The case made by the record is substantially as follows: An act entitled `An act appointing commissioners to lay off a town on the site selected for a permanent seat of government," approved January 6. 1821, directed the commissioners to appoint a surveyor, who, after laying off the town, should make out two complete copies of the plan of said town on parchment or paper, designatinginteralia, the contents of each square that may be noted on the plan thereof as public ground, and for what intended, whether for civil or religious purposes. Acts of 1821, p. 44, § 4. Under this act, the town of Indianapolis was laid out, and the plan thereof duly recorded in the recorder's office of Marion county, and upon said plan the south half of square No. 50 is designated "Market-space." By an act approved February 6, 1837, entitled "An aft authorizing an exchange of certain grounds in Indianapolis, between the town and state," it was provided "That the board of internal improvement should take pos- [621] session, for the use of the state, if they should deem it for her interest so to do, of the south half of square No. 50, which was granted to Indianapolis by an act approved January 6, 1821; and in lieu thereof to *Page 621 set apart such portion of the north half of square No. 48, yet owned by the state, as they shall deem just to said town, for a `market-space;' and upon the corporate authorities of that town agreeing, by order on their books, to receive such part of square No. 48, so to be set off as aforesaid, then the agent of state for Indianapolis is hereby authorized, and it is made his duty, to give said town a deed for the same in fee. And the corporate authorities shall, at the same time, relinquish to the state by deed all of said half square No. 50, which deed shall be given to said board of internal improvement," c. Local Acts of 1837, p. 411, § 1.
In pursuance of this act, that board, on the 16th of June, 1837, "Ordered, that lots numbered 1, 3, to, 11, and 12, in square No. 48 in Indianapolis, be set apart to said town, in lieu of the south half of square No. 50, taken possession of by the state for the use of water power, c., provided the corporate authorities of the town shall accept said part so set apart, c, as aforesaid, and make a deed to the state for `half square No. 50,' pursuant to the act approved February 6, 1837."
On the third of July, 1837, the trustees of Indianapolis ordered "that the north half of square No. 48, being lots numbered 1, 3, 10, 11, and 12, be accepted in lieu of the `half square No. 50.' and that a deed be made to the state pursuant to the requirements of the act of February, 1837." And afterwards, on the 24th of January, 1838. they, the trustees, made such deed, which, after reciting substantially the said act, the above order of the board of internal improvement, and the order of said trustees, conveyed to the state, in fee simple, the afore-said "half square No. 50." And the deed thus made expressly recites that that square is "conveyed in lieu of the north half of lot No. 48. so set apart by the board of internal improvement to the town of Indianapolis, as aforesaid."
After this, on the 21st of June, 1838, Thomas H. Sharpe, [622] the then agent of state for the town of Indianapolis, executed and delivered to the common council of said town, and their successors in office, a deed of conveyance in this form: "That the said agent, for and on behalf of the state, in pursuance of the provisions of the law of Indiana — `An act appointing commissioners to lay off a town on the site selected for the permanent seat of government, approved January 6, 1821 — and in consideration of the south half of square No. 50, known as the market-space, which has been deeded to the state, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, hath granted, bargained, sold, conveyed, and confirmed, and by these presents doth grant, bargain, sell, convey, and confirm, unto the said common council, and their successors in office and assigns forever, *Page 622 all the following described lots in the town of Indianapolis, Indiana, viz., lots numbered 1, 3, 10, 11, and 12, in square No. 48, together with all and singular the appurtenances thereunto belonging, c, to have and to hold the premises hereby bargained and sold, to the only proper use and behoof of the said common council and their successors in office and assigns forever. In testimony whereof," c.
This deed was duly recorded in the recorder's office of said county on the 7th of October, 1838.
