he refused it and started to go home, and the deceased started toward him and said, "You ain't going off with my money tonight." The defendant's further statement was as follows: "I told him to get back twice, and when I shot him I shot at his feet; the first time I shot he kept coming. I shot three more times, the last time he wheeled around and fell in front of the house down with his head toward Main Street. He was trying to kill me, he come on me with an ice pick; I `seed' he was going to kill me; I told him to get back twice, and I had to shoot him to save my life because I knowed he had done cut somebody down the street. I knowed he would kill me if he could get to me with an ice pick or knife and I had to shoot him to defend myself." 1. In the first special ground, the defendant assigns error on the following charge of the court: "I charge you further that a bare fear on the part of the defendant of any one of those offenses, to prevent which the homicide is alleged to have been committed, shall not be sufficient to justify the killing. It must appear that the *Page 733 circumstances were sufficient to excite the fears of areasonable man and that the party killing really acted under the influence of those fears, and not in a spirit of revenge."
The assignment of error is on the grounds, that the court should not have required the defendant's fears to be measured by the fears of a hypothetical "reasonable man," and because the court intimated that a criminal homicide had been committed and reasonable fears had not been aroused in the mind of the defendant.
This charge is in almost the identical language of the Code, § 26-1012, and would not be subject to either criticism offered. The fears of the slayer that will justify a homicide must be the fears of a reasonable man, and if the defendant is an unusually timid man, or lacking in courage, and committed the homicide under circumstances that would not generate fears in a hypothetical reasonable man, he would not be justified. This court has over a period of years decided various phases of this question. See Teal v. State, 22 Ga. 76 (68 Am. D. 482);Golden v. State, 25 Ga. 527; Frazier v. State,112 Ga. 869 (38 S.E. 349); Vincent v. State, 153 Ga. 299 (112 S.E. 120). In Anderson v. State, 117 Ga. 258 (43 S.E. 835), the court said: "The law, in cases of homicide, does not take into account the actual fears of the slayer, but considers all the circumstances, with reference to a determination as to whether they were sufficient to excite the fears of a reasonable person."
2. In the second special ground, the defendant assigns error on the following charge: "Now there is another basis upon which justifiable homicide may rest, and that is a case of self-defense where there existed a condition of mutual combat, as I have defined that to you, between the parties. If you find from the evidence that such a condition did exist, then, I charge you, if a person shall kill another in his defense, it must appear that the danger was so urgent and pressing at the time of the killing, that, in order to save his own life, the killing of the other was absolutely necessary; and it must appear, also, that the person killed was the assailant, or that the slayer had really and in good faith endeavored to decline further struggle before the mortal blow was given."
Among other grounds of objection, the defendant contends that this charge was error because under no theory of the evidence was mutual combat involved. A careful study of the evidence convinces us that this principle of law, found in the Code, § 26-1014, *Page 734 which is applicable only to self-defense in cases of mutual combat, is inapplicable to the present case. Under the State's evidence, if the defendant was guilty of any offense, he was guilty of murder. The defendant insisted that the homicide was in self-defense. There was no evidence from which an inference could be drawn that mutual combat was involved. The charge of the section above quoted may have confused the jury and led them to believe that, in order to acquit the defendant on his contention that he acted in self-defense and under the fears of a reasonable man, "it must appear that the danger was so urgent and pressing at the time of the killing, that, in order to save his own life, the killing of the other was absolutely necessary." This put a greater burden on the defendant than the law required. Jones v.State, 172 Ga. 506 (158 S.E. 44).
In Lamp v. State, 164 Ga. 59 (137 S.E. 765), the court charged the law of mutual combat and § 26-1014 of the Code in connection therewith in language almost identical with that under consideration, and in that case the court said: "It is the settled law in this State that to charge section 73 of the Penal Code [now section 26-1014], which applies only to cases where the evidence tends to show a mutual intention to fight, when there is no evidence of a mutual combat, is error, and requires a reversal. There was no evidence in the present case tending to show a mutual intention to fight on the part of the deceased and the defendant; and consequently it was error, requiring the grant of a new trial, for the court to charge the jury section 73 of the Penal Code. Lowman v. State, 109 Ga. 501 (3) (34 S.E. 1019); Jordan v. State, 117 Ga. 405 (2) (43 S.E. 747), and cit.; James v. State, 123 Ga. 548 (2) (51 S.E. 577);McCray v. State, 134 Ga. 416 (13), 418 (68 S.E. 62, 20 Ann. Cas. 101); Crawford v. State, 149 Ga. 485 (100 S.E. 633); Brown v. State, 151 Ga. 497, 501 (107 S.E. 536);Campbell v. State, 157 Ga. 233 (121 S.E. 306)."
