1. In a divorce suit in response to a rule nisi to show cause why he should not pay temporary alimony, the insistence by the defendant on a motion presented to the court to quash the service on the ground that no service was had prior to the appearance term, and no order taken at such term to perfect service, but one was so entered in vacation, subsequently to the first term, affords no ground for refusal to award alimony.
2. A decree of divorce obtained in the court of another State wherein the service was by publication, and in which that court had in fact no jurisdiction, but assumed to act by reason of a fraud practiced upon it by the husband who was the complainant, may be attacked collaterally in the court of this State.
3. Where jurisdiction to entertain a divorce suit filed by the husband in the courts of another State rests upon the allegation of his bona fide residence therein for a stated period, and the only service had on the defendant, a resident of this State, was by publication, and where the husband falsely represented to the foreign court that he had such bona fide residence therein, it was such a fraud as rendered void a decree of divorce based thereon.
4. When a husband and wife are actually separated, there being no children, her place of abode is not his; and in that case the place where he shall generally lodge shall be considered his domicile.
5. There was no error in granting temporary alimony and attorney's fees.
No. 13557. JANUARY 15, 1941. REHEARING DENIED FEBRUARY 14, 1941. On June 23, 1939, Mrs. Rosa S. Adams filed in the office of the clerk of the superior court of Grady County, Georgia, returnable to the October term thereof, her suit against J. S. Adams, as a resident of said county. She prayed for process, total divorce, permanent and temporary alimony, including attorney's fees, the writ of ne exeat, and such other and further relief as to the court may seem meet and proper. Upon presentation, the judge issued a rule nisi ordering the defendant to show cause, on July 8, 1939, why the prayers for temporary alimony and attorney's fees should not be granted, and directed the issuance of the writ of ne exeat. Process was duly issued.
A petition entitled in the case above referred to, and beginning with the words, "October term, 1939, divorce and alimony. Comes plaintiff in the above-styled case at this October term of said court," and representing that after the filing of said suit it was impossible to make service on him, by reason of the fact that he had gone to the western part of the United States, but had returned, was *Page 538 presented to the judge, with a prayer that the writ of ne exeat be continued in force, that service be perfected, a new process issue returnable to the March term of the court, and that a hearing be granted petitioner on her application for temporary alimony. On considering the same, the judge in vacation, on December 9, 1939, directed that the clerk issue new process requiring the defendant to be and appear at the March term, 1940, of the court, to answer petitioner's complaint, and ordered that the ne exeat be continued in force, and that the defendant show cause before him on the fourth Saturday in January, 1940, why temporary alimony should not be granted as prayed for. On December 24, 1939, the defendant was served by the deputy sheriff of Grady County with a copy of the petition and process. At the hearing on the application for temporary alimony the defendant urged his motion to quash the service, on the grounds: (a) that the petition was filed on June 23, 1939, to the October term of the court, and there was no service thereon before the October term of the court, and no order entered at said term providing for service subsequently thereto, (b) the court, by order entered in chambers on the 9th day of December, 1939, provided that the March term, 1940, of the court be the return term, and directed that the ne exeat be continued in force and effect; (c) that the entry of such an order in chambers was ineffective, as such an order must necessarily be entered in term. The court reserved decision on this motion.
The defendant then urged his plea of former judgment and in support thereof offered in evidence a copy of his suit for divorce against the plaintiff, Mrs. Rosa S. Adams, which was filed in the second judicial district court in the State of Nevada in and for the County of Washoe on the 5th day of September, 1939, which appears as exhibit A of the plea; a copy of the finding of facts, conclusion of law, and judgment and decree entered in said cause on the 9th day of October, 1939, appearing as Exhibit B to the plea aforesaid; a copy of the notice of motion and motion filed by Mrs. Rosa S. Adams on December 5, 1939, in said cause in the second judicial district court in the State of Nevada in and for the County of Washoe appearing as Exhibit C of the plea of former judgment; also a copy of the answer and cross-complaint by Rosa S. Adams in the said cause, marked filed on the same day, which appears as exhibit D to the plea of former judgment; and a copy of the order *Page 539 and judgment entered therein on the 5th day of January, 1940, appearing as Exhibit E to said plea; all of said copies being duly exemplified as provided by the Act of Congress.
The defendant did not appear in the Nevada court, and her default was duly and regularly entered by the clerk of said court on October 9, 1939, and on that day judgment by default was duly entered in favor of the plaintiff and against the defendant. The Nevada court's findings of fact were:
"1. That this action was duly and regularly commenced on the 5th day of September, 1939, by filing the verified complaint of plaintiff with the clerk of this court, and his issuing a summons thereon.
