Mandamus requiring payment by a county treasurer of the principal and interest due on a warrant issued by the county commissioners, for the price of a tractor for working the public roads, was authorized by the law and the facts.
No. 13902. JANUARY 13, 1942. On January 27, 1939, the Board of Commissioners of Roads and Revenues of Marion County issued a warrant in favor of Blalock Machinery Equipment Company, payable by O. P. Harris, county treasurer, for $5750.00, out of the road fund. The warrant was for the purchase of a certain power tractor then delivered, for working on the public roads. The payee transferred the warrant at a discount to The First National Bank of Gainesville. On March 25 a demand for payment of the warrant was made. The treasurer refused payment, and also refused on request to make an entry on the warrant that payment was refused "for lack of sufficient funds." On October 24, 1939, the bank instituted mandamus proceedings against the treasurer to compel payment of the principal sum with interest from March 25 at the rate of seven per cent per annum. The county and the county commissioners were allowed to intervene as parties defendant. The term of the treasurer expired, and his successor was made a party defendant. The defenses set up were substantially: (a) The warrant was payable *Page 264 from the road fund, and the county did not have a road fund. (b) The warrant was void, because it was an attempt to create a debt within the meaning of the constitution, art. 7, sec. 7, par. 1 (Code, § 2-5501), which the county authorities were inhibited from making. (c) If the warrant was not void, nevertheless it did not bear interest. At the trial the judge directed a verdict, granting mandamus absolute, for the principal sum stated in the warrant, "with interest at 7% to July 1, 1940, . . and then from date of judgment at same rate." The defendants' motion for a new trial, on the general grounds, was overruled, and they excepted. 1. "A county may, without being said to create a debt within the meaning of the constitution, contract for materials [consisting of machinery for use in] the necessary improvement of public roads, to be paid for out of available funds in the hands of the treasurer, or out of the proceeds of taxes that have been or may be lawfully levied during the year in which the contract is made." Wilson v. Gaston,141 Ga. 770 (82 S.E. 136); Neal Son Inc. v. Burch,173 Ga. 840 (162 S.E. 135). The principle ruled in the Neal case, just cited, that the amount of a "gas tax" which the county expected to receive could not properly be considered as a tax that had been or might lawfully be levied by the county authorities during the year in which the contract was made, and other similar sources of possible income as in Tate v.Elberton, 136 Ga. 301 (4) (71 S.E. 420), is not applicable to cases in which funds derived from such sources are actuallyin hand and available for payment of the contract price.
2. Where the purchase-price of machinery for necessary improvement of public roads becomes a liquidated demand, as by issuance of a county warrant drawn on the county treasurer by the county commissioners, payable to the vendor for the purchase-price, interest which may thereafter lawfully accrue upon the warrant is incidental, and is not to be counted as part of the debt for which the warrant was issued. Epping v.Columbus, 117 Ga. 263, 276 (43 S.E. 803). *Page 265
3. In the instant case it does not appear on the face of the warrant, or from allegations in the petition for mandamus, that the county warrant was an attempt to create a debt as inhibited by the constitution, art. 7, sec. 6, par. 2, and art. 7, sec. 7, par. 1 (Code, §§ 2-5402, 2-5501). Where the respondent raises an issue as to such an attempt, on the basis of insufficient funds on hand or inability to levy lawful tax during the year to raise funds for payment of the contract price of the machinery, the burden of proof is on the respondent. Code, § 38-103; AmericusGrocery Co. v. Pitts Banking Co., 169 Ga. 70 (4) (149 S.E. 776); Thompson v. Shurling, 184 Ga. 836 (193 S.E. 880).
4. In virtue of the foregoing authorities, if sufficient available funds are in the hands of the treasurer at the time of the contract, or less than sufficient but if augmented by taxes that could be lawfully levied in the year would be sufficient to pay the contract price, the warrant issued by the county commissioners, drawn on the county treasurer, for road machinery, will not be illegal as being inhibited by the cited provisions of the constitution merely because, without participation or consent on the part of the vendor, the county applies the funds out of which the price of the machinery was to be paid to other claims against the county, leaving the price of the machinery unpaid.Wilson v. Gaston, 141 Ga. 770 (82 S.E. 136). Neither would the warrant be illegal merely because it is drawn to be charged against the road fund, and the treasurer did not keep a separate road fund but mingled all the county funds in one bank account.Maddox v. Anchor Duck Mills, 167 Ga. 695 (2) (146 S.E. 551).
5. Whether or not a certain item received by the treasurer from the State, derived from rentals of the Western and Atlantic Railroad, and certain funds received from fines and forfeitures (which the defendant contends can not be applied to road expenses), constitute part of the funds then and now in the hands of the treasurer, it appears that other available funds went into the hands of the treasurer that were not shown to have been disbursed, which were sufficient to pay the warrant. Such evidence is sufficient to support a finding that the sum specified in the warrant is a valid obligation of the county.