It was error requiring a reversal, under the evidence in the present case, to charge section 26-1014 of the Code. Powell v.State, 101 Ga. 11 (6, 7) (29 S.E. 309, 65 Am. St. R. 277);Teasley v. State, 104 Ga. 738 (30 S.E. 938); Parks v.State, 105 Ga. 242 (3) (31 S.E. 580); Smith v. State,106 Ga. 673 (3) (35 851, 71 Am. St. R. 286); Delegal v.State, 109 Ga. 518 (3) (35 S.E. 105); Stubbs v. State,110 Ga. 916 (36 S.E. 200); Ragland *Page 735 v. State, 111 Ga. 211 (3) (36 S.E. 682); Wheeler v.State, 112 Ga. 44 (37 S.E. 126); Freeman v. State,112 Ga. 48 (3) (37 S.E. 172); Mell v. State, 112 Ga. 78 (37 S.E. 121); Morgan v. State, 152 Ga. 537 (3) (110 S.E. 286).
3. The defendant assigns error, in the third special ground on the following charge: "I charge you further, if after persuasion, remonstrance, or other gentle measures used, a forcible attack and invasion on the property or habitation of another cannot be prevented, it shall be justifiable homicide to kill the person so forcibly attacking and invading the property or habitation of another; but it must appear that such killing was absolutely necessary to prevent such attack or invasion, and that a serious injury was intended, or might accrue to the person, property, or family of the person killing."
The defendant contends that this charge was error because: (a) the rule of absolute necessity to kill applies only in those cases where the circumstances are such that there is not only time and opportunity for persuasion, remonstrance, or other gentle measures, but a duty to use such measures before resorting to slaying the assailant; (b) the charge was inapplicable and prejudicial to the defendant because he contended that he acted in self-defense and under the fears of a reasonable man; (c) the defendant had the right to defend his home or habitation against a forcible attack, if he acted under the fears of a reasonably courageous man that it was necessary to take life to prevent the invasion of his property or habitation.
In the present case, there was absolutely no evidence to require the charge of the court on defense of habitation, and the charge was totally inapplicable, but it will be noted that no objection was made on the ground that the charge is not supported by evidence. The instruction is a correct statement of the principle of law charged, being in the language of the Code, § 26-1013, and it was not erroneous for any reason assigned.
4. The fourth special ground complains of the following charge: "If there are conflicts in the testimony, it is your duty to reconcile those conflicts if you can, so as not to impute perjury to any witness sworn, but if there are conflicts which you cannot reconcile, then you should believe that witness, or those witnesses, whom you think most entitled to credit." *Page 736
The errors assigned are: (1) that this charge was prejudicial because, in reconciling conflicts, the jury must take into consideration the equal credibility of witnesses, and the court should have instructed them that they should believe that witness or those witnesses having the best opportunity to know the facts, provided the witnesses were of equal credibility; and (2) because the court failed to instruct the jury that the defendant's statement might be considered in connection with the conflicts in the evidence, and that the jury might believe the statement in preference to the testimony of any witness, and might consider his statement in an effort to reconcile conflicts and ascertain the truth of the case. It is this latter objection that the defendant insists upon in his brief filed in this court.
Language very similar to that charged by the trial court was approved by this court in Stiles v. State, 57 Ga. 184 (5), where it was held that it was not error to charge the jury "that they should reconcile all the testimony if possible, and if not, to believe those whom they thought most entitled to credit." The credibility of witnesses is a matter peculiarly within the province of the jury, and they are not required to believe those witnesses who have the best opportunity to know the facts.
In regard to the objection that the court should have instructed the jury that the defendant's statement might be considered in connection with the conflicts in the evidence, we find that, immediately after the charge under consideration here, the court correctly instructed the jury on the weight to be given the defendant's statement. The court did not directly connect the two portions of the charge, but we do not think that the jury could have failed to understand that they could consider the defendant's statement in connection with any phase of the case, and believe it in preference to the sworn testimony if they so desired. In the latter part of the charge, the court again referred to the statement of the defendant in the following language: "If, under all or any of the law I have given you in charge, from a consideration of the evidence, the evidence and the defendant's statement, or from the defendant's statement alone, you believe he is not guilty, or there rests upon your minds a reasonable doubt of his guilt, it would be your duty to acquit him."