"2. That upon the affidavit of plaintiff, stating the present residence and address of the defendant outside the State of Nevada, and upon the verified complaint filed in this action, an order of this court was duly and regularly made for the publication of summons against the defendant in the form and manner prescribed by law; and it was further ordered that a copy of the summons, together with a copy of said verified complaint, certified by the attorney for the plaintiff to be a full, true, and correct copy of the original complaint on file in said action, be mailed to the defendant, postage prepaid, addressed to the defendant's present residence and address, as set forth in plaintiff's affidavit; or, in lieu of such service by publication and mailing, that service be made personally upon said defendant by delivering to her a copy of said summons, attached to a certified copy of the complaint in said action.
"3. That the defendant was regularly and personally served with process in this action by delivery to her personally, on the 7th day of September, 1939, in the City of Panacea, County of Wakulla, State of Florida, by a citizen of the United States, over the age of twenty-one years, and not a party to the above entitled action, of a duly certified copy of plaintiff's complaint in the above entitled action, attached to a copy of the summons duly issued herein, as appears from the affidavit of service attached to the summons issued herein, and heretofore filed herein.
"4. That the time allowed by law to defendant for answering plaintiff's complaint has expired; that the defendant has not answered said complaint, or otherwise appeared in this action; and that the default of the defendant, by reason of her failure to *Page 540 answer plaintiff's complaint or to otherwise appear herein, has been duly and regularly entered by order of this court made in open court on October 9, 1939, and that said judgment by default so entered is in full force, virtue and effect.
"5. That the plaintiff is a citizen of the United States and of the State of Nevada, and is now, and for a period of more than six weeks last past has been, a bona fide resident of said State, and has continuously resided and been physically present and domiciled during all of said period in the State of Nevada, and now resides and is domiciled in the County of Washoe, State of Nevada."
And the court's conclusions of law contain the following: "From the foregoing facts, the court is of the opinion, and concludes as a matter of law: that the court has jurisdiction of the person of the plaintiff, and of the person of the defendant, and of the subject-matter, and of the cause of action; and on that the plaintiff is entitled to the relief and decree of divorce as prayed for in plaintiff's complaint. It is therefore ordered, adjudged and decreed, as follows: that the bonds of matrimony now and heretofore existing between the plaintiff, Jesse S. Adams, and the defendant, Rosa Swicord Adams, be, and the same are hereby dissolved; that said plaintiff and defendant are hereby released from all the obligations thereof and restored to the status of single persons; and that the plaintiff be, and he hereby is, granted a decree of divorce from the defendant, final and absolute in form, force and effect, the laws of the State of Nevada providing no interlocutory period or conditions or restrictions on remarriage."
The notice of motion and motion to set aside the foregoing judgment, sworn to by the defendant therein and her attorney, and the answer and cross-complaint of Mrs. Adams, sworn to by her, were all filed in the Nevada court on the 5th day of December, 1939; in none of which pleadings did she deny that the plaintiff, Jesse S. Adams, was a resident of Nevada, but in her answer and cross-complaint, in which she prayed that the foregoing judgment of divorce be dissolved, and that the bonds of matrimony theretofore existing between the parties be restored, and that she be allowed $50 per month for her support and maintenance until the further order of the court, was the allegation that "at the time of the filing of the plaintiff's complaint herein the plaintiff could be found in the County of Washoe, State of Nevada." Her motion to set aside *Page 541 the default judgment against her was based on the ground that at the time of service of summons upon her she was under the constant care of a physician, and that due to such illness she was unable to attend to her business affairs, and particularly to the action in question. Her affidavit was accompanied by a similar affidavit of her Florida physician. The motion to set aside and vacate the judgment came on for hearing before the Nevada court on the 5th day of January, 1940; whereupon the judge, after reciting that "evidence both oral and documentary having been thereupon introduced on said motion, and the court having been fully advised in the premises and having heard the argument of counsel for the plaintiff and defendant," rendered the following judgment: "Now, therefore, it is hereby ordered, as follows: that the defendant's motion to set aside the judgment and decree of this court, heretofore rendered on the 9th day of October, 1939, is hereby denied."
