1. Where error was assigned on the admission of certain testimony, and on writ of error it was adjudicated that the admission of such testimony was not error, this court, on a subsequent exception in which error is again assigned on the admission of similar testimony, will not reconsider or readjudicate such question, but, applying the law of the case, will hold that the admission of such testimony was not error.
2. The rule that the decision of an appellate court is the law of the case applies to all questions presented and decided, regardless of whether or not such questions were expressly treated in the opinion. Where, on a writ of error to this court to the overruling of a motion for new trial, error was assigned on the admission of certain testimony, and on the rejection of certain testimony, and where this court reversed the judgment *Page 32 on the ground that the trial court erred in rejecting the testimony on which error was specially assigned, but in the decision or opinion did not expressly treat the other assignments of error except to rule that the "remaining special assignments of error are without substantial merit," it will be presumed that this court considered the questions presented in such assignments of error in disposing of the case.
3. In a suit to recover double indemnity under a life-insurance policy which provided that if the death of the insured was the result of external, violent, and accidental causes, double the face amount of the policy would be paid to the beneficiary, where the defendant denied that the death of the insured resulted from external, violent, and accidental causes, it was error requiring the grant of a new trial for the court, over objection, to permit a witness for the plaintiff, who was a physician, to state that from his examination of the body of the insured it was his opinion that the death of the insured "was caused from external, violent, and accidental causes." This testimony went beyond the scope of the testimony on the former trial, above referred to; and there is no law of the case as respects its admissibility.
4. While the testimony which amounted to a conclusion and an opinion of the witness should have been excluded, its admission does not appear to be error requiring the grant of a new trial, since it appears that testimony of other witnesses to the same effect was admitted without objection.
5. On the grant of a new trial by this court, it is unnecessary to pass on assignments of error as to alleged improper argument which was withdrawn by counsel, such argument being not likely to recur on another trial.
6. A new trial being granted, setting aside the verdict for the plaintiff, it is unnecessary for this court to determine whether under the evidence the jury were authorized to award attorney's fees and damages against the defendant, under the Code, § 56-706.
DECIDED MARCH 7, 1940. ADHERED TO ON REHEARING, MARCH 30, 1940. Mrs. Ethel Bush Ittner filed suit against the New York Life Insurance Company on a policy of insurance on the life of her husband, Arthur E. Ittner, in which she was designated the beneficiary. The policy provided that "upon receipt of due proof that the death of the insured resulted, directly and independently of all other causes, from bodily injury effected solely through external, violent, and accidental causes," the insurer agreed to pay to the beneficiary what is commonly called "double indemnity," and further provided that such double indemnity would not be paid "if the insured's death resulted from self-destruction." The plaintiff alleged, that on September 6, 1934, while the policy was in force, the insured died as a result of accidental causes, and she was entitled to the *Page 33 double-indemnity payment; that while the defendant had paid the single indemnity provided for in the policy, it had refused to pay the double indemnity, claiming that it was not liable therefor; and that this refusal was without cause and in bad faith. The plaintiff further alleged a due compliance with all the provisions of the policy as to notice and proof of death. She prayed for the double indemnity with interest, and for $145 as damages and $350 attorney's fees because of the alleged bad faith of the defendant in refusing to pay. The defendant denied liability, on the ground that the death of the insured was suicidal. The trial resulted in a verdict for the plaintiff. A motion by the defendant for new trial was overruled, and on exception that judgment was reversed. New York Life InsuranceCo. v. Ittner, 54 Ga. App. 714 (188 S.E. 920). On a second trial the verdict was against the defendant, and its motion for new trial was overruled. On exception this court reversed that judgment, because the trial court had erred in instructing the jury that the burden was upon the insurance company to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the cause of the insured's death was suicide. New York Life Insurance Co. v. Ittner,59 Ga. App. 89 (200 S.E. 522). Under the view which this court takes of this case and the direction to be given thereto, it will be unnecessary to set forth at length or in detail the evidence adduced on the third trial. The evidence on this trial was substantially the same as that adduced on the two former trials, and reference is made to the statements of facts accompanying the opinions rendered by this court in its two former decisions cited above.
