Affirming.
J.S. Owsley and T.J. Hill, Jr., were candidates for the Democratic nomination for county attorney of Lincoln county in the primary election held August 1, 1925. Hill received a majority of the votes, and was awarded the certificate of nomination. Owsley contested the nomination, and the trial court dismissed his contest. He has appealed. Owsley began his contest in proper time by serving upon Hill a very voluminous notice setting out five grounds of contest, one of which he admits in his brief to be without merit, and another he failed to refer to or discuss in his brief, hence it will be considered as abandoned. See McClorkle, et al. v. Chapman, et al., 181 Ky. 607, 205 S.W. 682. This leaves for our consideration three grounds, which are:
First, "The contestant, J.S. Owsley, notifies the contestee, T.J. Hill, Jr., that long prior to the filing *Page 287 of his, contestee's, statement of his expenditures and promises, etc., with the clerk of the Lincoln county court, as required under section 1565b-4 of the Kentucky Statutes, and prior to his filing his notification and declaration of his candidacy for the Democratic nomination for county attorney of Lincoln county, to be voted for as a candidate at the primary August 1, 1925, in said county and state, with the clerk of the Lincoln county court, as required by section 1550-7 of the Kentucky Statutes, and requesting the clerk of the Lincoln county court to place his name on the Democratic ballot as a candidate for said office, he, the contestee, published in the Interior Journal, a newspaper published in Stanford, Lincoln county, Kentucky, his announcement as a candidate for the Democratic nomination for county attorney of Lincoln county, and in his said card of announcement he stated over his own signature the following: 'It is my purpose to do all in my power to aid and assist the fiscal court that you elect in handling the affairs of the county in a good business manner. It is imperative that something be done by the fiscal court to put the public roads of the county in better traveling condition than they are now in, and I think the court can put the public roads of the county in practical condition suitable for traveling without any increase of taxation, by economically and wisely using the road revenue now available from all sources. I propose to have the fiscal court to take from the county attorney's salary $400.00 per year and place same to the credit of the road fund.' And said contestee signed said article with his own signature, 'T.J. Hill, Jr.' And the contestant notifies the contestee that the said statement was made with the deliberate intention to bribe and influence the voters of Lincoln county, Kentucky, to vote for him for county attorney, and used said statement to personally persuade persons and voters to vote for him. That on the 17th day of July, 1925, said contestee likewise had published and paid for in the same paper, to-wit, the Interior Journal, of Stanford, Lincoln county, Kentucky, a write-up of himself and his platform, and among other things said article contained the following language: 'His program in the present campaign should receive the approval of the voters in every district of the county. He favors restoring *Page 288 the old salary to the county attorney, for which he is an aspirant, and transferring the increase of $1,600.00 during the term to the repairing and construction of public roads.' And contestant notifies the contestee that he had same printed for the purpose of deliberately influencing and bribing the voters of Lincoln county to vote for him for county attorney. The contestant further notifies the contestee that both his announcement referred to herein and his write-up, to give to the road fund $400.00 of his salary, was a direct offer of a bribe and expenditure of $1,600.00, which was in excess of the amount allowed under the Corrupt Practice Act of the Kentucky Statutes to be expended by any candidate for a county office, and that both of said statements were contrary to and in violation of the spirit of public policy, and also violated section 1565b-3 of the Kentucky Statutes.
Second, "The contestant further notifies the contestee that his statement of expenditures and promises filed with the clerk of the Lincoln county court was false and untrue at the time that he made same, and that he expended for the purpose of securing his nomination for the office of county attorney large sums of money vastly exceeding the sum of one thousand dollars, which is the amount allowed under section 1565b-16 of the Corrupt Practice Act of the Kentucky Statutes.