In the suit now before us, the petitioner offered evidence in support of her contention that at the time of filing her action for divorce the defendant was a resident of Grady County, Georgia; and the defendant submitted evidence in rebuttal. Certain letters from defendant's counsel to plaintiff were introduced, as was also a polltax receipt issued by the assessors of the County of Washoe, Nevada, certifying that J. S. Adams had paid poll-tax for the year 1939. Before the judge at the hearing was an answer filed by the defendant at the March term, 1940, of Grady superior court, which begins with the statement that it is filed "subject to his plea of former judgment." The judge took said case under advisement and on the 19th day of September, 1940, entered an order and judgment overruling the defendant's motion to quash the service, and finding in favor of the plaintiff temporary alimony in the sum of $30 per month, and $50 as attorney's fees. To this judgment the defendant excepted, and assigned error as follows: "The same is error because contrary to law, and because (1) said motion to quash the service should have been sustained, it clearly appearing that the case was properly returnable to the October term, 1939, of Grady superior court, and no effective order had been entered in term making the March term, 1940, of the court the appearance term of said cause; and (2) it appeared by the undisputed documentary evidence in the case that the defendant had procured a valid decree of divorce in the State of Nevada, in which *Page 542 proceeding the plaintiff had appeared and prayed for a divorce and alimony, which said proceeding was concluded by judgment granting both parties a divorce, and in effect denying to the plaintiff herein the alimony as prayed; and (3) by the undisputed evidence in the case it also appeared that at the time of the institution of this action the plaintiff herein was a resident of Decatur County, Georgia, and according to the great weight of the evidence the defendant was likewise a resident of Decatur County, Georgia, but under some evidence of the plaintiff might have been construed to be a resident of Tallahassee, Florida, and under neither view of the evidence would the superior court of Grady County have had jurisdiction of the cause, and the whole proceeding was therefore void." 1. Error is assigned on the overruling of the motion of plaintiff in error to quash the service. He insists, the case having been brought to the October term, 1939, of Grady superior court, and no service thereof had before said term, and no order entered at said term pending for service subsequently thereto, that the entering of an order in chambers on December 9, 1939, which provided that the March term, 1940, be made the return term, and directed that a new process issue accordingly, was ineffective. At the time of issuing the order of December 9 the judge issued a rule nisi requiring the defendant to show cause before him in vacation at a time and place appointed, some three weeks hence, why temporary alimony should not be granted as prayed for. He appeared personally and by attorney, and made no motion to continue the hearing because he had not been served with the rule nisi. Temporary alimony must be based on a pending suit, either a suit for permanent alimony or a suit for divorce. If based on a suit for divorce which for lack of service had become void, it could well be argued that it was based on no suit at all. But where the appearance term has ended, with no service and no order entered thereat providing for service subsequent thereto, the suit does not necessarily become void, for the reason that it is within the power of the judge at a later term, for good cause shown, to grant an order providing for the issue of new process and for service on the defendant. See Wood v.Wood, 140 Ga. 59, 60 (78 S.E. 416), and cit.; Sims v.Sims, 135 Ga. 439, 442 (69 S.E. 515), and cit. *Page 543 There was, then, a suit for divorce pending when the judge on December 9, 1939, included in his order, which provided that new process issue and that the March term, 1940, be made the return term, a rule nisi calling on the defendant to show cause why temporary alimony should not be granted. Temporary alimony may be granted in vacation, when a divorce suit is pending. Code, § 30-206; Ray v. Ray, 106 Ga. 260 (2) (32 S.E. 91). "A petition for temporary alimony pending a divorce suit or a suit for permanent alimony is in the nature of an ancillary proceeding, and does not require the issuance and service of a new process returnable to another term of court. Upon it the presiding judge issues an order nisi which is served and under which the hearing is had." Nipper v. Nipper, 129 Ga. 450 (3) (59 S.E. 226). See Williams v. Williams, 137 Ga. 791 (74 S.E. 242); Luke v. Luke, 154 Ga. 800 (115 S.E. 666);Bradley v. Bradley, 168 Ga. 648, 650 (148 S.E. 591);Hogan v. Hogan, 148 Ga. 151 (95 S.E. 272); Legg v.Legg, 150 Ga. 133 (102 S.E. 829). The judgment brought before us now by writ of error is the granting of the temporary alimony and attorney's fees. On that hearing the action of the judge was properly uninfluenced by the defendant's motion to quash the service. Nothing that we rule as to this is to have the effect of depriving the defendant of his right to have his motion heard and determined, in so far as it affects the divorce case, when that case is in term time regularly reached for trial. Compare Code, § 24-2622.
