Defendant in error (hereafter called plaintiff) sued plaintiff in error (hereafter referred to as defendant) for a personal injury caused by an engine and car of defendant striking the plaintiff while he was driving a truck over a crossing of a public highway with defendant's railroad.
Defendant's railroad, as its name indicates, is a short line, approximately twenty-five miles long, wholly in Madison county, serving industries by delivering loaded cars from them to connecting carriers and delivering empty cars from connecting carriers to the industries. The Young Dent Construction Company was building a hard road in Madison county. Materials of rock and sand were delivered to a loading bin approximately twenty-five feet north of defendant's railroad track and sixty or seventy feet east of where the public highway crosses the tracks. Plaintiff was employed by the Young Dent Construction Company and was engaged in hauling materials from the loading bin to the place where they were needed, south of defendant's track, in constructing the hard road. The material was hauled in Ford trucks, and they were driven from the loading bin to the highway crossing parallel to the railroad. Plaintiff loaded his truck at the bin, drove west to the public road and turned south to cross defendant's tracks. The White Star Refining Company has a plant on the south side of defendant's railroad, about 1000 feet west of the crossing. About 1500 feet east of the crossing defendant has storage yards and tracks, called Roxana yards. October 28, 1922, an engine of defendant was pushing an empty oil tank car of the White Star Refining Company in front of it, west toward the White Star plant. The train struck plaintiff on the crossing, wrecking the truck and severely injuring him. One arm was run over by the train and had to be amputated.
The declaration consisted of three original and one additional count. Two counts charged defendant with willfulness *Page 329 and wantonness in operating the train and causing the injury. One count charged general negligence in the operation of the train and one charged a failure to ring a bell or sound a whistle. Each of the counts charged defendant was engaged in interstate commerce. Defendant pleaded the general issue, and a stipulation was entered into that any evidence admissible under special pleas, properly pleaded, might be introduced. There was a trial by jury and a verdict and judgment in favor of plaintiff, assessing his damages at $15,000. On appeal to the Appellate Court that court required a remittitur to be filed of $3000 and affirmed the judgment for $12,000. This court granted a writ of certiorari.
The errors assigned and urged are, that the court erred in overruling defendant's motion to direct a verdict as to the counts charging willfulness and wantonness in the management of the train; that the proof showed plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence; that the court erred in excluding evidence offered by defendant to prove that at the time of the accident it was engaged in intrastate commerce; and that the court erred in refusing defendant's 11th, 13th and 14th instructions.
There was no obstruction to the view of the train coming from the east, where plaintiff loaded his truck and drove onto the track, nor any obstruction to the view of plaintiff while doing so, from the trainmen operating the train. The engineer testified he saw plaintiff and his truck about 100 feet east of the crossing. The truck was going west, parallel to the track. He saw it make the turn toward the track when it reached the highway and saw the driver look over his shoulder just before he made the turn. Witness did not slacken the speed of the train, as plaintiff appeared to be intending to stop. When the engineer discovered he was not going to stop he set the brakes, but was so close to the crossing that it was too late. He was about thirty feet from the crossing when he set the brakes. When *Page 330 the truck reached the highway crossing the railroad it was fifteen or twenty feet north of the track and turned south to pass over the crossing.
Plaintiff's evidence was that the driveway from the loading bin to the highway was soft and the trucks had cut deep ruts in the sand, which had to be followed to move with the load. Just before the truck reached the highway it had to turn to the right around a telephone pole before going on the highway. His attention was directed to his truck and the place he had to drive it to keep it moving, and he testified he did not see any train or hear any signals until it was close onto him. His front wheels were on the railroad track when he first saw it. He did not stop from the time he started from the loading bin until he got on the railroad track. He testified no bell was ringing or whistle sounding. Before he started with his load he looked east, and no train was in sight.
There was some contradiction in the testimony as to the speed of the train and as to the signals. Plaintiff's witnesses placed the speed at about twenty-five miles an hour, while defendant's placed it at fifteen. Plaintiff's witnesses heard no signal of bell or whistle before the train was very close to the crossing, when, one witness testified, the whistle was sounded. Defendant's witnesses testified the bell was ringing continuously from a point 1500 feet east of the crossing and that the whistle was sounded.
