One Norsworthy operates a grocery store in the city of Council Bluffs. About 10:30 o'clock on the evening of May 16, 1927, the witness Krouse was passing down an alley in the rear of the Norsworthy store. He noticed that the shutters in the rear of the store were open, and that the glass in the window had been broken. He heard a noise inside the store, and about that time, his wife appeared upon the scene, and brought a revolver to said witness. Almost immediately thereafter, the witness heard the iron bar on the inside of the grocery *Page 198 store lifted, and the door was partly opened. The witness shouted: "Come out of there. You are under arrest." The door was slammed and the bar dropped, whereupon the witness ran to the front of the store. About the same time, a case of cookies was thrown through the glass of the front door, and a man crawled through the opening upon the sidewalk in front of the store. The evidence tends to show that the witness Krouse shot the man he saw come through said opening in the front door of this store building. In any event, the man who was shot was the appellant, who was, shortly after, taken in custody by the police. The appellant contends that he was not in the store building at any time, but was walking past said building when he was shot. There is other evidence tending to corroborate the contention of the State, as well as that of the appellant, but we do not deem it necessary to recite the details thereof for the purposes of the questions presented by this appeal.
I. The owner of the store testified that he arrived at the store shortly after it had been broken into; that some of the pieces of glass that had been broken from the window were gathered up and put in a paper sack; and that he turned these pieces of glass over to a police officer, the next morning, in the same condition they were in when they were picked up. Said police officer testified to having received said pieces of glass from Norsworthy. He also testified that, the morning after the burglary, he took some glass from the storm window in the rear of the store, and picked up some pieces of glass under the window which had been broken. It appeared that the different pieces of glass fitted together. The evidence was sufficient to support a finding that the pieces of glass that came into the possession of the police officer were the identical pieces of glass that were broken from the window in the rear of the said store.
A fingerprint expert was a witness in behalf of the State. The impressions of the fingerprints of the appellant 1. CRIMINAL were taken, and the expert made comparison LAW: between these and fingerprints which were evidence: discovered upon said broken pieces of glass. opinion Photographs of each of these were identified, evidence: and offered in evidence. On the direct finger- examination of the expert witness, the following prints: took place: expert testimony as to ulti- mate fact.
"Q. Now, you may examine Exhibit 4, the, *Page 199 glass, your comparison of that print found on that particular glass, with the fingerprint taken from the left index finger of Steffen. I will ask you to state whether or not you are able to say whether or not those two prints, the one on the glass and the one you took from the finger of Clem Steffen, were both made by the same finger. (Objected to as incompetent, immaterial, and irrelevant, calling for an ultimate fact, to be determined by the jury. Overruled. Defendant excepts.) A. They were. Q. Are you able to state whether they are or not, — are you? A. Yes, sir. Q. What is the fact? (Objected to as incompetent, immaterial, and irrelevant, calling for an ultimate fact, to be determined by the jury. Overruled. Defendant excepts.) A. They are the same. * * * Q. From your examination of those prints, are you able to state whether the two prints, the two fingerprints, found on the glass, Exhibit Number 5, were made by the same identical fingers as those taken from the corresponding fingers of the defendant, Clem Steffen? A. Yes, sir. Q. What is the fact about that? (Objected to by defendant as incompetent, immaterial, and irrelevant, calling for a matter that the jury should pass on, rather than the witness. Overruled. Defendant excepts.) A. They are the same."
On the examination of another expert witness for the State, the following took place:
"Q. I will ask you to state, from the examination you made of them, and the comparison of them, whether or not you are able to state whether the print found on the glass, Exhibit 2, was made by the same finger that made the print which is found to the left, on Exhibit 3, the enlarged reproduction, — are you able to state if those were made by the same fingers? A. I am. Q. What is the fact? (Mr. Hess: Objected to as asking for the conclusion of the witness on a matter that the jury must determine, rather than the witness. He isn't asking for his opinion. He is asking for a fact. He doesn't know. It is incompetent, immaterial, irrelevant. Overruled. Defendant excepts.) A. They were made by one and the same finger."
The use of fingerprints as a means of identification is comparatively recent in this country, although it is of very ancient origin. It was probably discovered by the Chinese. The origin *Page 200 has been traced back to a time nearly a hundred years before the Christian era. The scientific study of fingerprints as a means of identification is called dactylography. There is an exhaustive and interesting account of the history of the development of the science in the opinion of the Supreme Court of Nevada in the case of State v. Kuhl, 42 Nev. 185 (175 P. 190). See, also, X Encyclopedia Britannica (11th Ed.) 376.
It is now generally recognized that evidence in respect to the similarity or identity of fingerprints is admissible in a proper case. The cases involving fingerprints have not been very numerous. They include the following: State v. Kuhl, supra; Statev. Cerciello, 86 N.J. Law 309 (90 A. 1112); State v. Connors,87 N.J. Law 419 (94 A. 812); People v. Jennings, 252 Ill. 534 (96 N.E. 1077); People v. Roach, 215 N.Y. 592, 602 (109 N.E. 618); People v. Storrs, 207 N.Y. 147 (100 N.E. 730); Parker v.The King, 14 Commw. Law Rep. (Australia) 681 (3 British Ruling Cases 68); Emperor v. Abdul Hamid, 32 Indian Law Rep. (Calcutta Ser.) 759; Emperor v. Sahdeo, 3 Nagpur Law Rep. (India) 1;Emperor v. Hulost, 7 Crim. L.J. (India) 406. See, also, 3 Chamberlayne on Modern Law of Evidence, Section 2561.
