The rendering of a judgment by a justice of the peace, when the issue is tried before him without a jury, is a judicial act. When such judgment is rendered at the time and place required by law, the written judgment may be entered by the justice on the docket of the justice's court at any time thereafter, even though his court has adjourned. Such judgment may be entered on the docket nunc pro tunc at a subsequent term of court.
DECEMBER 5, 1945. REHEARING DENIED DECEMBER 17, 1945. (a) On February 24, 1944, J. F. Hammett, whom we shall call the plaintiff, procured a distress warrant from the justice's court, 216th district, G. M., Clarke County, Georgia, against J. B. Chandler, plaintiff in error, whom we shall call the defendant. On the same date execution issued thereon, and a levy was made. On February 26, 1944, the defendant filed a counter-affidavit, and *Page 326 bond. On June 23, 1944, the issue made by the counter-affidavit was partially tried and continued. The magistrate withheld his decision on that date for the purpose of considering additional testimony. On June 27, 1944, in open court, at the regular place for holding court, he rendered his judgment in favor of the plaintiff for the amount distrained, and made a notation of his judgment on "a piece of paper." On the same date he notified the attorneys for both sides as to his judgment, as follows: "In re: J. F. Hammet v. J. B. Chandler. Distress Warrant. I have this day rendered judgment in favor of the plaintiff against the defendant for: principal $52.50, cost $8.35, future interest at 7 per cent from date of judgment. If either party is dissatisfied with the judgment he has four days in which to enter his appeal. . . Schedule of cost: J. P. issuing, $2.00; docketing, .35; trial, .50; judgment, .50; L. C. levy, $3.00; making return, .50; attending court, .50; attesting two bonds, $1.00 — $8.35."
On June 29, 1944, the defendant filed an appeal reciting that he was dissatisfied with the judgment rendered against him and having paid costs, etc., appealed the case to the superior court. This appeal was dismissed in the superior court. The grounds do not appear in the record, nor does the date appear. The papers were not returned to the justice court.
At the October Term, 1944, of the justice court, it was discovered that the papers which had been transmitted to the superior court had not been returned and that the judgment which the magistrate pronounced, made by the counter-affidavit, had not been entered on the docket of the justice court. At the same October term, all papers were returned to the justice court except the notation on "the piece of paper." On October 3, 1944, the magistrate entered the judgment, which he had rendered in the case on June 27, 1944, nunc pro tunc. The judgment thus entered was the same in every respect as that entered by the magistrate in open court and concerning which he wrote the attorneys.
The levy under the execution proceeded. On November 4, 1944, the defendant filed his affidavit of illegality and executed a bond as required by law. On June 4, 1945, the issue thus formed by the affidavit of illegality was appealed to the superior court by consent of the attorneys for the parties.
The affidavit of illegality as amended in the superior court alleges: *Page 327 "1. That no case was ever docketed on the docket of the Honorable W. Milton Thomas, N. P. and Ex-Off. J. P., in whose court said case was to be heard. 2. That no legal judgment was ever rendered, because the court had failed to docket said case, and could not render a judgment on same. 3. That the court could not render a legal judgment in this case, because the case had never been docketed on his docket. 4. That no fi. fa. can be issued upon any judgment purported to be rendered in said case, because no case was ever docketed on the justice's docket. 5. That a good and sufficient levy can not be made, upon or by a fi. fa. purported to issue in this case, because no case was ever docketed in said case, and no legal judgment could be rendered in said case. 6. That what is purported to be a judgment rendered by the Hon. W. Milton Thomas, dated October 27, 1944, in said case, is void."
By consent of the parties, the appeal case was submitted to the judge of the superior court to pass on the law and the facts, without a jury. On the hearing, the superior court entered a judgment against the affidavit of illegality and ordered the fi. fa. to proceed.
The defendant filed a motion for a new trial on the general grounds, and afterwards filed an amended motion merely amplifying such grounds. The court overruled this motion, and the defendant excepted.
The record, which we have thus endeavored to specify in a chronological order, is a brief of the records in the justice's court and the superior court, as well as the material portions of the brief of evidence in the motion for a new trial. From the statement of the case it will be seen that the only question here to be decided, and in fact the only question which is argued, is whether the justice of the peace was authorized to enter the judgment, orally pronounced by him on June 27, 1944, nunc pro tunc on October 3, 1944. If he was not so authorized under the law, the judgment should be reversed; if he was, the judgment overruling the motion should be affirmed.
Under the Code, § 24-601, subsection 6, the justices of the peace are required "To keep a docket of all causes brought before them, in which must be entered the names of the parties, the returns of the officer, and the entry of the judgment, specifying its amount and the day of its rendition." *Page 328
The conduct of the justices of the peace in compliance with this subsection regarding their duties has given rise to numerous exceptions in the appellate courts and considerable discussion in the decisions. Code, § 81-1201, provides: "Discretion of Court as to amendments, and rules therefor. In allowing or refusing amendments, there is a wide discretion to be exercised by the court; hence no fixed rule can be laid down which would apply to each particular case that might arise; but as a general rule the court will amend the entries of its orders on the minutes, or the records and other proceedings, nunc pro tunc — 1. When the case is within some statutory provision. 2. When there is something on the face of the proceedings to amend by, from which what actually took place in the prior proceedings can be clearly ascertained and known. 3. In all cases where such amendment will clearly be in furtherance of justice." There is no question but that the provisions of this quotation apply to justice as well as all other courts. Concerning this question this court, in Dunn v.Southern Bell Telephone c. Co., 49 Ga. App. 264 (2) (175 S.E. 261), quoting from a decision of the Supreme Court, said: "`A nunc pro tunc entry is for the purpose of recording some action that was taken or judgment rendered previously to the making of the entry, which is to take effect as of the former date. Such an entry can not be made to serve the office of correcting a decision on, however erroneous, or of supplying non-action on the part of the court.' Pendergrass v. Duke, 147 Ga. 10 (2) (92 S.E. 649); Stubbs v. Mendel, 148 Ga. 802 (2), 804 (98 S.E. 476)."
In Scott v. Bedell, 108 Ga. 205 (33 S.E. 903), Justice Cobb, with all the Justices concurring, had this to say: "The entries upon the docket of the justice of the peace are in the nature of minutes of a court, and every fact transpiring in connection with cases tried in his court, essential to the validity or regularity of the judgment rendered, should be entered upon the docket. Gray v. McNeal, 12 Ga. 424;Benson v. Dyer, 69 Ga. 190; Ramsey v. Cole, 84 Ga. 147 (10 S.E. 598); Lee v. Arnsdorff, 86 Ga. 264 (12 S.E. 352); Telford v. Coggins, 76 Ga. 683. When a justice renders a judgment in a case tried by him without a jury, the judgment should be entered on the docket. It is true that he need not sign it (Gunn v. Tackett, 67 Ga. 725); and it is also true that when he has `rendered' the judgment, the mere ministerial act of *Page 329 transcribing it upon his docket may be done after the court has adjourned and at a place different from that at which the judgment was rendered. Ryals v. McArthur, 92 Ga. 378 (17 S.E. 350). When a verdict is rendered on the trial of an appeal in his court, he should enter the verdict on his docket. In doing all acts of this kind, the justice acts in a mere clerical capacity; and when a judicial act is performed by him, as determining what is to be the result in a case, at the time and place required by law, the mere clerical work of entering this result upon the record provided by law may be done at any time."
In Nashville, Chattanooga St. Louis Railroad v. Brown,3 Ga. App. 561 (60 S.E. 319), Judge Powell discussed at great length and reviewed numerous decisions of the Supreme Court and this court on the question now before us. During the course of the opinion (page 564), this was said: "From the decisions it may be deduced that, to be enforced as the judgment of the justice (not on appeal), there must be a written judgment actually entered on the docket during the term (whether consistent with his previous oral announcement or not); or, if no judgment is entered on the docket during the term, a judgment announced in term and transcribed on the docket after adjournment."
We have read many decisions of our appellate courts on the question before us, and are of the opinion that the two cases cited are controlling under the facts of the instant case. We might add also that (upon a careful reading of the facts in all the cases which we have been able to find or to which counsel have cited us) none of the opinions are in conflict with what we here hold. At the time the affidavit of illegality was filed, which made the issue upon which rests the assignments of error here, the justice of the peace had entered the judgment on which the execution was based, and by virtue of which the levy was made, on his docket in compliance with the statute. He did not enter a judgment different from the one which he had rendered in open court. The judgment which he had rendered in open court was the same judgment, complete in every respect, that he, by his clerical act, entered on his docket. As the Supreme Court said inScott v. Bedell, supra, "the mere clerical work of entering this result upon the record provided by law may be done at anytime." And likewise, as this court said in Nashville,Chattanooga St. Louis Railroad Co. v. Brown, *Page 330 (supra), "If no judgment is entered on the docket during the term, a judgment announced in term and transcribed on the docket after adjournment" is valid.
The authorities which we have cited, under the facts of this case, are controlling and demand an affirmance.
Judgment affirmed. Broyles, C. J., and MacIntyre, J.,concur.