1. Where a contract is alleged to have been breached and suit is brought for damages, alleged to consist in the loss of profits which would have been earned directly under the contract except for the alleged breach, the petition will be held good as against a general demurrer if the loss is such as was within the contemplation of the parties at the time of entering into the contract, and if the damages are the legal and natural result of the breach, such damages not necessarily being too remote or speculative merely because they are to some extent contingent.
2. Where an amendment to a petition is ordered allowed and filed without a provision that it be subject to demurrer, and no exception pendente lite is filed to the allowance of the amendment, nor any error assigned in the main bill of exceptions upon the allowance of the amendment, no question is raised by the record for determination by this court upon this point.
3. The petition was not subject to demurrer upon the ground that it showed upon its face that the plaintiff had breached the contract.
4. The power to form a partnership is not one of the powers common to all corporations; and unless its charter confers such power, a corporation has no authority to enter into such a relationship with another, nor will such authority be presumed in the absence of an allegation that the charter did confer such authority.
5. On general demurrer, a petition setting out a cause of action as to some of the damages claimed should not be dismissed because some of the damages sought may not be appropriate. This is a matter for special demurrer; and a special demurrer, being a critic, must itself be perfect and point out with particularity which of the damages sought are objectionable and for what reason.
DECIDED OCTOBER 18, 1946. Louis L. Battey Post No. 4 of the American Legion, a corporation, at Augusta, Georgia, entered into an agreement with Louise Hoffman and Ed. F. Hoffman, doing business as the Hoffman Three-Ring Circus, to put on a circus in Augusta. The performances were a financial failure, and the Legion sued out an attachment against the defendants, alleging that it had been damaged in the sum of $5000, which, according to the declaration filed, was due to the defendants' breach of the contract attached to the declaration. The provisions of this agreement material to an adjudication of this case are as follows: "1. That the parties of the second part [Louise Hoffman and Ed. F. Hoffman] do hereby agree to give five circus performances at Augusta. . . Night performances *Page 404 commencing at 8:00 o'clock p. m., on November 22, 23, and 24, 1944; matinee performances commencing at 3:00 o'clock p. m., on November 23 and 24, 1944. . . 2. The parties of the second part agree to furnish and bring with them tents, company, and complete equipment to give said circus performances. Said performances to consist of 68 circus acts, including complete 3-ring circus, consisting of serial acts, trapeze acts, horse acts, trained domestic and wild-animal acts, etc. . . All the performances given by the parties of the second part shall be first-class performances in keeping with the performances at Paris Island, S.C., and at other camps and locations of the various armed forces. 3. The party of the first part agrees to pay to the parties of the second part from the advance sale of sponsors' tickets a sum of money up to $4500, if the advance sale of tickets equals this amount. If this amount is not received from the advance sale of sponsors' tickets, then sufficient money will be taken from the receipts when the performances start to make up the unpaid balance of $4500. This amount may be paid by the party of the first part from the advance sale of tickets in such multiples and such amounts as sales will permit. From said sum of $4500 the parties of the second part will pay all salaries, railroad fares, transportation, feed-bills, and other expenses connected with the bringing of the circus to the City of Augusta, Georgia, and expenses of every character or description while the circus is in the City of Augusta, Georgia, and shall also include the payment of the premium by the parties of the second part of the premium on the appearance bond hereinafter referred to. All of saidexpense shall be borne entirely by the parties of the secondpart, with no claim made or to be made on the party of the firstpart. [Emphasis by the court.] It is understood that the payment of the said sum of $4500 is to be made by the party of the first part to the parties of the second part out of the net proceeds from the advance sale of sponsors' tickets, or from sales made at the door, and the party of the first part shall be under noobligation to pay the same except from the sources set outabove. [Emphasis by the court.] 4. Upon the payment by the party of the first part to the parties of the second part of as much as $500 of the said $4500, then the parties of the second part agree to procure and have delivered to the Commander of the Louis L. Battey Post as set out above an appearance bond in the sum of $9000, *Page 405 with surety acceptable to the attorney of the party of the first part, conditioned for the appearance of the parties of the second part, and the giving of the performances as set out above. 5. After the payment by the party of the first part to the parties of the second part of said sum of $4500 (from the net sales of sponsors' tickets, or if the sale of sponsors' tickets should fail to produce the sum of $4500, then the balance from the receipts from the performances), there shall be paid, as herein enumerated, a budget, which shall be taken from the proceeds from the sales of tickets or from the performances, which budget shall consist of the following items:
"a. Ground rent or cost of location.