It appears from the evidence as follows: The insured left his home in Albany, Georgia, on September 6, 1934, in his automobile to make a business trip. The following day his abandoned automobile was discovered on a little-used woods road five or six miles from Fitzgerald, Georgia; and on September 8, 1934, the dead body of the insured was found lying face down in a small glade or open space within a dense forest and swamp some distance from where his automobile had been discovered. The insured had been dead for some time, and his body was beginning to putrefy. There were numerous wounds, gashes, cuts, bruises, and stabs upon his body. There were three deep and large cuts or gashes on his throat, and a belt had been wrapped about his neck, with a stick placed in a loop formed with the belt, making a kind of tourniquet, and *Page 34 turns had been made with the stick so that the belt was drawn tightly about his throat. On the ground were spots indicating that some one had bled profusely. These spots began at a distance estimated at eighty-odd yards from where the body was discovered. The grass and leaves had been mashed and disturbed at these places, and signs and marks in the earth were described by those who had viewed them. The insured's shirt was found hanging in a bush near by. One sock was off, but his shoe was on his foot, laced and tied. This sock was found near by, soaked with blood. A straight razor was found under or near a log a short distance from where the body lay. About $19 in money was in the wallet of the insured, found on his person. It appeared that some previous years he had been treated for "lues;" that he had been a user of alcoholic beverages, and at one time had become somewhat mentally unsound as a result of strong drink and a syphilitic condition, which mental derangement was accompanied with suicidal tendencies; and that he had been brought to an Atlanta hospital for treatment, and while there had slashed himself superficially with a safety-razor blade. There was no evidence tending to establish any motive for the insured to have been slain by some mortal enemy.
The jury found for the plaintiff in an amount representing the indemnity provided in the policy and the damages and attorney's fees prayed for. The defendant moved for a new trial on the general grounds, and on special grounds which are dealt with in the following opinion. The motion was overruled, and the defendant excepted. 1. In ground 10 of the motion for new trial error is assigned on the admission by the court, over objection, of the following testimony of the witness W. W. Sapp: "From the investigation that I made and from what I found, in my opinion, I do not think those wounds were self-inflicted." It appears from the motion for new trial on the first appeal of this case to this court that error was assigned on the testimony of Sapp, identical with that involved in the appeal now before the court, as follows: "The investigation that I made and from what I found, in my opinion, *Page 35 I do not think those wounds were self-inflicted." In ground 11 of the motion now before the court the admission, over defendant's objection, of the following testimony of Dr. H. M. McKemie is assigned as error: "From what I found there, in my opinion, I do not think those wounds or blows were self-inflicted." Likewise it appears from the motion for new trial on the first appeal of this case that the following testimony of this witness, admitted over objection of the defendant, was assigned as error: "From what I found there, in my opinion, I do not think those wounds or blows were self-inflicted." This testimony was identical with that embodied in the present motion for new trial, on which error is now assigned. In ground 12 of the motion now before this court error is assigned on the admission, over objection, of the following testimony of C. C. Ball: "Gentlemen, I do not believe an individual — and I have seen a good many people wounded, shot, and cut — I do not believe a man with the wounds I seen on that gentleman could have possibly covered the territory, been to these different places where I seen something had been, the places where the blood was, and the knife and the razor, and them other things, and then have the power and strength to have tied that stick and belt around his neck and laid down and died. I don't believe that he could have done all that." In the first appeal to this court, error was assigned on the admission, over objection, of the following testimony of this witness: "Gentlemen, I do not believe an individual — and I have seen a good many people wounded, shot, and cut — I do not believe a man with the wounds I seen on that gentleman could have possible covered the territory, been to these different places where I seen something had been, the places where the blood was, and the knife and the razor, and them other things, and then have the power and strength to have tied that stick and belt around his neck and laid down and died. I believe when he got that wound on the neck, that wound him up. I don't believe that he could have done all that — he never knew nothing after he got that lick." The testimony of this witness, on which error was assigned in the first motion for new trial, is substantially the same as that on which error is assigned in the motion for new trial now before the court. The objections to the testimony of these witnesses, and the errors assigned on the admission thereof, are practically the same as they were on the first appeal. *Page 36
The judgment overruling the first motion for new trial was reversed on the ground that the court erred in the rejection of certain testimony offered by the defendant, on which ruling error was specially assigned. New York Life Ins. Co. v. Ittner,54 Ga. App. 714, supra. In that decision this court did not deal with the other assignments of error embodied in the motion for new trial, except to rule that the "remaining special assignments of error are without substantial merit, and the question as to the sufficiency of the evidence to support the verdict is not passed upon." "The remaining assignments of error" included assignments of error on the admission of the testimony of the witnesses above referred to.