It has been repeatedly held that it is not error to fail to instruct *Page 737 the jury that they can consider the defendant's statement in connection with the evidence, when the court has elsewhere charged substantially in the terms of the statute as to the defendant's statement. Miller v. State, 94 Ga. 1 (2) (21 S.E. 128); Cargile v. State, 137 Ga. 775 (74 S.E. 621);McCrary v. State, 141 Ga. 4 (2) (80 S.E. 305); Godbee v.State, 141 Ga. 520 (81 S.E. 876); Morris v. State,177 Ga. 366 (3) (170 S.E. 217). It is not error for a judge to shape his general charge with reference to the evidence, where he properly instructs the jury in some portion of the charge in regard to the defendant's statement. Roberts v. State,123 Ga. 146 (7) (51 S.E. 374); Rouse v. State, 136 Ga. 356 (5) (71 S.E. 667); Fry v. State, 141 Ga. 789 (3) (82 S.E. 135); Hoxie v. State, 114 Ga. 19 (7) (39 S.E. 944);Tolbirt v. State, 124 Ga. 767 (2) (53 S.E. 327); Booker v. State, 183 Ga. 822 (5) (190 S.E. 356).
5. In the fifth special ground the defendant quotes a long extract from the charge, but the paragraph at which his criticism is apparently aimed is the last paragraph of the extract, as follows: "I charge you further that the law presumes every intentional homicide to be malicious until the contrary appears from circumstances of alleviation, of justification, of mitigation or excuse; and the burden is on the slayer, whenever an intentional homicide has been proved, to make out such circumstances to the satisfaction of the jury, unless they appear from the evidence produced against him."
The grounds of objection are: (a) because every intentional killing with malice is not murder, and, if the defendant was fully justified, although he entertained malice, the offense is nevertheless justifiable; (b) because every intentional homicide is not presumed to be malicious, and the burden is not upon the slayer in every case of intentional killing to make out circumstances of alleviation, justification, mitigation, or excuse to the jury; (c) the defendant is clothed with the presumption of innocence throughout the trial, and the burden is upon the State to negative mitigation, alleviation, or excuse, and the burden is not upon the accused to introduce evidence to show excuse, mitigation, alleviation, or justification, as the charge implies.
The contention of the defendant that every intentional killing with malice is not murder has no application to this charge, which *Page 738 gives the rule as to the presumption of malice from an intentional killing. The leading case on the rule of the presumption of malice when a homicide has been proved is Mann v. State, 124 Ga. 760 (53 S.E. 324, 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 934), in which the court held: "In the trial of one indicted for murder, where the evidence adduced to establish the homicide presents two conflicting theories of fact, one based upon circumstances indicating malice, and the other upon warranted inferences which negative its existence, then it becomes a question of fact, to be decided by the jury, as to which one of these inconsistent theories is in accord with the real truth of the occurrence. In such a case it is proper to charge the jury that the law presumes every homicide to be malicious, until the contrary appears from circumstances of alleviation, of excuse, or justification, and that it is incumbent on the prisoner to make out such circumstances to the satisfaction of the jury, unless they appear from the evidence produced against him." It will be noted that the language complained of by the defendant is almost identical with that approved in the Mann case, supra, which has been cited with approval in many subsequent decisions of this court. See Bradley v. State, 128 Ga. 21 (5) (57 S.E. 237);Godfrey v. State, 135 Ga. 571 (69 S.E. 1080); Turner v.State, 139 Ga. 593 (3) (77 S.E. 828); O'Pry v. State,142 Ga. 600 (83 S.E. 228); Fitzpatrick v. State, 149 Ga. 75 (3) (99 S.E. 128); Gaillard v. State, 149 Ga. 190 (99 S.E. 629); Greer v. State, 159 Ga. 85 (3) (125 S.E. 52);Cady v. State, 198 Ga. 99 (31 S.E.2d 38).
6. Special ground six assigns error on the following charge: "If, however, the proof, if there be any, that shows the homicide itself discloses that the homicide was done without malice, this presumption that the homicide is malicious does not exist; but if the accompanying proof, if there be any, does not disclose that the killing was done without malice, then, it is incumbent upon the slayer to show that it was done without malice. I charge you, however, that this presumption which arises against the slayer where an intentional homicide is shown, does not arise against a defendant unless it be first shown to a moral and reasonable certainty and beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is the intentional slayer. Unless it appears beyond a reasonable doubt and to a moral and reasonable certainty that this defendant is the intentional slayer, this presumption does not arise in this case and has *Page 739 no application to the case and you will not consider such rule in passing upon the case."
The objections are: (a) it is error to charge that every killing with malice is murder; (b) because the court expressed an opinion that, if the defendant was the intentional killer in this case, the presumption of malice and murder would arise, thereby expressing an opinion that the defendant was guilty of murder, and his statement and the evidence failed to show excuse, justification, mitigation, or alleviation; (c) the defendant says that every intentional killing is not presumed to have been committed with malice, but may be voluntary manslaughter, or justifiable, and an intentional homicide may be justifiable, although the slayer may have entertained malice at the time the fatal blow was struck.