b. Licenses, if any.
c. Costs of labor or salaries incurred by the party of the first part in connection with the giving of the circus performances.
d. Cost of printing sponsors' tickets.
e. Cost of newspaper and radio advertising, an amount to be agreed upon by the parties, not to exceed $500.
f. Cost of band which will be procured by the parties of the second part, not to exceed $275.
g. Publicity as may be agreed upon between the parties.
h. Cost of premium on indemnity bond. . .
6. If the sale of sponsors' tickets and door tickets, etc.,shall fail to equal the stipulated amount of $4500 plus theamount of the budget, then the expenses set out in the budgetshall be shared equally by both parties to this contract, so thatthe only liability that can possibly be incurred by the party ofthe first part is one-half of the unpaid portion of the budget. .. 10. At all times the money shall be in the hands of the Finance Officer of the Louis L. Battey Post No. 4 . . subject to the joint control of the party of the first part and the parties of the second part, until the said sum of $4500 is paid in full, after which time the funds shall remain in the exclusive custody and control of the Legion Finance Officer until the same is disbursed, first to pay the items constituting the budget, and next to make distribution of one-half to each party to this agreement. . . The parties to this contract covenant and agree that at no time during the giving of these performances shall any member of the Legion Post give any orders or directions *Page 406 to any member of the circus organization. This shall be entirely under the control of the parties of the second part. All questions of policy shall be determined by the party of the first part, but all orders, directions, or requests in reference to the circus performances, or circus personnel, shall be transmitted through . . the managing director of the circus."
The declaration alleges that the defendants breached the contract in the following particulars: They gave no performance the first night, as required under the terms of the contract; gave only 16 circus acts at the performances given, instead of the agreed 68; gave no juggling or balancing acts, as agreed, except one tight-rope act; failed to give any wild-animal acts; failed to bring complete equipment, in that they did not bring a lighting plant; failed to furnish "all necessary publicity material, and never at any time put up posters within a radius of fifty miles of Augusta." The performances were not first-class performances as stipulated. The defendants put on only a two-ring circus, whereas it was agreed that it should be a three-ring circus. The handbills distributed by the defendants deceived the public, causing discontent among those who attended the first performance, thereby incurring a consequent decline in future attendance. The defendants advertised a circus parade and none was given, causing the populace to feel that the advertisements were untrustworthy, and causing great numbers of people who would have otherwise attended to stay away from the performances.
The plaintiff alleged also that, had the contract been carried out, it would have realized reasonably a net profit of $2544.70. It alleged further: that, since the defendants had no credit in Augusta, it was necessary for the plaintiff to guarantee to the local merchants the payment of the expenses provided for in the budget and certain other expenses incurred by the defendants; and therefore that the plaintiff was forced to pay these expenses, thereby damaging it in the sum of $610.47, which is one-half of the budget, and further damaging the plaintiff in the sum of $602.85 for the other expenses paid. Further, it is alleged that, under two supplemental agreements, the plaintiff advanced to the defendants $500 and $1150, which, less a credit of $408.02, resulting from the sale of tickets, increased the plaintiff's damages by the sum of $1241. *Page 407 Those terms of the supplemental agreements material to this case are as follows: "In consideration of the payment of the sum of Five Hundred Dollars ($500) by the undersigned, Louis L. Battey Post No. 4, Department of Georgia, The American Legion, a corporation of Richmond County, Georgia, this date and prior to the sale of any sponsors or other tickets, said payment being made in order to facilitate the undersigned in making arrangements for the prompt posting of bills, etc., the undersigned to hereby modify the contract made October 2, 1944, with the said Louis L. Battey Post, as follows: To the extent of not only crediting the said sum of Five Hundred Dollars ($500) this day paid, receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, but will also credit the additional sum of Seven Hundred and Fifty Dollars ($750) on the Forty-Five Hundred Dollars provided to be paid under the terms of said