The plaintiff contends that this court can not now consider the errors assigned on this testimony, as the ruling on the first appeal in this case was an adjudication that the admission of this testimony was not error, or at least that the assignments of error thereon "are without substantial merit" and will not permit a reversal on these grounds. In other words, the plaintiff now contends that on an application of the doctrine of "the law of the case" this court is bound by its former ruling on the former appeal that the admission of this testimony was not error.
It is a rule of general application that where the evidence on a subsequent trial is substantially the same as that on the previous trial, all matters, questions, points, or issues adjudicated on the previous appeal are the law of the case on all subsequent appeals, and will not be reconsidered or readjudicated. 4 C. J. 1093; 5 Id. 1267; Byrd v. PrudentialIns. Co., 185 Ga. 625 (196 S.E. 72); Dixon v. Federal FarmMortgage Cor., 187 Ga. 660 (1 S.E.2d 732); Turner v.Davidson, 188 Ga. 736 (4 S.E.2d 814, 125 A.L.R. 401). After the case is remanded, this court on a second writ of error will consider only those questions arising subsequently to the remand, or which were not adjudicated in the former determination. 4 C. J. 1097; 5 C. J. S. 1275. So all questions presented by the record on the former writ of error will be considered as finally determined by the judgment; and though such questions were not expressly affirmed or reversed they will, by implication, be deemed affirmed. This is true whether or not the questions raised were expressly treated in the first decision of the court, as the presumption is that in disposing of the case the court considered such questions. The record on a former writ of error may be looked into by this court *Page 37 for the purpose of ascertaining what questions were before the court, so as to apply the law of the case. See generally 4 C. J. 1105; 5 C. J. S. 1281, 1286; Savannah, Thunderbolt c. Ry. Co. v. Savannah, 115 Ga. 137 (41 S.E. 592); Livingston v. Allen, 83 Mo. App. 294; Chicago c. R. Co. v. Dinius,180 Ind. 596 (103 N.E. 652). It has been held that the decision of the appellate court as to the admissibility of certain testimony is conclusive on that question on a subsequent writ of error in the same case. 4 C. J. 1110; 5 C. J. S. 1293. In Moss v. Moss,147 Ga. 311 (93 S.E. 875), the Supreme Court ruled as follows: "This case was formerly before this court, and is reported in144 Ga. 194 (86 S.E. 548). The decision in that case is controlling as to some of the questions raised in the present record. Certain acts and sayings of the son-in-law, Edwards, to which objection was made, were held to be admissible when the case was here before, and assignments of error on admitting similar testimony are controlled by that decision." In Rogers v. Herbert, 153 Ga. 705 (112 S.E. 828), the Supreme Court held: "The rulings made in this case on former writ of error control the questions now involved." In that case, on the former writ of error (151 Ga. 517, 107 S.E. 329), the court held, that it was not erroneous to admit certain evidence; that "it was competent to show by extrinsic evidence what land . . had been previously sold to George Hadley." On another trial the court admitted, over objection, evidence that such part of this land had been sold to such person; and the Supreme Court held that the former ruling on the admissibility of this evidence was the law of the case. Applying the law of the case, it must now be held that the court did not err in admitting the testimony excepted to in grounds 10, 11, and 12 of the motion for new trial.
