Respondent, John W. Morton, a stockholder of the Morton Realty Company, an Idaho corporation, commenced this action in February, 1919, against the corporation and Foster Crane and Frank R. Gooding, the latter two with respondent being the directors of the corporation, following the sale of the Buckeye ranch and all chattels on the same, owned by said company, to restrain appellant Foster Crane, also a stockholder, and president, treasurer and general manager, from disbursing the $105,000 or any part thereof, received as the purchase price of such ranch, until appellant made a complete accounting of all receipts and disbursements during his management and *Page 734 operation of the company's property. Appellant Crane had distributed $79,000 of the purchase price according to the several holdings of stock, and retained $26,000 of said purchase price upon a claim that the company was indebted to him in this amount for advances he had made during his management of the property. The complaint further alleges that the total stock of the corporation was 2,000 shares, that the defendant Foster Crane owned a majority of said stock, that the defendant Frank R. Gooding owned 500 shares and that respondent was the owner of 469 shares, and alleges that due to this fact the company had failed and refused to demand an accounting of defendant Foster Crane and because of that reason this respondent instituted this action.
Respondent alleged that no accounting had ever been made to the company during Crane's incumbency as treasurer and general manager; that appellant was not authorized to incur the expenditures of $26,000 on behalf of the corporation; that he had agreed his expenditures in carrying on the business of the corporation should not exceed the income and profits derived from the operation of the Buckeye ranch; that by reason of these facts the entire purchase price received from the sale of the ranch should be distributed to the stockholders in proportion to their holdings of stock; denied this indebtedness of $26,000 or any other amount from the corporation to appellant Crane, asked for an accounting and restraining order and that the moneys retained by Crane be distributed.
Appellant Crane filed his separate answer, admitting the sale of the property, alleging such sale was made with the consent of respondent; denying that he had failed to make an accounting; and alleged he had made full, complete and itemized statements of all his financial transactions, which were audited and found correct by an auditor employed by the corporation.
Upon the issues thus presented respondent moved for the appointment of a referee "to take an accounting of the defendant corporation," whereupon the court allowed a *Page 735 reference, naming Frank Croner, Esquire, of Fairfield, Idaho, as such referee for taking such accounting with full power to require the parties and witnesses to appear before him to give testimony and produce documentary evidence concerning any and all matters involved and the taking of such account, further providing, "and said referee may direct the taking of depositions, hearing testimony of witnesses, and examination of such books, papers and accounts as in his judgment is necessary to determine what amount, if any, is due from the said Foster Crane to the Morton Realty Company, a corporation, and to this plaintiff and report his findings to this court not later than the 29th day of October, 1921."
The appellant Frank R. Gooding, was joined as a party defendant but did not appear further, no claim was made against him and evidently he sought no relief, hence the only stockholder in the action seeking relief was the respondent Morton.
A hearing was had before the referee after which he reported to the court his findings of fact and conclusions, and upon reconsideration, a supplemental report was made; thereafter upon respondent's motion, judgment was entered against the appellant Foster Crane in favor of respondent, for his share of the corporate funds retained by Crane in the sum of $5,305.52, from which judgment and all of the proceedings leading up to the same this appeal is taken.
Appellant's first assignment of error is as follows:
"That the judgment in this case is erroneous because the appellant was not afforded a trial by jury as guaranteed by the Constitution of the State of Idaho."
Article 1, section 7 of the Idaho constitution, guaranteeing the right to trial by jury, does not refer to equitable actions. In Christensen v. Hollingsworth, 6 Idaho 87, 96 Am. St. 256, 53 P. 211, this court stated:
"It is the settled doctrine in a number of states having constitutional provisions similar to those above cited that those provisions must be read in the light of the law existing at the time of the adoption of the constitution. Said provisions *Page 736 were not intended or designed to extend the right of trial by jury, simply to secure that right as it existed at the date of the adoption of the constitution. (Citing numerous authorities.) The guaranty that 'the right to trial by jury shall remain inviolate' has no reference to equitable cases." (Citing authorities.) (Brady v. Yost, 6 Idaho 273, 55 P. 542;Shields v. Johnson, 10 Idaho 476, 79 P. 391; Clark v. Paddock,24 Idaho 142, 132 P. 795, 46 L.R.A., N.S., 475; Rees v.Gorham, 30 Idaho 207, 164 P. 88; People v. Burnham, 35 Idaho 522,207 P. 589.)