contract, so that when the payment made this date of Five Hundred Dollars ($500), credit is given on said Forty-Five Hundred ($4500) Dollars of Twelve Hundred and Fifty Dollars ($1250), leaving a balance of Thirty-Two Hundred and Fifty Dollars ($3250), which will be paid to the undersigned by said Battey Post as provided in said contract; and the payment of $3250 additional will fulfill the obligation of the Post which was originally $4500. The undersigned, in consideration of said payment, do further agree to promptly procure and deliver to the said Battey Post an appearance bond in the sum of Nine Thousand Dollars ($9000), as stipulated in said contract agreement. In addition to the above, the undersigned to agree that they will, and they do hereby donate to the building fund of the said Battey Post ten percent of the profits, said ten percent to be deducted from the portion of the profits coming to the undersigned, and the said undersigned do hereby release to the said Battey Post all profits under the contract of October 2, 1944, in excess of forty percent thereof, so that in the division of the profits, the undersigned will receive forty (40) percent of the profits, and the Louis L. Battey Post shall receive sixty (60) percent of the profits. (Signed) Louise M. Hoffman and Edw. F. Hoffman."
"In consideration of the payment to the undersigned by the Louis L. Battey Post No. 4, Department of Georgia, this date of the sum of Eleven Hundred and Fifty Dollars ($1150), receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, the undersigned do hereby agree *Page 408 that they will credit the additional sum of One Thousand Dollars ($1000) on the Forty-Five Hundred Dollars ($4500), provided to be paid under the terms of the contract between the parties hereto dated October 2, 1944. The payment of the said sum of Eleven Hundred and Fifty Dollars ($1150) and the credit of the additional sum of One Thousand Dollars ($1000), leaves a balance of Eleven Hundred Dollars ($1100) due on said Forty-Five Hundred Dollars; and the payment of the additional sum of Eleven Hundred Dollars will fulfill the obligation of the said Post which was originally to pay the sum of Forty-Five Hundred Dollars. (Signed) Louise M. Hoffman and Edw. F. Hoffman."
The defendants filed their motion to dismiss in the nature of a demurrer on the grounds: that such damages as are sought are purely speculative and incapable of being proved; that the payments made by the plaintiff to the parties other than the defendants were voluntary payments, for which the defendants are not responsible; and whatever payments were made by the plaintiff to others were not covered by the contract relied upon.
The plaintiff amended its petition by adding two paragraphs, one of which set up that subsequently to the execution of the main contract it was orally agreed between the parties that the defendants would give a parade on each of two days, which the defendants failed to do; and the other, that, when it came time to settle the bills incurred for labor and services, the defendants stated to the plaintiff's representative that they did not have the money to meet these expenses and requested the plaintiff to pay them, and the said accounts were duly transferred and assigned to the plaintiff. This amendment was, by the judge of the court on March 4, 1946, ordered allowed and filed, and provision was not made that it be allowed subject to demurrer. The defendants simultaneously and on the same paper filed their objections to the allowance of the amendment and renewed their demurrers to the petition as amended. The demurrers were overruled and the defendants excepted. 1. Where a contract is breached and suit is brought for damages, alleged to consist in the loss of profits which would have been earned directly under the contract except for its breach, *Page 409 the petition will be held to be good against general demurrer if the loss is such as was or must have been within the contemplation of the parties when entering into the contract, and if the damages sought are the legal and natural result of the breach, such damages not necessarily being too remote or speculative merely because they are to some extent contingent. Code, § 20-1407; Walker v. Jenkins, 32 Ga. App. 238 (123 S.E. 161); Baldwin v. Marqueze, 91 Ga. 404 (18 S.E. 309);American Agricultural Chemical Co. v. Rhodes, 139 Ga. 495 (77 S.E. 582); Gore v. Malsby, 110 Ga. 893 (36 S.E. 315);Fontaine v. Baxley, 90 Ga. 416 (17 S.E. 1015); Stewart v. Lanier House Co., 75 Ga. 582; Western Union TelegraphCo. v. Fatman, 73 Ga. 285 (54 Am. R. 877); CarolinaPortland Cement Co. v. Columbia Improvement Co., 3 Ga. App. 483 (60 S.E. 279); Tygart v. Albritton, 5 Ga. App. 412 (63 S.E. 521); McIntosh v. Patton, 12 Ga. App. 305 (77 S.E. 6); Mimms v. Betts Co., 9 Ga. App. 718 (72 S.E. 271);Tanner v. Campbell, 182 Ga. 121 (184 S.E. 705).
