I. It is made to appear that the plaintiff was a creditor of the Standard Manufacturing Company, an alleged corporation, to the amount of more than $23,000. After such indebtedness was incurred, such corporation was adjudged 1. CORPORA- bankrupt. Its assets, totaling about $51,000, TIONS: were applied as a dividend upon its liability indebtedness, amounting to about $225,000. for Plaintiff alleged that the corporation was corporate organized upon a paid-up capital of $20,000, and debts: no more; that the defendants were its directors procedure and general managing officers; and that they against knowingly incurred the indebtedness in excess of officers and the limits permitted directors. *Page 1365 by statute. The statute upon which the suit is predicated provides:
"If the indebtedness of any corporation shall exceed the amount of indebtedness permitted by law, the directors and officers of such corporation knowingly consenting thereto shall be personallyand individually liable to the creditors of such corporation forsuch excess." Section 1622, Code of 1897 (Section 8380, Code of 1924).
The principal question presented to us is one of construction of the foregoing statute. The contention of the plaintiff is that such statute subjects the consenting director to an action at law by every creditor to the extent of the excess of indebtedness over the legal limit. The contrary contention by the defendants is that the liability thus created is one in favor of the creditors collectively, and that the enforcement of such liability creates a trust fund in which all creditors become potential beneficiaries; that such liability can be adjudged and enforced only in equity, and in a proceeding wherein all creditors have an opportunity to be heard. The argument for the plaintiff is that he has no interest or concern in the claims of other creditors; that his claim will be neither greater nor less on account thereof; that his rights are fixed by the express terms of the statute; and that the enforcement of such rights works no prejudice to any other creditor. This argument has in it much plausibility. It appears, however, that statutes virtually identical with ours are, and have been, in force for many years in many states of the Union, and that these statutes have been quite uniformly construed in accordance with the contention of the defendants. The Federal statute, substantially identical, has been so construed by the United States Supreme Court. Such, also, has been the holding in Illinois, in New York, in Massachusetts, in Tennessee, in Vermont, and in California. No case is cited to us, holding to the contrary, unless it be that of Patterson v.Stewart, 41 Minn. 84, wherein the case under consideration is distinguished in its facts from the holdings of other courts to which we here refer. In the following division hereof, we shall set forth a few excerpts from the opinions of other courts which will sufficiently indicate the ground upon which the holding is made. Sufficient here to say that the cases are predicated on *Page 1366 the theory that the underlying purpose of the statute is to provide a remedy which shall be applied alike to all creditors who come within its provisions; that the enforcement of the liability created by the statute presumptively involves an accounting both as to the extent of relief to which each creditor is entitled and to the extent of liability to which each managing officer or director is subject; that it involves also a question of equitable distribution of the sums which may be realized by the enforcement of the statute; that one creditor should not be permitted to absorb the solvency of those who are thus subject to liability; that such a course would presumptively result in a race of creditors which would operate to the detriment of the great body of creditors and to the detriment of their debtors as well; in short, that this statute is not intended as a prize in a race of creditors, and its remedy is not to the swift, to the exclusion of another having equal equity; but that the statutory liability thus created is deemed a constructive asset of the bankrupt corporation. As such, it becomes available for distribution, subject to any particular equity which may prevail in favor of any particular creditor. It might be an interesting query whether this remedy could have been pursued by the trustee in bankruptcy.
II. This division will be devoted to the quotation of excerpts from the opinions of other courts on this subject.
In Hornor v. Henning, 93 U.S. 228, the United States Supreme Court construed the following Federal statute:
"If the indebtedness of any company organized under this act shall at any time exceed the amount of its capital stock, the trustees of such company assenting thereto shall be personallyand individually liable for such excess to the creditors of thecompany."
The holding in that case is indicated by the following syllabus thereof:
"1. That an action at law cannot be sustained by one creditor among many for the liability thus created, or for any part of it, but that the remedy is in equity.