Crane was the general manager and president of the Morton Realty Company during a period of approximately three years, over which period of time this accounting was prayed for, and to determine whether or not Crane had a legal set-off required an examination of the expenditures incurred and the revenue derived from the operation of the ranch during this time. The claim itself is not for any specific sum and must be determined by an accounting between the parties.
Where the relation between the parties to an action is a fiduciary one, an action for an accounting is an equitable action.
"When majority stockholders dispose of the property of the corporation which they control in such a manner as to deprive the minority of their just rights in it, there is a breach of trust, and a court of equity is the tribunal and the only tribunal to provide an effective remedy." (Backus v. Brooks, 195 Fed. 452, 115 C.C.A. 354; Hirsch v. Jones, 56 Fed. 137.)
"If the corporation being in control of the defaulting officers or for other insufficient reasons remains inactive, nevertheless equity will afford relief on a bill brought by one or more of the stockholders for its benefit and to which it must be made a party. Smith v. Hurd, 12 Met. (Mass.) 371, 385, 46 Am. Dec. 690; Von Arnim v. American Tube Works,188 Mass. 515, 74 N.E. 680." (Corey v. Independent Ice Co.,226 Mass. 391, 115 N.E. 488.) *Page 737
"Since the officers of a corporation are trustees, a court of general equitable jurisdiction would at the instance of any stockholder prevent a wilful misappropriation of its funds and waste of its assets, and compel the officers to account for their misconduct. Davis v. Gemmel, 70 Md. 356, 376,17 A. 259; Byrne v. Schuyler El. Mfg. Co., 65 Conn. 336, 351, 352,31 A. 833, 28 L.R.A. 304; Pratt v. Pratt Read Co.,33 Conn. 446, 457; Scofield v. Eighth School Dist., 27 Conn. 499, 504;Sears v. Hotchkiss, 25 Conn. 170, 176, 65 Am. Dec. 557; Dodgev. Woolsey, 18 How. (U.S.) 331, 15 L. ed. 401; Hawes v.Oakland, 104 U.S. 450, 26 L. ed. 827." (Sheehy v. Barry,87 Conn. 656, 89 A. 259; Davis v. Hofer, 38 Or. 150,63 P. 56; Skeen v. Warren Irr. Co., 42 Utah, 602, 132 P. 1162; 1 Pomeroy's Equity Jurisprudence, 4th ed., p. 254; 4 Pomeroy's Equity Jurisprudence, 3d ed., sec. 1421.)
Fox v. Hall, 164 Cal. 1287, 128 P. 749, follows this rule and says: "The contract between the plaintiffs and L.J. Hall, followed by his possession of their property and the management thereof, entitled them to an accounting from him of such management, and of the receipts and disbursements, to the end that they might then demand the payment of any net income which should have been applied to the reduction of the mortgage debt. The facts alleged and proved showed the existence of fiduciary relation sufficient to invoke the jurisdiction of a court of equity to compel an accounting, which as the evidence shows, had been demanded of the defendant L.J. Hall. (1 Cyc. 427;Wooster v. Nevills, 73 Cal. 58, 14 P. 390; Green v. Brooks,81 Cal. 328, 22 P. 849; San Pedro Lumber Co. v. Reynolds,111 Cal. 588, 44 P. 309; Coward v. Clanton, 122 Cal. 451,55 P. 147.) Upon such accounting, the burden would probably be upon the said defendant to establish any expenditures or credits upon which he might rely as offsets to the gross income shown to have been received by him." (1 C. J. 621, sec. 68; FrankfortMarine A. M. Co. v. California A. M. W. Co., 28 Cal. App. 74,151 P. 176; Anderson v. Watson, 141 Md. 217,118 A. 569.) *Page 738
The relation between a corporation and its president or general manager is a fiduciary relationship. (Port v. Russell,36 Ind. 60, 10 Am. Rep. 5; Pratt v. Luther, 45 Ind. 250; Duryv. M. S. R. R. Co., 7 Wall. (U.S.) 299, 19 L. ed. 40; WaynePike Co. v. Hammons, 129 Ind. 368, 27 N.E. 487; Pomeroy's Equity Jurisprudence, secs. 147, 881, 964.)
"Equity has jurisdiction of a suit by a corporation against its managing agent to require an accounting in respect to his management of its property even though the ultimate object sought is to obtain a money judgment." (Providence M. M. Co.v. Nicholson, 178 Fed. 29.)