Under the terms of the contract sued on, the defendants were to put on a circus in Augusta, consisting of 68 circus acts, including a complete three-ring circus, consisting of aerial acts, trapeze acts, juggling and balancing, horse acts, trained domestic and wild-animal acts, etc.; and all performances were to be first-class performances in keeping with those at Paris Island, S.C., and at other camps and locations of the various armed forces. The first of the five performances was to be given on the evening of November 22, 1944. The defendants were to furnish all printed advertising copy and write-ups to go into the newspapers, or to be used over the radio, and the posters, advertising the circus, were to be placed within a radius of fifty miles of the City of Augusta; and it is alleged by way of amendment that it was orally agreed to give parades on each of two days. It was also significantly stipulated that the defendants should furnish to the plaintiff an indemnity bond conditioned upon the appearance of the circus and the defendants' faithful performance of the contract. Under the allegations of the petition, almost every term of the agreement was breached by the defendants and calculated to result in the loss of profit to the plaintiff. It is alleged: that no parade was given as advertised; no performance was given the first evening for which *Page 410 a performance was advertised; posters were never at any time put up within a radius of fifty miles of the City of Augusta; the performances were not first-class performances; only two-ring performances were given, instead of the advertised three-ring performances; only sixteen acts instead of the advertised sixty-eight acts were performed; there were no juggling and balancing acts, except one tight-rope walking act; no wild-animal acts were given as advertised, etc.; and that these breaches of the contract and failure of the circus to give the performances advertised caused the public to lose faith in the truth of the advertisements and caused such discontent among those persons who did attend as to cause numerous persons to forego the circus, who would have otherwise attended.
Certainly it can not be said that the alleged breaches of the contract on the part of the defendants would have resulted in other than a decrease in attendance and loss of profits. It seems to us a natural result, a result which the parties must certainly have had within their contemplation in drawing the contract in the language which it contains; and if the damages were not within the contemplation of the parties, one is forced to wonder at the requirement of the indemnity bond for the faithful performance of the contract. Nor can we say that, though a number of contingencies may enter into the calculation of the profits which would have inured to the plaintiff in the absence of the alleged breaches of the contract, the plaintiff's damages are too speculative and incapable of proof. We think that, as was said inChappell v. Western Railway, 8 Ga. App. 787 (70 S.E. 208): "If the jury is informed as to what the receipts of this company [circus] in other towns of similar size were, what other companies of similar character had earned in the same town at similar performances, what the state of the weather was, what the other surrounding conditions were, they can estimate fairly what the earnings from this particular performance would have been." The profits sought in this case were those profits which would have been the immediate fruit of the contract save for the defendants' alleged breaches of the contract, as in Mitchell v.Henry Vogt Machine Co., 3 Ga. App. 542 (60 S.E. 295);Anderson v. Hilton Dodge Co., 121 Ga. 688 (49 S.E. 275); and are not like the profits in that line of cases where the profits sued for were those *Page 411 which might have been derived from some other or collateral contract and are not recoverable. Seaboard Air-Line Ry. v.Harris, 121 Ga. 707 (49 S.E. 703); Clay v. Western UnionTel. Co., 81 Ga. 285 (6 S.E. 813, 12 Am. St. R. 316).