Likewise, as to grounds 14, 15, 16, and 17, the questions therein raised have been determined by this court in its former decisions in this case, wherein it was held that similar evidence, the exclusion of which is complained of by the defendant, was not admissible. See 54 Ga. App. 714, and 59 Ga. App. 89, supra. The rulings made on the former decisions of this case are binding as the law of this case, and controlling on this court on the questions raised in the above grounds.
2. However, in ground 9 of the motion for new trial now before the court, the defendant complains of the admission, over objection, *Page 38 of the following testimony of Dr. J. C. Keaton: "Upon my investigation of that body I would say his death was caused from external, violent, and accidental causes. That is my opinion that it was." This evidence was objected to on the ground that it was an opinion, "a guess, a conjecture, and a conclusion and speculation which was inadmissible." Error is assigned on the admission of this testimony on the ground that it was a conclusion of the witness and an opinion by him with reference to the very issue to be determined by the jury. An examination of the records in the first and second trials of this case, both of which came to this court on exceptions to the overruling of the defendant's motions for new trial (54 Ga. App. 714, and 59 Ga. App. 89, supra) does not disclose that the defendant excepted to and assigned error on the admission of the same or similar testimony of this witness, or of any other witness in the case. The admissibility of this testimony has not been previously determined by this court. The testimony of this witness was more than a mere opinion that the wounds on the body of Ittner were not self-inflicted. His testimony went beyond that of the witnesses above referred to, who testified only to the effect that the wounds, in their opinion, were not self-inflicted. The testimony of this witness was a conclusion drawn by him that the death of the deceased was not only not self-inflicted but was due to external, violent, and accidental causes. The death could have resulted from wounds which are not self-inflicted, and yet not have been the result of accidental causes in the sense of the double-indemnity clause of the policy. The death could have resulted from external and violent causes and yet not have been "accidental." Where an insured's death is the result of a mutual combat or fight between him and another person, or is the result of his misconduct, or his participation in the act which caused his death, it is not "accidental" in the sense of the double-indemnity clause in an insurance policy. Gresham v.Equitable Accident Ins. Co., 87 Ga. 497 (13 S.E. 752, 27 Am. St. R. 263, 13 L.R.A. 838); Travelers Insurance Co. v.Wyness, 107 Ga. 584, 589 (34 S.E. 113); Gaynor v.Travelers Insurance Co., 12 Ga. App. 601, 603 (77 S.E. 1072). See also Daniel v. Jefferson Standard Life InsuranceCo., 52 Ga. App. 620 (184 S.E. 366). This testimony was a decision by the witness of the very issue in the case which the jury were called on to decide from all the facts and circumstances in evidence. *Page 39
In Everett v. State, 62 Ga. 65, the opinion which it was held the witness could give, after stating the facts, was that the deceased could not possibly have inflicted the wounds on herself. In Tanner v. State, 163 Ga. 121, 126 (135 S.E. 917), the witness testified as follows: "If Mr. Tanner had been over there at that little bush and had shot Mr. Tarbutton, the shot would have gone in back of his head along here [indicating on Mr. Stephens' head] and come out here in front, and the brain would have gone on down where that did go." This evidence was held admissible. The question there was entirely different from the question here presented. Other cases cited and relied on by the plaintiff are distinguishable. This case presents the question whether the death of the insured was the result of external, violent, and accidental causes. The answer determines the liability or non-liability of the defendant. The policy provided for payment of double indemnity if the death was the result of external, violent, and accidental causes. This suit was instituted to recover the double indemnity under the policy. The defendant denied liability under the double-indemnity provision. The burden was on the plaintiff to establish that the death of the insured was the result of external, violent, and accidental causes, 59 Ga. App. 89, supra. "Where the question under examination, and to be decided by the jury, shall be one of opinion, any witness may swear to his opinion or belief, giving his reasons therefor; but if the issue shall be as to the existence of a fact, the opinions of witnesses, generally, shall be inadmissible." Code, § 38-1708. "As a general rule, a witness should be confined to a statement of facts, his opinions being irrelevant and inadmissible. To this rule there are important exceptions. It is the peculiar province of the jury to draw deductions and form conclusions from the facts shown by the evidence, and it is only from the necessity of the case that a witness is allowed to give his opinion to aid the jury in arriving at a correct conclusion upon the facts before them. Thus, experts on questions relating to a particular art or science, or which come under the observation and experience of persons engaged in a particular profession, trade, or occupation, who, from their superior facilities and experience, are better qualified than ordinary jurors to form correct conclusions thereon, are permitted to give their opinions to the jury, based upon given facts which they have testified to themselves, have heard others testify to in the case, or which have *Page 40 been hypothetically stated to them." Mayor c. of Milledgeville v. Wood, 114 Ga. 370, 372 (40 S.E. 239).