In Fowle v. Lareson, 5 Pet. (U.S.) 495, 8 L. ed. 204, Chief Justice Marshall said:
"In all cases in which the action of account would be the proper remedy at law, and in all cases where a trustee is a party, the jurisdiction of a court of equity is undoubted. It is the proper tribunal." (Jones v. Gardner, 57 Cal. 641,19 P. 641; First Sav. Bank Trust Co. v. Greenleaf, 294 Fed. 467. See, also, National Bank of Commerce v. Equitable TrustCo., 227 Fed. 526, 142 C.C.A. 158; George v. Wallace, 135 Fed. 286, 68 C.C.A. 40; Kilbourn v. Sunderland, 130 U.S. 505,9 Sup. Ct. 594, 32 L. ed. 1005; Bailey v. Kirby Lumber Co. (Tex.Civ.App.), 195 S.W. 221.)
Primarily the corporation is the party to proceed in such cases to redress wrongs to the corporation, but a stockholder may institute such an action without demand on the corporation where such demand would be futile or useless, on the theory that the offending parties would be unlikely to start proceedings against themselves. (Ryan v. Old Veteran Min. Co.,37 Idaho 625, 218 P. 381; Just v. Idaho Canal etc. Co.,16 Idaho 639, 133 Am. St. 140, 102 P. 381; Forbes v. Wilson, 243 Fed. 264; Robinson v. De Luxe Motor Car. Co., 170 Mich. 163,135 N.W. 897; Matthews v. Headly Chocolate Co., 130 Md. 523,100 A. 645; Tasler v. Peerless Tire Co., 144 Minn. 150,174 N.W. 731; Heath v. Erie Ry. Co., 11 Fed. Cas. 976; Glenn v.Kittaning Brewing Co., 259 Pa. 510, Ann. Cas. 1918D, 340, 103 A. 340, L.R.A. *Page 739 1918D, 738; Columbia Nat. Sand D. Co. v. Washed Bar Sand D.Co., 136 Fed. 710; Hughes Mfg. Lumber Co. v. Culver,127 Ark. 72, 189 S.W. 850; Magle v. Fomby, 132 Ark. 289, 201 S.W. 278;Reed v. Hollingsworth, 157 Iowa, 94, 135 N.W. 37; Grout v.First Nat. Bank of Grand Junction, 48 Colo. 557, 21 Ann. Cas. 418, 111 P. 556; Wayne Pike Co. v. Hammons, 129 Ind. 368,27 N.E. 487; Smith v. Rader, 31 Idaho 423, 173 P. 970; AlabamaFidelity Mtg. Bond Co. v. Dubberly, 198 Ala. 545, 73 So. 911;Gosewisch v. Doran, 161 Cal. 511, Ann. Cas. 1913D, 442,119 P. 656; Davis v. Gemmel, 70 Md. 356, 17 A. 259.)
Appellant complains in his second assignment of error because the referee made findings upon the issues of fact, saying that he was not authorized so to do under the order of reference. While there may be some question as to whether the referee was authorized to make such findings, it appears that appellant's objection came too late, since the objection was made for the first time in this court and after the findings and conclusions had been confirmed and judgment entered thereon in the trial court.
"Where a case was tried before a referee on the theory that he was authorized to report findings of fact, and he did so, and no objection to his so doing was filed in the trial court, any objection to the findings of the referee, on the ground that he was not so authorized by the order, was waived." (Moghanson v. Zubler, 36 Colo. 235, 84 P. 981; First Nat.Bank v. McClellan, 9 N.M. 636, 58 P. 347; Field v. Romero,7 N.M. 630, 41 P. 517; De Cordova v. Korte, 7 N.M. 678,41 P. 526; Express Co. v. Walker, 9 N.M. 456, 54 P. 875; Clark,Wise Co. v. Hauschildt, 28 Cal. App. 47, 151 P. 149.)
The only objection made in the lower court to the confirmation of the referee's findings and conclusions was on the ground that appellant was entitled to a jury trial; therefore, the question of whether or not the referee exceeded his authority or went beyond the order of reference in making findings and conclusions was under the above *Page 740 authorities deemed waived. (Walker v. Campbell, 3 Idaho 13,26 P. 23.)
Appellant's third assignment of error was that the judgment, report and supplemental report and findings of the referee are contrary to the law and evidence and not supported by the evidence. Respondent urges that to authorize a review of a judgment based upon the report of a referee and to attack the findings, a motion for new trial should have been made.
C. S., sec. 6876, provides as follows: "The findings of the referee upon the whole issue must stand as the finding of the court, and upon filing the finding with the clerk of the court, judgment may be entered thereon in the same manner as if the action had been tried by the court."