2. The plaintiff amended its petition, alleging that the defendants had incurred bills for services and labor amounting to $602.85, and when the time came to settle them on the last day of the circus, the defendants stated that they did not have the money to pay them, that the bills were correct, and they requested the plaintiff to advance the money to pay them, and these accounts were duly transferred and assigned to the plaintiff. This amendment was allowed and ordered filed, without a provision in the court's order that such amendment be allowed subject to demurrer. The defendants renewed their demurrers to the petition as amended and objected to the allowance of the amendment, but filed no exceptions pendente lite to the allowance of the amendment, nor is there any assignment of error in the main bill of exceptions to the allowance of the amendment. Though this amendment may set forth a new cause or causes of action, there is no proper objection to this addition, and therefore no question is presented for determination upon this point. Dyson v. Southern Ry. Co., 113 Ga. 327 (38 S.E. 749); Johnson v.Bank of Tallapoosa, 32 Ga. App. 317 (123 S.E. 42).
3. The petition is not subject to demurrer upon the ground that it shows on its face that the plaintiff breached the contract instead of the defendants. It is the contention of the defendants that under the allegations it is shown that it was incumbent upon the plaintiff to pay the defendants the sum of $4500 from the advance sale of sponsors' tickets, and that this placed an obligation upon the plaintiff to sell tickets to this amount, which it had failed to do; and, moreover, that it is shown by the two supplemental agreements, which were in the nature of receipts, that this was the intention of the parties, in that the advances made to the defendants were to be credited against the $4500 due the defendants from the sale of all tickets, both advance sponsors' tickets and door tickets.
The contract was not ambiguous in its provisions. It clearly stipulated that the conditions under which the $4500 was to be paid was "from the advance sale of sponsors' tickets, . . if the advance sale of tickets equal this amount. If this amount is not received from the advance sale of sponsors' tickets, then sufficient *Page 412 money will be taken from the receipts when the performances start to make up the unpaid balance . . and the party of the first part [plaintiff] shall be under no obligation to pay the same except from the sources set out above . . [and] if the sale of sponsors' tickets and door tickets, etc., shall fail to equal the stipulated amount of $4500 plus the amount of the budget, then the expenses set out in the budget shall be shared equally by both parties to this contract, so that the only liability that can possibly be incurred by the party of the first part is one-half of the unpaid portion of the budget." There was not under the terms of the contract any absolute duty upon the plaintiff to sell $4500 worth of advance tickets, nor any duty upon the plaintiff to pay the defendants the $4500 unless the tickets sold at the door and the advance tickets sold should realize this amount. It is, of course, true that the cardinal principle in the construction of contracts is that the intention of the parties be ascertained (Code, § 20-702); and it is also the rule that, if the intentions of the parties differ, the meaning placed on the contract by one party, and known to be thus understood by the other party at the time, shall be held as the true meaning. Code, § 20-703. However, this rule is not applicable where the contract is not ambiguous. Holloway v.Brown, 171 Ga. 481 (155 S.E. 917). Nor do the latter agreements in any manner show a different intention or understanding between the parties inconsistent with the terms of the original contract. The contract was executed on October 2, 1944, providing for circus performances on November 22, 23, and 24, 1944. The next agreement was executed on October 7, 1944, and, as is recited therein, before the sale of any advance tickets; and the next agreement was executed on November 15, 1944, some seven days before the first performance was to be given. The sums advanced to the defendants were to be credited against the obligation of the plaintiff provided for in the original contract. There was no obligation in the original contract upon the plaintiff to sell tickets to the amount of $4500. The contract provided in substance that the plaintiff would attempt to sell sufficient sponsors' tickets to realize the sum of $4500, and in the event that this failed sufficient money would be deducted from the sale of tickets at the door to the performances to make up any difference between the money realized by the sale of advance tickets *Page 413 and the stipulated $4500. In the event that both the door ticket and sponsors' ticket sales failed to realize this amount, the plaintiff was bound to pay only one-half of the sum provided for in the budget. The latter agreements in no way changed this obligation of the plaintiff. They were not executed for the purpose of changing its obligation, but merely for the purpose of assisting the defendants in the performance of their part of the contract; and, moreover, the first of the latter agreements provided that it was made for the purpose of facilitating the defendants in making arrangements for the prompt posting of bills, etc., and that the balance due, after crediting $500 advanced by the plaintiff and an additional $750 allowed by the defendants as a credit against the $4500, "will be paid by said Battey Post as provided in said [original] contract." We have indicated above that the only absolute obligation on the part of the plaintiff, under the provisions of the original contract, was to pay one-half of the expenses of the budget. The clear language of the latter agreement says that this obligation is not changed. At the time the latter agreements were executed and accepted by the plaintiff, it was still anticipating such success, at that early stage in its sale of advance tickets, as to bring in the stipulated sum of $4500 and would naturally, we think, find no objection to the recital in the latter agreements that the advances should be credited against the stipulated $4500. Moreover, even if it could be said that the latter agreements did obligate the plaintiff, in terms, to pay $4500 to the defendants or sell advance and door tickets realizing this sum, there was no consideration moving to the plaintiff for such a promise.