The fact that Dr. Keaton was a physician and testified to the facts on which he based his conclusion did not render his opinion testimony admissible. He should not have been permitted to express his belief or his opinion that the death of the insured had been due to external, violent, and accidental causes. This was in effect adjudging the defendant liable. See Mayor c. ofMilledgeville v. Wood, supra. "A witness will not be permitted to decide the very question which the jury are to pass upon, but must state the relevant facts, and let the jury draw their own conclusion therefrom." Georgia Railway Power Co. v. Head,155 Ga. 337 (116 S.E. 620); Foote Davies Co. v. Malony,115 Ga. 985 (42 S.E. 413); McCrary v. Pritchard, 119 Ga. 876 (5) (47 S.E. 341); G., F. A. Ry. Co. v. Temples,143 Ga. 312 (85 S.E. 197). See also Carolina Portland Cement Co. v. Zuber, 29 Ga. App. 96 (113 S.E. 813). As stated in 22 C. J. 502, "As the opinion evidence rule is intended to provide against the mischief of invasion of the province of the jury, a court should as far as possible exclude the inference, conclusion, or judgment of a witness as to the ultimate fact in issue, even though the circumstances presented are such as might warrant a relaxation of the rule excluding opinion but for this circumstance." The admission of the testimony of Dr. Keaton was harmful and prejudicial to the defendant, and requires the grant of a new trial.
3. It was improper for the court to allow the witness I. J. Royal to testify as follows: "At the first stop, that looked like that was right after they had the first scuffling — it was right after where the first scuffling took place, and there was a sign there, but it didn't seem to be as much as was at the first place; all the stops showed signs of scuffling right up to where the body was found." The defendant objected to this evidence on the ground that it was speculative, guesswork, conjectural, and a conclusion of the witness without stating any facts on which to base it. In so far as the use of the word "scuffling" seems to apply to the presence of more than one person, it is our opinion that the court should not have allowed the witness to use this term, but that he should have been confined to a description of the appearance of the leaves, grass, and ground at the "stops" to which he was referring, leaving the jury to determine *Page 41 whether more than one person was present at the time these signs or marks were made. See Perdue v. State, 135 Ga. 277 (69 S.E. 184). However, a new trial might not necessarily be granted because of the admission of this testimony, for the reason that there appears from the record the testimony of three other witnesses concerning a description of the leaves, grass, and ground near where the body was found, and some distance therefrom, in which the word "scuffling" was used in the same manner as used by the witness Royal, and this testimony was admitted without objection.
4. The argument of counsel for the plaintiff, referred to in grounds 7 and 8, as follows: "This case was reversed upon a technicality," referring to the previous reversal of this case by this court, and, "If these insurance companies had used as much money in trying to find the murderer of Arthur Ittner as they have used in trying to murder the character of Arthur Ittner, their status would have been better," was improper. It was withdrawn by counsel for the plaintiff when counsel for the defendant moved to declare a mistrial. Since a new trial is granted, it is not necessary to determine whether the judge erred in refusing to declare a mistrial on account of this argument.
5. Since a new trial is granted, it is not necessary to pass on the questions presented in grounds 18 and 19, in which the defendant contends that the evidence did not authorize a finding of bad faith of the defendant and an award of damages therefor and attorney's fees.
6. Because of the erroneous admission of the testimony of Dr. J. C. Keaton, dealt with in the second division of this opinion, the judge erred in overruling the defendant's motion for new trial.
Judgment reversed. Sutton, J., concurs.