"2. That this excess constitutes a fund for the benefit of all the creditors, so far as the condition of the company renders a resort to it necessary for the payment of its debts." *Page 1367
In Stone v. Chisolm, 113 U.S. 302, the same court said:
"To ascertain the existence of the liability in a given case requires an account to be taken of the amount of the corporate indebtedness, and of the amount of the capital stock actually paid in; facts which the directors, upon whom the liability is imposed, have a right to have determined, once for all, in a proceeding which shall conclude all who have an adverse interest, and a right to participate in the benefit to result from enforcing the liability. Otherwise the facts which constitute the basis of liability might be determined differently by juries in several actions, by which some creditors might obtain satisfaction and others be defeated. The evident intention of the provision is that the liability shall be for the common benefit of all entitled to enforce it, according to their interest, an apportionment which, in case there cannot be satisfaction for all, can only be made in a single proceeding, to which all interested can be made parties. The case cannot be distinguished from that of Hornor v. Henning, 93 U.S. 228, the reasoning and result in which we reaffirm. It is immaterial that in the present case it does not appear that there are other creditors than the plaintiffs in error. There can be but one rule for construing the section, whether the creditors be one or many. To the question certified, therefore, it must be answered that an action at law will not lie, and that the only remedy is by a suit in equity."
Construing an identical statute in the state of Illinois in Lowv. Buchanan, 94 Ill. 76, the Supreme Court of that state said:
"The right of appellant to recover in the action instituted by him is based upon the hypothesis that, where a corporation subject to the provisions of this section incurs an indebtedness in excess of the amount of its capital stock, the individual creditor acquires a right of action for such excess against so many of the directors or officers of the company as assented thereto, and that this right of action may be enforced in a court of law. We are unable to concur in this view of the matter. Such a construction would, manifestly, lead in most cases to great difficulties and hardships. In all cases where the corporation is insolvent, to allow the individual creditor to collect the whole amount of his claim against the corporation from a solvent *Page 1368 officer of the company, to the exclusion of other creditors whose claims are equally meritorious, would certainly be the grossest inequality, and manifestly unjust. * * * After a careful consideration of the matter, we have reached the conclusion that directors and officers of stock corporations who incur liabilities under the section in question, become bound and answerable, not to some particular creditor, but, in the language of the act, to the `creditors,' that is, all the creditors. This construction puts all the creditors upon a perfect equality, and is in conformity with the express words of the act. It was doubtless the object and purpose of the legislature that all claims arising under the provisions of the section in question should be regarded in the nature of a trust fund, to be collected and divided pro rata among all the creditors. And if we are correct in this conclusion, it is quite manifest that this distribution of the fund could only be made in a court of equity. But the conclusion we have reached does not rest solely upon the reasons here stated, and many others equally cogent that might be mentioned. In Hornor v. Henning, 93 U.S. 228, the Supreme Court of the United States gave a similar construction to an act of Congress, which, so far as it bears upon the question under consideration, is almost identical with the sixteenth section of our own statute. The act of Congress of May the 5th, 1870, being the same just referred to, authorized the formation of stock corporations within the District of Columbia, and contained, among other things, this provision: `If the indebtedness of any company organized under this act shall at any time exceed the amount of its capital stock, the trustees of such company assenting thereto shall be personally and individually liable for such excess to the creditors of the company.' The court, in construing this provision, held, in the case just referred to, that an action at law founded thereon would not lie, and Mr. Justice Miller, in delivering the judgment of the court, among other things said: `The remedy for this violation of duty as trustee is in its nature appropriate to a court of chancery. The powers and instrumentalities of that court enable it to ascertain the excess of the indebtedness over the capital stock, the amount of this which each trustee may have assented to, and the extent to which the funds of the incorporation may be resorted to for the payment of the debts; *Page 1369 also, the number and names of the creditors, the amount of their several debts, to determine the sum to be recovered of the trustees and apportioned among the creditors in a manner which the trial by jury and rigid rules of common-law proceedings render impossible.' All that is said here applies with equal force to our own statute and the case at bar. It is urged by appellant, however, by way of answer to the insurmountable difficulties that would necessarily arise in every action at law founded upon the statute, where there are more creditors than one, that in the case before the court there is no evidence that there were other creditors of the company at the time appellant commenced his suit. * * * Without expressing any opinion whatever as to whether an action at law would lie, under the circumstances, * * * the plaintiff would be bound to set forth by proper averments in his declaration, and prove on the trial, the special circumstances warranting such an action. That was not done in this case, and hence the question raised by the supposed case is not before us."