While this is a brief outline of the evidence and situation, we think it sufficient to present the question raised by defendant that the court erroneously denied its motion to direct a verdict as to the two counts charging that the injury was the result of the willful and wanton conduct of defendant. It has been frequently said by this and other courts that whether an injury is the result of willful and wanton conduct is a question of fact, to be determined by the jury from all the evidence. Where there is no evidence tending to support the charge of willful and wanton conduct *Page 331 there is no question of fact to submit to a jury, and the motion to direct a verdict on those counts would present a question of law for the court to decide. Courts have recognized the difficulty of accurately stating under what circumstances a defendant may be held guilty of willful and wanton misconduct in causing an injury. Such conduct imports consciousness that an injury may probably result from the act done and a reckless disregard of the consequences. Ill-will is not a necessary element to establish the charge. Plaintiff and defendant had a legal right to pass over the highway crossing, and each was required, in doing so, to observe due regard for the legal right of the other. A willful or wanton injury must have been intentional or the act must have been committed under circumstances exhibiting a reckless disregard for the safety of others, such as a failure, after knowledge of the impending danger, to exercise ordinary care to prevent it, or a failure to discover the danger through recklessness or carelessness when it could have been discovered by the exercise of ordinary care. (Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway Co. v. Bodemer,139 Ill. 596; Heidenreich v. Bremner, 260 id. 439; IllinoisCentral Railroad Co. v. Leiner, 202 id. 624.) It is true, the evidence as to the speed of the train and as to whether any signals were given is conflicting, but the judgment of the Appellate Court is conclusive upon those questions. The evidence shows the public road north of the crossing was closed, and the engineer must have known, when he saw plaintiff driving a loaded truck toward the crossing, that he was obliged to go south over the tracks when he reached the highway, but the train continued without slackening its speed or giving any warning until it was practically upon the crossing, and it was then too late to avoid a collision with the truck. The conductor testified he was on the tank car, which was in front of the engine, but that he did not see plaintiff until he was on the track. He said he was looking at the highway south of the crossing, *Page 332 as north of the crossing the road was closed. As we understand the evidence, the only persons using the crossing at the time of the accident were the contractors building the public road and their employees. Defendant knew the material for constructing the road had been unloaded on the north side of its track and near thereto, and that it had to be hauled over the crossing to the place where it was being used in constructing the road. The situation then was, that defendant's servants in charge of the train knew of the use of the crossing by trucks hauling material for use in building the public road. The engineer saw the plaintiff approaching the road, with his back to the east, until he turned south on the crossing, but assuming plaintiff would stop before reaching the track neither slackened speed nor sounded a warning, and the conductor, who was on the oil tank car, says he never saw plaintiff until he was on the track. Plaintiff was only a few feet from the railroad track when he drove on the highway. The engineer saw him before he reached the highway and must have known he could not pass over the railroad track before the train arrived at the crossing. He assumed plaintiff would stop until the train had passed before passing over the track. Plaintiff should have done so if he was warned or knew of the approaching train, but it was the duty of defendant's servants to give warning of the train's approach to the crossing by ringing the bell or blowing the whistle. That plaintiff ought to have known of the approach of the train did not relieve defendant of the duty of warning him of its approach. Under the decisions of this court, whether the injury was the result of the willful and wanton conduct of defendant was, under all the evidence, a question of fact for the jury, and the court did not err in refusing to direct a verdict as to the counts charging willfulness and wantonness. In Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad Co. v. Murowski,179 Ill. 77, the court said whether failure to ring a bell or sound a whistle before starting a train within the *Page 333 city limits, in violation of the statute or an ordinance, is willful or wanton, is a question of fact for the jury, and it is not the province of a court to say, as a matter of law, that the omission was not willful. Defendant's railroad had only a few miles of track, wholly in Madison county. Its business was to receive loaded cars from industries along its line and deliver them to a connecting carrier for shipment to destinations, and also to receive and deliver empty cars consigned to the industries it served. It therefore did not run trains on regular schedule, which would give some notice to the public.
We do not think that under all the circumstances shown by the proof the court would have been warranted in deciding, as a matter of law, that there was no evidence tending to prove the charge of willfulness and wantonness. If we are correct in this conclusion it is unnecessary to discuss the question argued in the briefs whether plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence.