"The contestant, J.S. Owsley, notifies the contestee and alleges that said contestee, T.J. Hill, Jr., spent in the election, and others spent for him, with his knowledge and consent, more than one thousand dollars, which is the maximum amount for purely legitimate purposes allowed by the Kentucky Statutes for a county office, and that he failed to include in his statement of expenditures and promises filed on the 18th day of July, 1925, with the clerk of the Lincoln county court, the clause in his card of announcement published in the Interior Journal of Stanford, Kentucky, referred to above, to-wit: 'I propose to have the fiscal court to take from the county attorney's salary $400.00 per year and place same to the credit of the road fund;' and failed likewise to put in said statement of expenditures as filed with the clerk of the Lincoln county court on the 18th day of July, *Page 289 1925, the write-up of himself and his platform referred to above, and which contained the following language: 'His program in the present campaign' (referring to T.J. Hill, Jr.) 'should receive the approval of the voters in every district of the county. He favors restoring the old salary paid to the county attorney, for which office he is an aspirant, and transferring the increase of $1,600.00 during the term to the repairing and construction of public roads.' "
Third, "The contestant further notifies the contestee, T.J. Hill, Jr., that he, in connection with candidates for other nominations, formed a slate and pooled their money in a 'jack-pot' to be used in the election, and especially on the election day, to bribe and otherwise corrupt voters to support the candidates who were members of the pool, and that he himself and his friends contributed a large sum to such fund, amounting, as the contestant believes, to the sum of $2,000.00, which was used by his friends and 'strikers' both in the pool and otherwise, at the various precincts of Lincoln county on the primary election day, in carrying out the purposes for which it was contributed, with his knowledge and consent, and that all of this was in direct violation of the provisions of the Corrupt Practice Act, known as article XIIa and its subsections, of the Kentucky Statutes."
The court sustained a demurrer to the first and second grounds, and required him to make his third ground more specific, and upon his failure so to do, dismissed his contest.
In support of his first ground he relies upon two cases, one from Wisconsin, the other from Ohio. The Wisconsin court, in State v. Purdy, 36 Wis. 213, 17 A. Rep. 485, in considering a case in which a county officer announced in his circular to the voters and taxpayers that he was willing to discharge the duties of the office for a less salary than that fixed by law, although there was no Corrupt Practice Act in that state at that time, said, in condemning and holding illegal the offer of the candidate:
"If the course pursued by the relator should receive judicial sanction, it is more than probable that all those public offices which are deemed desirable, would, in time, become the objects of pecuniary bids or offers, and in many cases, would be bestowed upon *Page 290 the highest bidders without much regard to their fitness for the positions thus purchased by them. At least such would be the inevitable tendency. The evils of such a condition are of very grave import, and we are warned by the experience and the wisdom of centuries to avoid them. When our elections to fill public offices cease to express the free, intelligent and unbiased Judgment and choice of the electors, when they shall be controlled or materially influenced by pecuniary offers made by the candidates, whether to the electors, or to the municipality (which is but the aggregation of the electors), a most vital condition of free government will be disregarded. The tendency might be, in such case, to banish from the public service all who will not pay for the privilege of being employed therein, and to fill it with less scrupulous, and therefore less trustworthy and less deserving men. Elections by the people might thus cease to express the free and unbiased judgment and will of the people, but might be controlled by mercenary considerations, either public or private, or both, and would thus speedily and justly fall into public contempt.
"So far as we are advised, no judicial tribunal has given any countenance whatever to any practice or act which tends in that direction, but the courts have steadily held that popular elections must be kept free from any taint of corruption, and from all improper or unlawful influences whatever. We have no disposition to depart from this line of adjudication. On the contrary, were the opposite doctrine asserted in any of the cases, we should not follow them. We would not hold that a man may buy a public office, especially a most important and responsible judicial office, just as he would buy a horse at auction, that is, by offering to pay more for it than any other person is willing to pay. We can never give the sanction of this court to a doctrine so pernicious."
In the Ohio case, Prentiss v. Dittmer, 93 Ohio St. 314,112 N.E. 1021, L.R.A. 1917B 191, there were decided questions arising in a contest filed by Dittmer against Prentiss. These men were candidates for common pleas judge of Henry county. Prentiss, as such candidate and prior to the election, printed and widely published *Page 291 and circulated, by mail and otherwise, various circulars promising to accept smaller salaries than would be legally due; that he would accept, in the event of his election, only the portion of the salary payable out of the state treasury; that he would perform his official duties for such sum, and would decline to accept any portion of the statutory portion of the salary payable out of the county treasury. Other statements in the circulars were in support of the combination of the common pleas court with the probate court at a saving of $2,150.00 to the county by the abolishment of the latter court; and if the courts should not be combined by the popular vote at such election, he agreed not to accept the $625.00 lawfully payable out of the local treasury, nor the additional amount of $1,000.00 payable from the same source in the event of combination, but to accept only the $3,000.00 remuneration per annum payable out of the state treasury, and to perform, in the event of his election, his judicial duties for that sum.