The first objection to this instruction is without merit, since the court did not charge that every killing with malice is murder, but charged on a presumption of malice, which might be rebutted by the defendant. The objection that this instruction expressed an opinion that the defendant was guilty of murder is also without merit. The court elsewhere fully charged concerning the instances where the killing might be reduced to voluntary manslaughter or found to be justifiable homicide, and the last objection has no merit.
7. In the seventh special ground, the defendant assigns error on the following charge: "When the killing is proved to be the act of the defendant, the presumption of innocence with which he enters upon the trial is removed from him, and the burden is upon him to justify or mitigate the homicide. But as I have charged you heretofore, the evidence in justification or mitigation may be found in the testimony introduced against him. If there be no evidence introduced to show justification or mitigation, and if the evidence introduced shows the homicide committed as charged in the indictment, the burden would then be upon the prisoner to show mitigation or excuse."
The objections are: (a) the burden of proof and of introducing testimony may shift, but the presumption of innocence remains with the defendant throughout the trial, and it is error to instruct the jury that the presumption of innocence is removed when the State proves a homicide as charged in the indictment; (b) the charge put the burden on the defendant of introducing evidence *Page 740 to show justification or mitigation, whereas under the law the defendant may show justification or mitigation through his statement alone, which is technically not evidence; (c) before there is any burden of proof resting on the defendant, the State must show an unlawful killing, and it is error to instruct the jury that the presumption of innocence is removed when the State proves a killing to be the act of the defendant.
In Mann v. State, supra, the court had under consideration a charge, the first part of which is almost identical with that here complained of, and it was held that it was proper to instruct the jury as was done in that case. The last sentence of the charge here quoted was a mere amplification of the previous language. In the Mann case, the objection was raised that the defendant's statement and some of the circumstances appearing in evidence tended to show that the homicide was accidental, and that it was error to charge that, if the killing was proved to be the act of the defendant, malice would be presumed from the factum of the homicide. The court reviewed at great length the earlier cases bearing on the subject, and held the charge to be proper. The instruction objected to in the present case does not place the burden on the defendant of introducing evidence to show justification or mitigation, but leaves it to the defendant to show justification or mitigation by evidence or by his statement, the language in no way limiting it to evidence. Under the ruling in the Mann case, supra, we do not think that the charge complained of in this case was error.
8. Special ground eight contends that it was error to allow the State's witness, Henry Taylor, to testify as to alleged conversations between the witness and Louella Bivins, wife of the defendant, while the witness was in jail after the homicide, as follows: "At that time I was still sticking to the story that I told the coroner, and she told me to never change it, `Say if you do, don't say anything about that ice pick, do, somebody is going to get a lie bill against you and put you in the chaingang.' She said, `If you change it,' said, `They will convict both of you all.' . . One day she come over here . . in the back runway going out the drive . . and she hallowed up there to me, . . said. `Well, don't worry,' said, `You will be out next week.' . . She said, if I had to have a lawyer, she would hire me a lawyer, and she said they *Page 741 done paid $400 and two lawyers, and she would send him to represent me."
The objections to this evidence were that no conspiracy had been shown, that Louella Bivins was not on trial, and that it was hearsay evidence.
The State's witness, Henry Taylor, had given testimony on the trial before the jury, making out a case of murder against the defendant. On cross-examination, the defendant's counsel elicited the fact that Taylor had made statements at the coroner's inquest that would make out a case of justifiable homicide.
"Where testimony as to a matter tending to discredit a witness has been introduced in evidence, or drawn from him on cross-examination, it is proper to permit him to explain the matter in order to rebut its discrediting effect." Gazaway v.State, 15 Ga. App. 468 (83 S.E. 857). The witness explained his conduct in testifying falsely, as he contended, at the coroner's inquest by relating that immediately after the homicide the defendant and his wife induced him to conceal the truth of the crime and swear falsely concerning the matter by threatening his life if he told the truth of the homicide. He explained his action in "sticking to" this version of the homicide by relating the conduct of the defendant's wife, as shown by the conversations objected to, in that the wife threatened that he would be indicted for perjury if he changed his testimony. The witness, having admitted that he had committed perjury at the coroner's inquest, was entitled to explain as best he could his reasons for doing so, and the jury could take these facts into consideration in passing on the credibility of the witness.Hunter v. State, 43 Ga. 484 (2); Gazaway v. State, supra.
It is urged by counsel for the defendant that the evidence should not have been admitted, since the wife, being incompetent to testify, could not contradict it. It is the general policy of our law that the wife is neither competent nor compellable to testify for or against the husband in criminal cases. Code, § 38-1604. We do not think, however, that this rule would prevent a witness from testifying to matters involving the wife of the defendant to explain his adherence to an alleged false version of the homicide, in order to rebut its discrediting effect. *Page 742
9. The judgment denying the motion for new trial being otherwise reversed, no ruling is made on the general grounds of the motion.
Judgment reversed. All the Justices concur.