The declaration alleged defendant was at the time of plaintiff's injury engaged in interstate commerce. The car which was being pushed in front of the engine at the time was an oil tank car and was owned by the White Star Refining Company, its plant being located at Wood River, Illinois, on defendant's line of railroad. It was loaded at the White Star plant October 2, 1922, delivered to defendant at the refinery and billed to the consignee at Detroit, Michigan. Defendant delivered the car to the Toledo, St. Louis and Western Railroad Company, which carrier, and connecting lines, transported it to Detroit. After being unloaded the empty car was billed from Detroit to the White Star Refining Company at Wood River, and October 26 was delivered to defendant by the Toledo, St. Louis and Western Railroad Company. The same day defendant took the car to Roxana, on its line, where it has a yard and storage tracks. It remained there till October 28, and on that day, while being transported to the White Star Refining *Page 334 Company's plant at Wood River, the injury occurred. It was stipulated that either party might offer any competent evidence on the question whether at the time of plaintiff's injury the car was being moved in interstate or intrastate commerce.
Defendant contends that at the time of the accident the car was being moved in intrastate commerce. If it was, then plaintiff could not maintain his action against defendant, and defendant offered to prove by the White Star Refining Company's manager that it is served by no other road than defendant; that the company has not sufficient tracks to store or take care of all the empty cars it owns; that by reason of a custom existing between defendant and the White Star Company, no matter how that company's cars were billed, when received by defendant they were delivered to its storage tracks at Roxana; that each morning defendant's train dispatcher telephoned the White Star Company stating the different cars belonging to it defendant had on its storage tracks and asking instructions about their delivery, and that the placing of empty cars of the White Star Company on defendant's storage tracks at Roxana was regarded by that company as a delivery of the cars; that no additional charge was made for that service and no demurrage charged; that empty tank cars are often held in the storage yards a month, and no car has ever been immediately delivered to that company after it was received; that the White Star Company desired that custom to continue, because of its inability to store on its tracks all of its tank cars. The court refused to admit the testimony, and this ruling is assigned as error.
It is insisted by defendant that under the facts stipulated and those offered to be proved defendant was at the time of the injury engaged in intrastate commerce. A carrier may at one time be engaged in intrastate commerce and at another in interstate commerce. Whether the business is interstate or intrastate commerce depends upon the facts. *Page 335 If the evidence is such that reasonable minds might reach different conclusions as to whether the defendant and an injured employee were engaged in intrastate or interstate commerce it is a question for the jury to decide. (Pennsylvania Co. v. Donat, 239 U.S. 50; 1 Roberts on Federal Liability of Carriers, sec. 461.) Elliott, in his work on Railroads, (vol. 4, sec. 2290,) says custom frequently has an important influence in determining the place and manner of delivery; that a general custom usually becomes part of the contract and governs the place and manner of delivery. It is the contention of defendant that if the court had permitted the offered proof it would have been his duty to have held, as a matter of law, that the train movement at the time of the accident was an intrastate movement, and relies upon Chicago,Burlington and Quincy Railroad Co. v. Harrington, 241 U.S. 177, and Lehigh Valley Railroad Co. v. Barlow, 244 id. 183. It would have been competent to prove a general custom in determining the place and manner of delivery of the car to the White Star Company, but assuming the offered proof, so far as competent, had been admitted, it would merely have shown the White Star Company did not have at its plant sufficient tracks upon which to store all its empty cars, and the custom was that when defendant received a car billed from another State to the White Star Company at Wood River, the car was placed in the Roxana yards of defendant until it was notified to proceed to complete the movement of the car to its destination at Wood River. Placing the car in the Roxana yards till the consignee could receive it on the tracks at its plant was a temporary interruption in its transportation to place of destination and did not take it out of interstate commerce. (Gehan v. New YorkCentral Railroad Co. 199 N.Y. Sup. 847; St. Louis, SanFrancisco and Texas Railway Co. v. Seale, 229 U.S. 156.) The car was billed from Detroit, Michigan, to the White Star Company at Wood River, Illinois, and its delivery to the company at that place was necessary *Page 336 in order that it might be used. An arrangement or custom to have defendant hold the car in its Roxana yards until notified the consignee was ready to have the journey completed could not have the effect of terminating the interstate movement at Roxana and render the movement from that place to its destination intrastate commerce. The offer of proof by defendant which the court denied proposed to prove by the manager of the White Star Company that the delivery of the car on defendant's tracks at Roxana was regarded by that company as a delivery of the car. We think that part of the offer was incompetent and was properly denied. It would have permitted the witness to state what the company deemed the effect and result of the custom and would have invaded the province of the jury. The facts as to the existence of the custom may or may not be sufficient to determine the time and place of delivery of a car, but that is a question of fact for the jury to determine, and a witness cannot be permitted to state whether he regarded delivery completed when the car was placed somewhere else than the place to which it was shipped, at which place, only, could it be loaded by the consignee for shipment. Even if the witness had been permitted to testify to his conclusion from the custom, it would not, in our view, have altered the situation but would still have left it a question for the jury to determine. Conceding defendant had proved all it offered to prove, the court would not have been justified in holding, as a matter of law, that the car at the time of the injury was engaged in intrastate commerce.