2. It is insisted, that, having at the hearing shown that a valid decree of divorce between the parties was granted by a court of the State of Nevada on October 9, 1939, it was erroneous to grant the wife temporary alimony. The suit for divorce in the instant case was filed on June 23, 1939, and the temporary-alimony order passed thereon was entered on September 19, 1940. If the Nevada divorce was valid, then the relation of husband and wife had ceased. The mere definition of alimony negatives the idea that it can be awarded to one who had ceased to be a wife. Code, § 30-201. Compare Hall v. Hall, 141 Ga. 361 (80 S.E. 992); Morgan v. Morgan, 148 Ga. 625 (97 S.E. 675, 4 A.L.R. 925); Pennaman v. Pennaman, 153 Ga. 647 (112 S.E. 829); Collins v. Collins, 165 Ga. 198 (140 S.E. 501); Foster v. Foster, 178 Ga. 791 (174 S.E. 532). This necessitates a ruling on whether or not the judge was authorized to find that what happened in Nevada was no bar to the wife's right *Page 544 to alimony, subsequently asserted in a different suit instituted by her in the courts of Georgia. The Nevada decree was based on a suit wherein the service was by publication, and hence is not controlled by what was ruled in Drake v. Drake 187 Ga. 423 (1 S.E.2d 573), followed in Dyal v. Dyal, 187 Ga. 600 (1 S.E.2d 660), in both of which cases there was not only personal service, but an actual appearance by the wife. Here a judgment by default was entered against the wife, and the cause proceeded to final decree ex parte. True, the wife thereafter filed a motion to open the default and to vacate the judgment, based on the sole ground that her illness had prevented her from appearing, accompanying her motion with a written defense; but her motion was denied. It is also true that at the hearing now under review there was in evidence a copy of section 8673 of the Nevada Compiled Laws of 1929, as follows: "Civil actions in the District Courts shall be commenced by the filing of a complaint with the clerk of the court and the issuance of a summons thereon; provided, that after the filing of the complaint a defendant in the action may appear by answer, demurrer, or notice of motion filed in the cause, except motions to quash service, or denying the sufficiency of process, or the jurisdiction of the court over the subject-matter, or the person, whether the summons has been issued or not, and such appearance shall be deemed a waiver of summons." The motion to open the default, and to set aside the decree, and to be allowed to plead to the merits, which was filed by Mrs. Adams, might for some purposes have constituted a general appearance on her part, as has been held by some courts. 6 C. J. S. 32, 33. But if so treated, it can not be said that she is thereafter concluded from collaterally attacking the judgment or decree on the ground that it was void for want of jurisdiction, on account of a fraud practiced by the complainant on the court. Such motion might estop her from challenging the court's jurisdiction as to her, but it could not revivify a decree void because jurisdiction was dependent on the complainant's bona fide residence in the State when in fact no basis existed for the exercise of such jurisdiction.
Notwithstanding the provision of the Nevada law, and notwithstanding her motion to vacate the judgment there rendered, together with her offer to plead to the merits, she could in the courts of this State attack the Nevada court proceedings on the ground of *Page 545 fraud, to wit, that her husband was not at the time a bona fide resident of that State. His averment that he was a resident was contained in a suit begun and concluded when she was a non-resident of that State; and when she tried to appear therein she was not permitted to do so. Under such circumstances, the recital in the divorce proceedings of a finding that the court has jurisdiction of the plaintiff therein is not conclusive, and the decree may be collaterally attacked for fraud in its procurement. Durden v. Durden, 184 Ga. 421 (191 S.E. 455), and cit. If the plaintiff therein merely acquired a residence in Nevada for the purpose of obtaining a divorce, this is not sufficient to give the court of that State jurisdiction, and it was an imposition on the court for him to represent himself as being a bona fide resident of Nevada, and was such fraudulent conduct on his part as rendered nugatory the decree entered therein. Matthews v. Matthews, 139 Ga. 123 (76 S.E. 855);Cochran v. Cochran, 173 Ga. 856 (162 S.E. 99). As was observed in the last-cited case, as to the effect of some one physically handing to her, while out of the State, a copy of the summons and complaint for divorce, "this constituted no personal service whatever."