And C. S., sec. 6877, provides: "The finding of the referee upon the whole issue may be excepted to and reviewed in like manner as if made by the court. When the reference is to report the facts, the finding reported has the effect of a special verdict."
The findings of a referee having the effect of a special verdict are to be governed by the statute regarding special verdicts. C. S., sec. 6861, together with C. S., sec. 6864, provide that the court must enter judgment upon the special verdict, and C. S., sec. 7170, states that on appeal from the judgment the court may review the verdict or decision and any intermediate order or decision, if excepted to, which involves the merits or necessarily affects the judgment, except a decision or order from which an appeal might have been taken, and C. S., sec. 6879, among other things, provides that any interlocutory order, ruling or decision appearing in the record or files or minutes of the court, and rulings, orders or decisions upon objections to the evidence or any contested proceedings upon a trial are deemed excepted to and if they appear upon the record need not be incorporated in a special bill of particulars. The trial judge who appointed the referee and who confirmed the referee's report settled the transcript of the evidence and allowed the same as a bill of exceptions upon this *Page 741 appeal, and it was further stipulated between the parties that the transcript of the testimony as taken before the referee should be a part of the record on the appeal in this case. It is therefore apparent that the parties intended to treat the transcript of the evidence as though the evidence had been taken before the court and a transcript thereof prepared in compliance with C. S., sec. 6886, and consequently is to be governed by such statute. It therefore appears that the sufficiency of the evidence and all adverse rulings made by the referee may be reviewed the same as if such proceedings had taken place before the trial court and to secure a review of such question on appeal in this court it is unnecessary to have moved for a new trial, and that such motion is only necessary in case the party desired the trial court to review the referee's actions and the evidence and its sufficiency.
"Hence, if the evidence is insufficient to support the referee's findings they may be set aside and a new trial granted, upon proper motion, seasonably made, for a new trial in the District Court, or, by the Supreme Court, on appeal. . . . . In short it is too clear for argument that the statutory modes of reviewing verdicts of juries and the findings of a court are applicable to the findings of fact of a referee upon the whole issue. . . . ." (United States v. Ramsey, 158 Fed. 488, 492.)
Among others, Northrup Nat. Bank v. Webster Refining Co.,89 Kan. 738, 132 P. 832; Tribal Development Co. v. White Bros. (Okl.), 111 P. 195, cited by respondent, and similar cases holding that before the sufficiency of the evidence may be reviewed in the appellate court a motion for a new trial must have been presented to the trial court, are not in point, because in this state the sufficiency of the evidence may be reviewed on appeal from the judgment and a motion for new trial is not a condition precedent to such right of review. (Alder v.Edenborn, 198 Fed. 928.)
Appellant complains that the referee's report is contrary to law and the evidence because certain evidence was upon objection excluded. *Page 742
The first objection referred to was made by counsel for appellant, consequently so far as appellant is concerned no error can be predicated thereon.
C. S., sec. 8035, by virtue of which this examination was being conducted, provides:
"A party to the record of any civil action or proceedings, . . . . may be examined by the adverse party as if under cross-examination, subject to the rules applicable to the examination of other witnesses . . . . . "
This section subjects such cross-examination to the rules applicable to the examination of other witnesses.
C. S., sec. 8034, defines general cross-examinations:
"The opposite party may cross-examine the witness as to any facts stated in his direct examination or connected therewith, and in so doing may put leading questions; but if he examine him as to other matters such examination is to be subject to the same rules as a direct examination."
The limitation therein contained cannot apply to cross-examinations under the statute, because there having been no previous examination in chief, there would be no facts previously stated or matters connected therewith to cross-examine about. The limitation on cross-examination under the statute, since the witness is a party, would therefore be the material issues of the case.
"`The main purpose of this statute is to permit an adverse party to be called as a witness to prove, or to be interrogated concerning, facts material to the case of the party calling him, and that such witness may be called to prove a single material fact, or any number of material facts, even the whole case. The facts as to which the party calling such witness may desire to examine him are wholly within his discretion. . . . . A witness who is a party to the action is therefore called the same as any other witness to prove certain facts, and not for cross-examination.'