The question at this point is whether or not the court erred in permitting the expert witnesses for the State to testify, over the objections of the appellant, to the ultimate fact that the fingerprints on the broken pieces of glass were the fingerprints of the appellant. The expert witnesses were permitted to explain in detail the science of dactylography and the manner in which fingerprints disclose identification. The jury had the benefit of the scientific knowledge of the experts and a full explanation of the exhibits. Was it proper to permit the experts to testify to the ultimate fact as to whether or not the fingerprints found upon the broken pieces of glass were made by the appellant? It is to be noticed that the expert witnesses were not asked to express an opinion on the subject, but the question was as to the ultimate fact of such identity.
It is argued by the State that the questions were not objectionable, and that the expert witnesses, because of the peculiar nature of the science pertaining to fingerprints, should be allowed to testify to the ultimate fact of the identity of the fingerprints on the broken glass with those of the appellant. Appellee *Page 201 relies upon People v. Jennings, 252 Ill. 534 (96 N.E. 1077). In that case, four witnesses testified for the State. Two of the witnesses testified that, in their judgment, the fingerprints were made by the same party. One expert testified that she "believed them to have been made by the fingers of the same person," and one witness appears to have testified that "the two sets of prints were made by the fingers of the same person." The court said:
"`On questions of identity of persons and of handwriting it is every day's practice for witnesses, to swear that they believe the person to be the same or the handwriting to be that of a particular individual, although they will not swear positively, and the degree of credit to be attached to the evidence is a question for the jury.'"
The court said:
"While it is usual for expert witnesses to testify that they believe or think, or in their best judgment, that such and such a thing is true, no rule of law prevents them from testifying positively on such subjects. It is for the jury to determine the weight to be given to their testimony."
The appellee also relies upon State v. Kuhl, 42 Nev. 185 (175 P. 190). In that case the court said:
"Error is assigned to the ruling of the trial court in permitting the witness Stone to make a positive statement as to the identity of the palm impressions. In this respect he testified positively that these palm prints were made by one and the same hand. We might with propriety pass this assignment without comment, for the reason that the only ground of objection assigned in the trial court was that the question had already been answered. Aside from this, it may with propriety be said that, while it is the usual practice for expert witnesses to testify as to their belief in a given conclusion, or as to their best judgment, no rule of law prevents them from testifying positively on such subjects. Whether they give their best judgment or belief, or testify positively as to their conclusion, the fact remains that it is for the jury to determine the weight to be given to their testimony. People v. Jennings, supra." *Page 202
It is to be noticed that, in the Jennings case, the expert witnesses, with the possible exception of one, testified to their judgment, belief, or opinion, and in the Kuhl case, no proper objection appears to have been interposed to the question.
Upon such authority, we are not disposed to change the rule which has been established in this court for many years, to the effect that, while an expert may be permitted to express his opinion, or even his belief, he cannot testify to the ultimate fact that must be determined by the jury. Such testimony would invade the province of the jury, and determine the very issue which they must decide. Muldowney v. Illinois Cent. R. Co.,39 Iowa 615; State v. Rainsbarger, 74 Iowa 196; In re Estate ofBetts, 113 Iowa 111, 116; Sachra v. Town of Manilla, 120 Iowa 562,567; Thayer v. Smoky Hollow Coal Co., 121 Iowa 121; Martinv. Des Moines Edison L. Co., 131 Iowa 724; State v. Bennett,143 Iowa 214; Bruggeman v. Illinois Cent. R. Co., 147 Iowa 187, 196;Sever v. Minneapolis St. L.R. Co., 156 Iowa 664; Kirby v.Chicago, R.I. P.R. Co., 173 Iowa 144; Budde v. National Trav.Ben. Assn., 184 Iowa 1219; State v. Pillsbury, 195 Iowa 569;Eclipse Lbr. Co. v. Davis, 196 Iowa 1349; Crouch v. NationalLivestock Rem. Co., 205 Iowa 51, 58.
The experts were permitted to explain the science of fingerprints and explain the photographs as to such particulars therein as might not be understood by laymen. State v. Matheson,142 Iowa 414. A radiograph may be used for purposes of demonstration by experts, and scientific facts in regard to the matter which are not known by the average layman may be testified to by the expert. Daniels v. Iowa City, 191 Iowa 811. But this is entirely different from permitting an expert to testify to the ultimate fact which it is the province of the jury to determine. The questions in the instant case directly called for such ultimate fact. The objections thereto should have been sustained.
II. The court instructed the jury on the question of alibi. 2. CRIMINAL There was properly no question of alibi involved LAW: trial: in the case. The appellant admitted being at the instruc- scene of the crime at the time of its tions: commission, his contention being that he was alibi: when passing by the store at the time he was shot. It not an is true, he offered evidence tending to show his issue. whereabouts a minute or two before *Page 203 the shooting, and that, a few moments before that, he was on a street car. The evidence was offered to meet the State's case as to the identification of appellant as the one who committed the crime. The evidence was explanatory, but did not raise the defense of alibi, under the record. State v. Bosworth, 170 Iowa 329; State v. Ireland, 192 Iowa 489; State v. Debner, 205 Iowa 25; State v. Bird, 207 Iowa 212; State v. Wagner, 207 Iowa 224. We think the court should not have instructed the jury on the question of alibi, thus tending to place an undue burden on the appellant.
The judgment is — Reversed.
EVANS, STEVENS, ALBERT, WAGNER, and GRIMM, JJ., concur.
De GRAFF, J., MORLING, C.J., and KINDIG, J., dissent as to Division I.