4. The defendants' contention that the undertaking by the plaintiff and the defendants to put on the circus and share the profits and losses constituted the relationship of a partnership, which would preclude suit by one partner against the other, is without merit. The petition clearly alleges that the plaintiff is a corporation. "The powers of a corporation are limited and fixed by the act of incorporation and, besides the powers thus specially granted, it has those which are common to all corporations. The power to form a partnership is not one of those which is common to all corporations;" and unless its charter conferred such power upon it, this corporation had no authority to enter into a partnership *Page 414 with natural persons. Gunn v. Central Railroad, 74 Ga. 509;Ledsinger v. Central Line Steamers, 75 Ga. 567; Davis v.Savannah Lumber Co., 11 Ga. App. 610 (75 S.E. 986); Wallis v. Heard, 16 Ga. App. 802 (86 S.E. 391). Nor will such authority be presumed in the absence of an allegation that the charter did confer such authority. Clement A. Evans Co. v.Waggoner, 197 Ga. 857 (30 S.E.2d 915); Brunswick TimberCo. v. Guy, 52 Ga. App. 617 (184 S.E. 426). Nor would designating the undertaking as a joint adventure or joint enterprise — in which, under the ruling in the Waggoner case, supra, a corporation may engage provided the nature of the enterprise comes within the scope of the corporation's ordinary and legitimate powers — preclude the present action, as one joint adventurer may sue the other for a breach of the contract defining the terms of the undertaking and establishing the relationship of joint adventurers. Clement A. Evans Co. v.Waggoner, supra; Sloan v. Haley, 18 Ga. App. 631 (90 S.E. 74).
5. The defendants' demurrer upon the ground that the petition shows that whatever payments the plaintiff made to parties other than the defendants were voluntary, and were not covered by any contract between the plaintiff and the defendants, if considered as a general demurrer, was properly overruled. The petition alleged that the plaintiff had been damaged in a certain amount by reason of having to pay the entire budget, when one-half of the budget, under the terms of the contract, should have been paid by the defendants, and further alleged damage upon the ground of the plaintiff's having paid certain other expenses incurred by the defendants, which were not covered by the contract or included in the budget. The latter allegation was amended to show that by a subsequent oral agreement these expenses had been paid at the request of the defendants and duly assigned and transferred. No proper objection was made to this amendment. In view of this amendment and what has been ruled in division one of this opinion, the petition set out a cause of action as to at least part of the damages sought; and where any part of a petition is good, a general demurrer should not prevail. Reese v. Reese, 89 Ga. 645 (15 S.E. 846); Mayor Council of Athens v. Smith, 111 Ga. 870 (36 S.E. 955), and cases cited. While under the state of the pleadings in this case it may be that the allegation as to the damages *Page 415 sought by reason of having paid the defendants' one-half of the budget expenses might have been subject to special demurrer — considered as such, the defendants' demurrer fails to fulfill this office. A special demurrer, being itself a critic, must be perfect and the party demurring "must lay, as it were, his finger on the very point," otherwise the demurrer will be overruled.Martin v. Bartow Iron Works, 35 Ga. 320; Scott v.Central of Georgia Ry. Co., 18 Ga. App. 159 (88 S.E. 995);Katz v. Turner, 49 Ga. App. 81 (174 S.E. 167), and cases cited.
For the foregoing reasons the court did not err in overruling the defendants' demurrer to the petition.
Judgment affirmed. Sutton, P. J., and Parker, J., concur.