Section 26 of the Ohio Corrupt Practices Act, section 5175-26 of the General Code, provides that any person is guilty of a corrupt practice if he, in connection with or in respect of any election, contributes, or offers to contribute, any money or valuable consideration for any other purpose than those detailed therein. It provides further that any offer to contribute or expend any money or thing of value for any purpose whatever, except as therein provided, "is hereby declared to be corrupt practice and invalidates the election of any person guilty thereof."
After quoting the section copied, the court said:
"It is but little less reprehensible that, for the purpose of inducing election, he should promise to refund to the community as a whole that portion of the salary he should receive from the county, than to offer to contribute to the taxpayers individually their pro tanto proportion of the amount of salary forgiven. In the latter event the taxpayer is required to pay less taxes, irrespective of the personal fitness of the candidate. . . .
" 'The theory of popular government is that the most worthy should hold the offices. Personal fitness — and in that is included moral character, intellectual ability, social standing, habits of life, and political convictions — is the single test which the law *Page 292 will recognize. That which throws other considerations into the scale, and to that extent tends to weaken the power of personal fitness, should not be tolerated. It tends to turn away the thought of the voter from the one question which should be paramount in his mind when he deposits his ballot. It is, in spirit at least, bribery, more insidious, and therefore more dangerous, than the grosser form of directly offering money to the voter.' "
The court further said:
"There is a wide difference between a promise of this character and those multifarious pledges made by candidates in the interest of reform, economy, and a rigid and effective administration of office, in compliance with their official oaths. The latter are made in the public interest, and are consistent with personal fitness; the former savors of vicious tendencies, involving a personal pecuniary consideration offered by the candidate in order to accomplish his election, in which the test of fitness is not an element."
Upon the authority of these cases the appellant very strenuously insists that his opponent has violated the provisions of our Corrupt Practice Act and that the demurrer to his notice should have been overruled. These cases are from other states, hence they do not bind us, yet they might be very persuasive if the facts were the same. Section 1072 of our statutes provides: "The county judge and county attorney shall receive an annual salary, to be fixed at a reasonable amount by the fiscal court, and paid in monthly installments by the county." At the time the contestee made his announcement which is complained of in this action, the salary of the county attorney for the term to which he was an aspirant had not been fixed. It is obvious from a reading of the record that at the time the salary of the county attorney was fixed for the term now ending, it had been raised by $400.00 over the salary prevailing prior thereto. The announcement of the contestee and the subsequent newspaper interview, when read in the light of these facts, which were commonly known to the voters of his county, plainly mean that the contestee was running on a platform of fixing the salary, when the time came for it to be fixed, at the old rate rather than the new rate. In other words, he was simply *Page 293 running on a platform of salary reduction. This clearly distinguishes his acts from those condemned in the Ohio and Wisconsin cases where the candidate proposed to perform the duties of his office for compensation less than that fixed by law. The contestee here did not propose to perform the duties of his office at a rate less than that fixed by law, but simply proposed to fix that salary at a time when it came to be fixed at a rate less than that which had prevailed during the preceding term.