3. Our next inquiry is, was the judge authorized to find that the Nevada decree was void on the ground that the plaintiff therein had never acquired a bona fide residence in that State? The parties were married in 1925. There was no issue born of the marriage. At the time of the marriage the wife was residing at Climax, Decatur County, Georgia. They were married in Qincey, Florida; and before their separation some thirteen years later, they had lived in several different places, but were residing in Climax at the time of the separation. The husband's divorce suit was filed in the district court of Washoe County, Nevada, September 5, 1939. The final decree therein was entered on October 9, 1939. At the hearing now under review, on August 29, 1940, he testified as a witness in his own behalf, and other evidence was introduced. From the proofs as a whole the judge was authorized, if indeed he was not required, to find the following state of facts: A man whose married life had run none too smoothly leaves his wife in this State, and without knowing a soul in Nevada, and having no correspondence with anybody about getting employment in the latter State, goes there, and on the day of his arrival, or the next, consults a *Page 546 lawyer about obtaining a divorce for him; and reaching Nevada on July 24, files suit for divorce on September 5, 1939, in which he alleges that he is at the time a citizen of Nevada, and that for a period of more than six weeks last past has been a bona fide resident of said State, and has continuously resided and been physically present and domiciled during all of said period in the State of Nevada; and on October 9, 1939, obtains a decree of divorce, said decree reciting as one of the findings of fact that "the plaintiff is a citizen of the United States and of the State of Nevada, and is now, and for a period of more than six weeks last past has been, a bona fide resident of said State, and has continuously resided and been physically present and domiciled during all of said period in the State of Nevada, and now resides and is domiciled in the County of Washoe, State of Nevada;" the jurisdiction of the Nevada court being based on said allegations and said findings; and on the next day leaves the State of Nevada and has never returned, bringing with him a little over $5 of the $700 which he had when he reached Nevada, he not having been engaged in any employment in the meantime. He asks a court in Georgia to recognize and enforce such a decree. In declining to do so, the court did not err. Cochran v. Cochran, andDurden v. Durden, supra. In view of the other portions of his testimony, the judge was not compelled to accept his statement on oath that he did not go to Nevada for the purpose of obtaining a divorce. Lewis v. Patterson, 191 Ga. 348 (12 S.E.2d 593).
4. One other contention remains to be noticed. It is insisted that the evidence demanded a finding that at the time of the institution of the instant case the defendant (plaintiff in error here) was not a resident of Grady County where the suit was filed. We can not agree to this contention. It is true that there was evidence from a number of witnesses that it was their impression and understanding that he was at the time a resident of Decatur County; others swore that his acts and conduct were such as to indicate that he was a resident of that county, and still others that they regarded him as a resident thereof. These were mere conclusions, with no facts stated that required such a conclusion. On the other hand the witness Chason testified: "I lived in Grady County the last part of 1939, and I live there now. I moved there along the last of October or the first of November. My father *Page 547 lives there, and I visited there during 1939. I know Mr. Adams, and I have seen him at my father's house. He slept there sometimes. I don't know whether or not he boarded there, but he stayed there some time. I saw him there in July, 1939, before he went off to Nevada, and the next time I saw him I had moved to Mr. Jones', and he was there. He stayed there while I was there. He was gone about three months. I don't know whether he stays there now, but he stayed there while I was there. I was there from the last of October to nearly Christmas, and he was boarding there then." L. P. Johnson testified by affidavit, that "deponent lived near Zora Jones in Grady County; that he had seen J. S. Adams passing his home almost daily going to and from Zora Jones' home ever since plaintiff and defendant separated, except during the late summer and fall of 1939, when it was reported that the defendant had gone to Nevada; before he left for Nevada the defendant drove a car with a Georgia tag on it, but when he came back he had a Nevada State tag on said car; since his return, affiant has seen Adams' car parked at Zora Jones' every time affiant passed; affiant was at Zora Jones' place about three weeks ago, and Adams was sitting on the porch, barefooted, with his trousers rolled up nearly to his knees, the time being about nine o'clock in the morning; the frequency of the trips to and from Zora Jones' home before he went to Nevada are practically the same since he returned." The provisions of the Code, § 79-401, are as follows: "The domicile of every person of full age, and laboring under no disability, is the place where the family of such person shall permanently reside, if in this State. If he has no family, or they do not reside in this State, the place where such person shall generally lodge shall be considered his domicile." Since it appears without dispute that he and his wife were permanently separated, the evidence above referred to justified the finding that at the time of the filing of the suit he was a resident of Grady County. Gilmer v. Gilmer, 32 Ga. 685;Forlaw v. Augusta Naval Stores Co., 124 Ga. 261, 268 (52 S.E. 898), and cit.; Smith v. Smith, 136 Ga. 197 (71 S.E. 158). For the reasons stated in Lewis v. Patterson, supra, this follows, irrespective of his own positive statement on that subject.
5. There was no complaint that the amount awarded as temporary alimony and attorney's fees was excessive, the sole question being as to the power of the court to make an award of any amount.
Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur, except *Page 548