6. The county warrant now in question is prima facie a liquidated demand (Maddox v. Anchor Duck Mills, supra); and *Page 266 though it does not express any date for payment it is as matter of law payable on demand made five days after the date on which it is issued (Code, §§ 23-1605, 14-207 (2)), and will ordinarily bear interest from and after demand so made. Code, §§ 57-101, 57-110; State v. Speer, 33 Ga. Supp. 93; Hartley v.Nash, 157 Ga. 402 (121 S.E. 295); Americus Grocery Co. v.Pitts Banking Co., supra. See United States Fidelity Guaranty Co. v. Clarke, 190 Ga. 46 (3) (8 S.E.2d 52).
7. The Annotated Code §§ 23-1604 to 23-1608, inclusive, relate to county orders and to the order in which county debts are to be paid. § 23-1608 is a codification of the acts approved July 24, 1920, and March 11, 1935. (Ga. L. 1920, p. 65, amending § 582 of the Code of 1910; Ga. L. 1935, p. 110). That section provides: "On the first day in December of each year such treasurer and the commissioners of roads and revenues or other authority having control of finances of the county together shall make an entry of all orders entitled to payment which were not so presented for payment, and what orders not of equal dignity have been paid instead, in whole or in part, and what others are entitled to payment before such nonpresented orders. Persons holding such orders, who present them without receiving their pay before said day, may have the treasurer annually to mark thereon `presented,' the day of presentation, and not paid for want of funds. Such county orders, when legally issued and duly presented as herein provided and not paid for want of funds, shall bear interest at such rate as may be prescribed by the governing authorities of the county by resolution, duly adopted and entered upon the minutes of said governing authorities which rate of interest shall in no event be more than seven per cent. per annum and which rate so fixed shall be plainly written or printed upon the face of such order, from date of entry of presentation and nonpayment for want of funds: Provided, however, interest shall not be paid on such warrant or warrants after July 1st following the year in which presented, unless such warrant or warrants are again presented and payment refused for want of funds. The treasurer or keeper of county funds shall indorse on the warrant the words, `Presented for payment; no funds on hand with which to pay same. This the . . . . . . day of . . . . . . . . . . . . , 19. . . .'" The Code sections cited above do not expressly or by necessary implication repeal *Page 267 §§ 14-207, 57-101, 57-110. They all are to be considered together. When so considered, the sections first mentioned contemplate administrative action by the county officers in regard to the order in which lawful county orders shall bepaid. The provision in § 23-1608 that such county orders when legally issued and duly presented as herein provided, "and not paid for want of funds, shall bear interest" if indorsed by the treasurer as set forth, does not mean that interest allowed generally on liquidated demands as. under §§ 57-101, 57-110 would be disallowed if sufficient available funds are in hand to pay the warrant. In the circumstances stated, the treasurer could not truthfully make the statutory indorsement. The statute assumes that the treasurer will pay the warrant when payment is demanded. If he fails so to pay, the statute contemplates that interest will run in virtue of the Code, §§ 57-101, 57-110, from the date of the demand.
(a) The decision in First National Bank of Rome v.Owens, 147 Ga. 599 (95 S.E. 2), by five Justices, holding broadly that a county warrant will not bear interest, is not binding as a precedent, and will not be followed.
(b) The decision rendered on June 19, 1920, in Tift PeedGrocery Co. v. Worth County, 150 Ga. 319 (103 S.E. 465), by all the Justices, holding broadly that a county warrant will not bear interest, overlooks the Code, §§ 57-101, 57-110, and is overruled.
(c) In so far as the decisions in Pitts Banking Co. v.Sherman, 166 Ga. 495 (143 S.E. 581), and Americus GroceryCo. v. Pitts Banking Co., 169 Ga. 70 (1,3), supra, conflict with the foregoing ruling that in the circumstances of the instant case the county warrant in question will bear interest from the time of demand for payment, they are on formal review overruled.
(d) The case of Lettice v. American National Bank,133 Ga. 874 (67 S.E. 187), did not involve, as in the instant case, the question of allowing interest on a lawful liquidated demand. The contract there involved was between the county authorities and a bank, which in substance would allow the bank to pay the holders of county warrants that were in default because of insufficient funds in the treasury, and carry them at a stipulated rate of interest until the treasurer should give notice of readiness to pay. All of this was in disregard of whether the county, though without *Page 268 available funds on hand, could within the year levy a tax to pay the amount. The decision denounced the whole transaction as in violation of the constitution. The decision is fundamentally sound, but not applicable to the question of allowing interest on a lawful liquidated demand now involved.
8. On the whole case the evidence authorized the grant of mandamus absolute for payment of the sum specified in the county warrant, with lawful interest from the date of demand for payment. The verdict was authorized by the evidence, and the judge did not err in overruling the motion for a new trial.
Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur.