The following statement of facts recited in the brief of the attorney general appears to be in all respects substantially correct and is adopted and approved as a statement of the material facts disclosed by the record: *Page 624
"Appellants were convicted of grand larceny of an unbranded Hereford calf, and sentenced to serve a term of not less than one nor more than fourteen years in the Idaho State Penitentiary, from which judgment of conviction this appeal is made.
"The evidence establishes that the two appellants were in the vicinity of where the crime was committed on September 15, 1937, the date thereof. Shortly before the calf was discovered by the state's witnesses the appellants stopped at the E. R. A. camp and at that time had no large object in their truck. At this time the endgate in appellants' truck was up, but when the truck was stopped a little past seven o'clock P. M. at Steinson Creek where the calf was found dead, the endgate on appellants' truck was down. The appellants passed the witness Wallace Averill on his way to a forest ranger station while he was leading two horses behind his truck. Fifteen or Twenty minutes after Averill arrived at the ranger station he and the other witnesses accompanying him in his truck heard a shot from a rifle coming from the direction of Flat Creek which was a quarter of a mile distant by airline and approximately three-quarters of mile by the road. This was between seven and seven-thirty o'clock in the evening. In order to investigate the shot Averill and the other witnesses accompanying him in his car drove to the mouth of Flat Creek Canyon, at which place the appellants passed him going out of the canyon at a fast rate of speed with an object in the rear of their truck which looked like a deer. The road leading up Flat Creek canyon was not in the direction of appellants' sheep camp. Averill turned around in the road and followed the appellants about one mile to a place in the road where the road going to the Craner ranch crosses Steinson Creek, at which place, when Averill drove up and stopped, the appellants' car was across the creek about thirty feet, stopped, with the motor running standing in the road, and Melvin Craner was running toward the Craner truck and attempted to flip a long wool sack into the back of the pickup. He appeared to be nervous and fumbled around trying to get the door open and get into the car. Averill hollered for Craner to stop, but they did not and when Melvin got into the pickup *Page 625 they drove away toward their ranch. Averill and witnesses with him found the Hereford bull calf, about three or four months old, not branded, and not weaned, lying about thirty feet from where Craner's car had stopped with blood from where the back of the car was to where the calf was lying with its throat cut and a bullet wound over its left eye in front of the head. It was warm at this time, showing that it had been very recently killed. The brush was crushed down and blood was smeared on the ground and brush where the calf had been dragged from the place where the Craner car had stopped to where the calf was on the ground when found. The calf was put into the forest service truck and taken to a neighboring ranch by the forest ranger Averill and the other witnesses. The windows in the cab of the Craner pickup truck were open. The speed with which the Craner car passed Averill aroused his suspicion.
"Witness Beecher, the following day, on September 16, with the others, drove up Flat Creek canyon about a mile following car tracks to where a car had turned around in the road. There they discovered a Hereford cow belonging to Beecher with a full bag standing bawling. The tire tracks went from the road to a large pool of blood in the sagebrush. These tire tracks had on the left rear a mountain grip, knobby tread, and the right rear a diamond tread. There were men's tracks around this blood pool, approximately of a half bucket of blood and the cow was standing about one hundred yards away bellowing for her calf. The car had backed up to the blood stain, and the sheriff checked the tires on the appellants' car and discovered that a mountain grip knobby tire was on the left rear wheel and a diamond tread tire on the right rear wheel, shortly after the calf had been killed. On September 16, the deputy sheriff found a Winchester rifle in Craner's house, the ownership of which was claimed by one of the appellants. In this rifle was a discharged shell which was jammed in the chamber. The bullet taken from the head of the calf was admitted in evidence. All of this evidence was undisputed and uncontradicted. The defense offered no testimony whatever, and, of course, plead not guilty, which put in issue all of the material allegations in the information." *Page 626
The judgment of conviction of appellants is reversed for the sole reason that the trial court gave to the jury what is designated as Instruction Number 14, set out in full as a note to the majority opinion.
Conceding that the instruction is erroneous, the question arises: Were the appellants prejudiced or denied any substantial right by the giving of the instruction complained of, in the light of the evidence disclosed by the record? An instruction may be erroneous and still not be prejudicial. It is a fundamental rule in this jurisdiction that prejudicial error must be proven and not presumed; it must affirmatively appear from the record that the error complained of was of a character sufficient to show that appellant was not given a fair trial. (State v. McLennan, 40 Idaho 286, 231 P. 718.) Likewise, error in an individual instruction is without prejudice where the same has been corrected by other instructions or when all of the instructions given, read and considered as a whole correctly state the law. In State v.Corcoran, 7 Idaho 220, 61 P. 1034, it is said:
"The instructions, taken as a whole, informed the jury that they must find from the evidence, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the defendant acted knowingly and with guilty purpose and intent, and excluded the idea that they could convict because he innocently aided in the perpetration of a crime. While the instructions complained of are in part erroneous, yet no substantial right of the defendant was prejudiced. The instructions taken as a whole, fairly gave the jury the whole law of the case."
This court is admonished by section 19-2719, I. C. A., to disregard technical errors, the statute providing that:
"After hearing the appeal, the court must give judgment without regard to technical errors or defects, or to exceptions which do not affect the substantial rights of the parties."
The purpose of section 19-2719, I. C. A., is to admonish the courts in criminal procedure that errors or mistakes which do not tend to prejudice the substantial rights of the defendants should be disregarded. (State v. Hunsaker, 37 Idaho 413,216 P. 721.)
In State v. Marren, 17 Idaho 766, 107 P. 993, it is held: *Page 627
"but the evidence in this case is so clear and convincing of the guilt of the appellant that the jury could in no possible manner have been influenced to return a verdict of guilty by the objectionable matter contained in this instruction; and from the evidence, the jury could not, without a violation of their oaths, fail to have found the defendant guilty, and because of this, the defendant could not have been prejudiced by the giving of such instruction."
The record in this case discloses beyond controversy the guilt of the defendants as charged in the information. Even though the instruction complained of may be said to be erroneous, it was not prejudicial because the evidence of guilt is so clear and convincing that the jury could not have failed to convict defendants without its members violating their oaths. (State v. Orr, 53 Idaho 452, 24 P.2d 679; State v.Bond, 12 Idaho 424, 86 P. 43; State v. Marren, supra; State v.Dong Sing, 35 Idaho 616, 208 P. 860; State v. Silva, 21 Idaho 247,120 P. 835; State v. Brill, 21 Idaho 269, 121 P. 79;State v. Jester, 46 Idaho 561, 270 P. 417; State v.Terry, 50 Idaho 283, 295 P. 427.)
Instructions numbered 12, 13, and 17, as well as all of the instructions given by the court, when considered as a whole correctly state the law and render the error complained of in instruction No. 14 without prejudice, and the giving of said instruction did not deprive appellants of any substantial right.
The judgment should be sustained for the reason that no prejudicial error was committed by the trial court in giving the instruction complained of. Appellants were not deprived of any substantial right and were afforded a fair and impartial trial, the evidence establishing their guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. *Page 628