"But because he is deemed an adverse witness, the statute provides that the mode in which he is examined may be that ordinarily employed in cross-examination. . . . . If the evidence sought to be elicited from the witness Hauff was *Page 743 material, it was clearly erroneous to sustain the objection on the ground that it was not proper cross-examination. Is the evidence sought to be elicited by this question competent or material?" (Hauff Storma v. South Dakota Cent. Ry. Co.,34 S.D. 183, 147 N.W. 986; Symes v. Fletcher, 95 Vt. 431,115 A. 502; First State Bank v. Anderson, 46 S.D. 104, 191 N.W. 339;Waller v. Sloan, 225 Mich. 600, 196 N.W. 347; Kuitula v.Abbott, 229 Mich. 84, 201 N.W. 186.)
The witness was the plaintiff in the action and had demanded an accounting, and had alleged in his complaint that the amount claimed by Foster Crane as due him from the company was excessive and therefore that there was a larger amount due him, Morton, from Foster Crane than was admitted to be due by Foster Crane. The defendant Foster Crane had denied such situation and had submitted a report and had testified in connection therewith. The main issue then was whether or not the accounting and settlement as offered by Crane was correct.
It does not appear that Morton was testifying as an expert in connection with the statement so as to bring him within the inhibition of Osborn v. Carey, 24 Idaho 158, 132 P. 967. The question of the correctness of charging these items against the company was in issue and the questions were material to such issues, and in the absence of further or more explicit objection, or a showing that the information sought to be elicited came within the restriction of Boeck v. Boeck, 29 Idaho 639,161 P. 576, the answers should have been allowed, and while not sufficiently prejudicial to authorize a reversal, because the witness had stated that he did not know anything about any of these checks, the refusal of the court to permit an answer to be given to a further question asked is of a more serious nature.
"Q. You don't know of your own knowledge whether Mr. Crane's accounting that he has filed is correct or not do you?
"A. Well, I don't believe it is correct. *Page 744
"Q. That isn't what I asked you. I asked you if you knew, of your own personal knowledge whether the accounting was correct or incorrect?
"A. I know the accounting isn't correct as far as we have investigated.
"Q. Now, will you designate to the Court that portion of the total that is incorrect?
"Mr. James: Same objection.
"The Referee: Same ruling."
The objection being "same objection," evidently refers back to the objection by Mr. Watts that it was not proper cross-examination, irrelevant, incompetent and immaterial, and the ruling being, "same ruling" evidently refers back to the ruling of the referee sustaining this objection.
If this question had been answered and by the answer or by subsequent answers the appellant could have shown that the witness' statement, "I know the accounting isn't correct as far as we have investigated," was erroneous in any particular, such answers would have had at least some bearing upon the conclusion which the referee was to ultimately reach. If the witness could not have indicated the portion that was incorrect it would have weakened his statement that so far as he had investigated it was incorrect. If he had pointed out the particulars in which it was incorrect, then the opposition would have had an opportunity to adduce additional testimony on these items and perhaps have proved them correct, at least have tried to meet the witness' statement that the account was incorrect in the particulars designated by him. Thus no matter what the answer of the witness might have been it would have had a direct bearing upon the material issues of the case and the denial of the answers was erroneous. Appellant should have been permitted to investigate the source of Morton's information and the details of his investigation and the items which led him to the conclusion that the account was incorrect (Park v. Johnson, 20 Idaho 548, 119 P. 52), and since the referee in his finding did not follow the statement as rendered by appellant, it is not unreasonable to suppose *Page 745
Morton's conclusion influenced the decision and the objection was thus an undue restriction of the cross-examination on a material issue and probably affected the result and therefore was prejudicial. (Henry v. State (Ind.), 146 N.E. 822; AlabamaMachinery Supply Co. v. Roquemore, 205 Ala. 244, 87 So. 435.)
The other assignments of error deal with the sufficiency of the evidence and the correctness of the referee's conclusions, and since upon a re-examination of the issues the same evidence may not be again introduced or additional evidence may be introduced, we will not comment further upon such assignments except to say that where an accounting is applied for from one occupying a fiduciary relationship, the burden is on him to furnish a full, complete and accurate accounting and to establish any expenditures or credits upon which he relies as offsets to the amounts he admits he has received. (Fox v. Hall,supra; McManus v. Sawyer, 231 Fed. 231; Hobbs v. MonarchRefrigerating Co., 277 Ill. 326, 115 N.E. 534), and the record was in this respect far from satisfactory, and this court can well appreciate the difficulties the referee was laboring under in endeavoring to find a true and correct account between the parties.
The judgment of the lower court is therefore reversed, and it is so ordered. Costs awarded to appellant.
William A. Lee, C.J., and Budge, J., concur.