To the same effect as the foregoing are the following:Woolverton v. Taylor, 132 Ill. 197; Gay v. Kohlsaat, 223 Ill. 260 (79 N.E. 77); National Bank v. Dillingham, 147 N.Y. 603 (42 N.E. 338); Westinghouse E. M. Co. v. Reed, 194 Mass. 590 (80 N.E. 621); Gardiner v. Bank of Napa, 160 Cal. 577 (117 P. 667);Brown Co. v. Ware, 87 Vt. 121 (88 A. 507).
III. The question here presented has not heretofore had our consideration. In view of the substantial unanimity of the higher courts of other jurisdictions in the construction of like statutes, we cannot do otherwise than to recognize such construction as established by the great weight of authority. It is highly desirable that legislation on such a subject should be uniform, if practicable. But it will avail nothing for the statutes to be uniform, if the respective courts disagree in their construction. The reasoning underlying these holdings is very persuasive, and the operation of the statute as so construed is equitable. We are disposed, therefore, to follow these authorities and to put a like construction upon our own statute. The operation of the statute under such a construction cannot work injustice to any creditor. Such construction simply eliminates the advantage of preference otherwise obtainable by a swift creditor. Such a construction *Page 1370 also operates more justly upon the defendant-directors. A particular director may be liable for much or for little, or for nothing at all. But upon the construction contended for by plaintiff, such a director may be subjected to successive actions at law by a hundred creditors, and thereby be required to adjudicate his nonliability or the limit of his liability in each case. The doctrine of the cited authorities is that there should be one adjudication, and not one hundred, which should adjudicate once and for all the extent of liability of each defendant-director, and the extent of right of each plaintiff to the fund thus assembled. Thereby a vexatious multiplicity of suits is avoided. This is always an appealing objective.
We hold, therefore, that an action at law by one creditor, to recover the excess amount due him from the bankrupt corporation, will not lie, under this statute.
IV. It is urged by the appellant that, even though the action should have been brought in equity, rather than at law, the only remedy of the defendants was by motion to transfer; that they failed to present such a motion; that, if the 2. TRIAL: appellant was on the wrong side of the court, transfer to this would only justify the court in equity: transferring the case to the equity side, and nonapplica- would not justify a dismissal of the case. If bility of the appellant, as plaintiff, had pleaded a case statute. in equity, and by his evidence had sustained the same, and had thereby shown himself entitled to the equitable relief, his contention would be to the point. He neither pleaded nor proved an equity case. It would have been a vain thing, therefore, for the court to transfer his case to the equity side. For want of pleading and evidence, the dismissal was as inevitable there as on the law side. The case does not turn upon a mere question of practice, but upon the nature of the cause of action created by the statute in question, and upon the extent and nature of the right conferred thereby upon a single creditor.
We think, therefore, that the statutory provision for a transfer of a case from the law side to the equity side is not applicable here.
V. The judgment dismissing the case was essentially an abatement. It does not, however, purport to be such, upon the face of the record. Under the statute, it would thereby be *Page 1371 3. APPEAL AND presumed to be a judgment in bar. This might ERROR: operate as a future bar against all future modifica- remedy to the plaintiff. To this extent we think tion: the judgment was erroneous, in that it ought to judgment: have purported to be in abatement, rather than avoidance of in bar. To this extent the judgment will be bar. modified, and will be declared as a judgment in abatement, and as such, affirmed.
Because of this modification, costs will be apportioned. Costs of printing the abstracts will be equally divided. No costs will be taxed for printing briefs.
The judgment below is, accordingly, modified and affirmed. —Modified and affirmed.
FAVILLE, C.J., and ALBERT and MORLING, JJ., concur.