By section 1565b-3 of the statutes, it is made unlawful for any candidate to agree or enter into any contract with any corporation, association or person to vote for or support any particular thing or measure in consideration of the vote or support, moral or financial, of any such corporation, association or person, and it shall be unlawful for any corporation, association or person to demand that any candidate for office shall promise or agree in advance or shall make any contract, oral or written, to support any particular individual, thing or measure, in consideration for the vote or the support, financial or moral, of such corporation or person, in any election, primary or nominating convention. This agreement or contract must be made with a corporation, association or person. It does not, and cannot, in reason, refer to any agreement made by the candidate to the people at large. There was never a candidate for Governor, congress or legislature who did not, in his card of announcement, and in his speeches, promise the people, and agree with them that if elected he would vote for and support some particular thing or measure. If the statements, agreements and promises, made to the people at large by the candidate, come within the prohibitions of this act, then every official of this Commonwealth is subject to its penalties. We cannot feel that this statute refers to promises made the entire people, and to hold otherwise would prevent any candidate from pledging himself to support measures designed to correct evils of which the people were complaining. A promise made a man or any small party of men is different from a promise made to the entire populace, from which all may derive a benefit.
In the case of Hall v. Marshall, 80 Ky. 552, 4 Ky. L. R. 502, this court upheld an election removing the court house of Ballard county from Blandville to Wickliffe, although it was shown that shortly before the vote was taken, Norton, a resident of Louisville, and S. Jenkins and others, residents of Ballard county, owning land in *Page 294 the vicinity of Wickliffe, published and had circulated a circular, in which they agreed to build a courthouse at their own expense, and convey the grounds, and with it the building, to the county. This circular was headed, "Save taxation;" "Vote for removal to Wickliffe;" "Buildings and grounds given free of cost to the county." The commissioners to select a site for our state capitol were perhaps influenced by this proposition made to them:
"Whereas, we, the underwriters, do claim sundry out-lots, adjoining the town of Frankfort, which is now proposed to the commissioners for fixing the seat of government; we, the underwriters, do therefore agree to lay off our several out-lots into small lots and streets, agreeable to the original plan of said town, and to vest one-half thereof in the state of Kentucky, forever, and a division to be made by giving the state the first choice of a lot, ourselves the second, and so on alternately."
This court, however, in Brown v. Anderson, 17 Ky. (1 T. B. Monroe) 198, upheld the writing and sustained a title derived from the state by virtue of it. For these reasons the demurrer to ground one was properly sustained.
Owsley's second ground of contest is rested upon the same thing as the first and must fail for the same reasons.
To contestant's third ground of contest, the trial court overruled the contestee's demurrer, but held the allegations were too indefinite and ordered the contestant to make this ground more specific, and, as he failed to do so, his contest was properly dismissed. He is now complaining of that action of the court. The contestant alleged that this money was contributed to bribe and otherwise corrupt voters to support the candidates who were members of the pool. There is no allegation that any voter was bribed, nor is there any allegation setting out just how this money was used to corrupt the voters. This ground gave contestee no notice with whom he was charged to have former this pool, it is silent as to the precincts where this money was used, and mentions no candidate or friend of a candidate who contributed to the fund; nor does it name any friend or striker who used it. By section 1550-28 of the statutes, these contests must be speedily tried, and in the short time allowed the contestee *Page 295 in which to prepare his defense, he is certainly entitled to know these things. It is a matter of common knowledge that many persons, temporarily away from the county of their residence, return to it on election day to vote and to work for their friends. How could the contestee, with this vague and indefinite notice, prepare his defense? How could he know whom to summon to contradict statements coming within the scope of the general allegations of this notice? It would be simply impossible for him to be prepared to meet all the testimony that might be offered under this general allegation. To do so he would be compelled to summon and bring before the court, ready to testify, every candidate in the primary election and every friend he had in every precinct of the county. Such preparation could not be made; yet such preparation would be necessary under the general allegations of this notice. If the contestant could conscientiously swear that the contestee formed a pool with another candidate, he certainly knew the name of the candidate, and if he could swear that some friend of the contestee in some precinct of the county used some of this pooled money to corrupt voters, he certainly knew the name of this friend, this precinct and some of the voters corrupted, and he should have set these things out in his notice, so that the contestee could be prepared to defend himself.
In the case of Williams v. Hayes, 175 Ky. 170,193 S.W. 1046, this court said: "The practice is well settled that where a petition in an election contest is objectionable for want of definiteness, it should be made more specific."
It is ordered that the judgment be affirmed, and that mandate issue immediately.
The whole court sitting.
Judges Thomas, Settle and Clarke dissenting.