We do not think the Harrington and Barlow cases, supra, referred to by defendant, are conclusive of this question, as contended. In the Harrington case the railroad company had transported coal from another State consigned to it for its own use. On arrival the car containing the coal was placed on a storage track until required for use. When that time arrived the car was moved from the storage track to chutes or bins to be unloaded to supply engines as needed, *Page 337 some of which were engaged in interstate commerce and some in intrastate commerce. Harrington, a switchman employed by the railroad, was killed while the car was being so moved. In theBarlow case the facts were almost identical. Barlow, a switchman employed by the railroad, was injured while moving coal shipped from another State to the railroad company and stored on a side-track until it was required to be unloaded for use. Barlow was injured while moving the car from the side-track to the place for unloading. In both those cases the coal belonged to the railroads over which it was shipped and was for their own use. The Supreme Court held that when the cars arrived at their destination and were received and placed on a storage or sidetrack until they were to be unloaded the interstate movement ended and the subsequent movement for the purpose of unloading was an intrastate movement. When an empty tank car is shipped to its owner's plant in another State, a switchman of a terminal railroad company, in moving the car over the terminal railroad to its destination, is engaged in interstate commerce, and recovery for an injury under the Workmen's Compensation act is precluded. (O'Neill v. Sioux CityRailway Co. (Iowa) 186 N.W. 633. See, also, Hester v. EastTennessee and W. N.C. Railroad Co. 254 Fed. 787; St. Louis, SanFrancisco and Texas Railway Co. v. Seale, supra.) Unless the interstate movement of the car had ended when it was placed upon defendant's track at Roxana it did not end until placed on the track of the White Star Company at Wood River. While some of defendant's offer was admissible, its rejection was not, in the view we take of the case, prejudicial error, for, as we have said, it could not, in our judgment, have authorized the conclusion, as a matter of law, that the car was in intrastate traffic at the time of the injury.
Defendant insists the court erred in refusing instructions 11, 13 and 14 asked by it. The court marked instruction 11, "Refused, as containing elements likely to mislead *Page 338 the jury." It told the jury, in substance, that the fact that defendant sometimes engaged in interstate commerce did not mean that every movement on its road was of that character; that unless they believed from the evidence that at the time of the injury defendant was actually transporting persons or property from one State to another, or doing an act so directly connected with interstate commerce as to be a part of it, they should find defendant was engaged in intrastate commerce and the verdict should be not guilty. As defendant's railroad was wholly in this State, we agree with the court that in the form the instruction was asked it was likely to be misunderstood by the jury and be misleading. Instruction 13 defined interstate commerce. Instruction 14 defined intrastate commerce, and further told the jury that if they found from the evidence that the movement of defendant's train at the time of the injury had no direct relation to the transportation of persons or property from one State to another, then the movement was intrastate and the verdict should be not guilty. The court marked both instructions refused "because not based upon and contingent upon the finding of a specific fact to which the terms 'interstate' and 'intrastate' are applied." Instruction 13 is a statement in abstract form of a correct proposition of law, but the latter part is subject to the same objection as instruction 11. The court, at plaintiff's request, instructed the jury that if the tank car was shipped from Detroit, Michigan, billed to the White Star Refining Company at Wood River, Illinois, and that it had not completed its journey at the time of the injury but was being moved to Wood River under the billing to that place, then it was an interstate movement. We do not think defendant was prejudiced by the failure of the court to give instruction 13, and we are of opinion there is no error in the record which would justify a reversal of the judgment.
The judgment of the Appellate Court is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed. *Page 339