At the fall term of the Marion Circuit Court in the year 1847, one John L. Ketcham recovered a judgment against the city council of Indianapolis for 237 dollars, upon which an execution was issued. By virtue of this execution, a portion of said square No. 48, including lot No. 10, was levied upon, and duly advertised for sale, and on the 24th of August, 1848, being the day of sale, was sold to John L. Ketcham, who received a sheriff's deed pursuant to the sale. After this, in September. 1849, Ketcham, by deed in fee simple, conveyed the lot by him purchased at sheriff's sale, to John M. Talbott. And afterwards, on the 3d of October, 1849, Talbott, by a similar deed, conveyed the same lot to the appellants, who were the defendants below. The city of Indianapolis, as successor of the town of Indianapolis, claims title to said lot, and as such, in this action recovered a judgment in the Circuit Court against [623] the defendants for possession, c. Defendants appeal to this Court.
In support of this recovery, it it insisted that the lot in controversy, being a part of the north half of square No. 48, was dedicated by the state to a public use, namely, a market-space," and was not, therefore, subject to sale on execution; while on the other hand, it is contended that a dedication for any purpose is not shown by the case made by the record. Which of these positions is correct?
To constitute a dedication, there should be a clear intention to devote the ground claimed to have been dedicated to the use of the public. Remington v. Millerd, 1 Rawle I. 93. — The City ofCincinnati v. White, 6 Pet. 435. And whether, in this instance, such intention existed, is to be determined by reference to the act of February 6, 1837, and the various subsequent transactions which resulted in the conveyance of the half of square No. 4810 the town of Indianapolis. As we have seen, the act of 1837 plainly recognizes the south half of square No. 50 as having been granted for "a market-space," and proposes, in lieu thereof, to grant the north half of square No. 48 for a similar purpose. This was simply a proposal to change the location of the "market-space," in order that the interest of *Page 623 the state might thereby be accommodated. It is therefore evident that the legislature, by the act to which we have referred, intended that the property proposed to be given in exchange for the "market-space" should, when accepted by the town of Indianapolis, be devoted to the same purpose. And the corporate authorities of the town, having acceded to the proposal, must be presumed to have acted, in making the exchange, with a like intention. Indeed, the city of Indianapolis never had any title to the "half of square No. 48," save that which is founded on the act of 1837; and when it is noted that that act defines the purpose for which the square in question should be granted, it cannot be assumed that she ever held it for any purpose other than that defined in the act. It is true, the deed from the agent of state to the common council of Indianapolis, though it recites that it was given in consideration [624] of the "half of square 50." does not express the purpose of the grant. But that defect, if it be one, when considered in reference to the entire case, is not material; because the deed, to be at all operative, must be regarded as having been executed pursuant to the act of February, 1837. To make the deed, the agent had no authority save that which he derived from that act. And the same act, being a public statute, in legal contemplation, has entered into, and constitutes a part of. the agent's deed to the common council. West v. Blake, 4 Blackf. 234. —Blauchard v. Russell, 13 Mass. 16. — Sparrow v.Evansuille R. Co., 7 Ind. 373. — Woolfolk v. State,10 id. 534.
In our opinion, the case stands upon the same ground upon which it would have stood had the deed recited the act of 1837, and, in addition, expressed the special purpose of the conveyonce.
It follows that the "half of square 48" was granted for a public use, viz., "a market space," and was accepted for that use and no other.
The next question to settle is, was lot No. 10, being included within the "market-space," subject to sale on execution? It is, indeed, very clear that that "half square," having been granted for a particular purpose, the corporate authorities would have no right to dispose of it by sale, or otherwise use it in a way different from the object for which it was granted. 2 Smith's Lead. Cas. ____, and cases there cited. And it would seem to follow, that its purpose could not be changed by a judicial sale. The corporation of Indianapolis is, in respect to the half square in question, a mere trustee, holding it for a special public use; and it cannot, therefore, be made subject to the payment of corporate debts.McLaughlin v. Bank of Potomac, *Page 624 7 How. 220. — Hunter v. Trustees of Sandy Hill 6 Hill. 407 — Bostick v. Keizer, 4 J. J. Marsh. 597.
Our opinion is, that the sheriff's sale, in this instance, is a nullity, and that the several deeds following that sale are in operative.
The judgment is affirmed with costs.
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