The single question originally submitted for decision in this case was the ruling of the lower court in permitting the plea of forgery to be filed by the appellee subsequent to her general issue plea upon which the plaintiff had joined issue. On this question we held that there was error in permitting the plea of forgery to be so filed. A motion for reargument in this court having been filed and allowed, the question now presented is: Did the plaintiff, upon the overruling of its motion ne recipiatur to the plea of forgery filed by the appellee, after duly excepting to such ruling, by replying to the plea of forgery and proceeding with the trial to a final conclusion on its merits, waive its right to have the ruling *Page 130 of the lower court on the motion ne recipiatur reviewed in this court? It is claimed by the appellee that the plaintiff's action in replying to the plea of forgery effectually precluded it from having the ruling on the motion ne recipiatur considered on appeal from the final judgment, and that the only method to have this action reviewed was by refusing to reply and suffering judgment against it. To sustain this contention the appellee relies upon the cases of Traber v. Traber, 50 Md. 1; Hutton v.Marx, 69 Md. 252; Laubheimer v. Naill, 88 Md. 174; FarmersBank v. Hunter, 97 Md. 148; Smith v. Woman's Medical College,110 Md. 441; Shoop v. Fidelity Deposit Co., 124 Md. 130;Commercial Credit Co. v. Schuck, 151 Md. 367; Wilkin Mfg. Co.v. Melvin, 116 Md. 97.
In the case of Boteler Belt v. State, 7 G. J. 109, it was said: "We do not think the appellants' counsel have succeeded in distinguishing this case from those which fall within the well established rule that no appeal can be prosecuted to this Court until a decision has been had in the court below which is so far final as to settle and conclude the rights of the party involved in the action, or denying to the party the means of further prosecuting or defending the suit. * * * To permit an appeal from any decision of the court below which does not finally settle the rights of the party, or conclude the cause, would enable either the plaintiff or defendant to protract the suit to an almost indefinite period. If by any allegation that the court has exceeded its power, this Court can be put to an investigation of the case, it is plain the allegation may be made in reference as well to one order as another, and in short, to any and every order, and as the appeal must stay the hands of the court below, the suit would be interminable. * * * It is time enough for a party to apply to this Court for redress when it is ascertained that he is to be injured by the judgment of which he complains. * * * For aught we can learn from the record, the defendants may obtain the final judgment of the court and be entirely discharged from the claim of the plaintiff. Should the result be otherwise when the proceedings below shall be terminated, *Page 131 an appeal will then lie, and all the errors of the court below in the whole progress of the cause will be proper subjects for complaint of the party, and for the correction of this Court." This rule has been re-affirmed and re-stated, in varying language, from the case above quoted to the present time. SeeWelch v. Davis, 7 Gill, 365; Hazlehurst v. Morris, 28 Md. 67;Smithson v. U.S. Telegraph Co., 29 Md. 162; Dietrich v.Swartz, 41 Md. 196; Waverly Mutual Bldg. Assn. v. Buck,64 Md. 342; Swift v. Manufacturers' Nat. Bank, 69 Md. 232; State v.Easton Social Club, 72 Md. 297; Reynolds v. Russler,128 Md. 609; Emersonian Apartments v. Taylor, 132 Md. 211; Griffee v.Mann, 62 Md. 248; Cooper v. Novickow, 116 Md. 471; Warfieldv. State, 116 Md. 599; United States v. Poe, 120 Md. 89.
In the case before us, prior to the lower court allowing the filing of the additional plea of forgery, the defendant was limited to such defenses as were available under the general issue plea which had been previously filed by her. The plaintiff, after the adverse ruling on the motion ne recipiatur as to the plea of forgery, if the contention of the appellee in this case be correct, was compelled to accept the issue of forgery made by the plea, and stand on that alone, or suffer a judgment against it and stake its whole case upon the ruling of the court on the question of law, thereby denying to it the right of showing that the appellee's signature was her genuine signature. In other words, the effect is to require the plaintiff to stand either on the question of law or a question of fact, and to refuse it the right to a review on the question of law, if, having stood on the question of fact, it is decided against it. This would be contrary to the general rule that either party has open to him a review in the appellate court of all adverse rulings of the trial court when properly presented by the record, either shown by the record entries or by bills of exceptions seasonably taken and properly authenticated. Newbold v. Green, 122 Md. 651. The privilege afforded by such a rule is a wise and salutary one, for without it, only partial relief could be granted; without it, the party against whom the adverse ruling was made would *Page 132 lose absolutely the right to have decided the issues of law, upon which he might be correct, and would be confined to the chance of establishing his claim or defense upon the issue of fact raised by the pleadings. He would be required to purchase what might be the doubtful result of an issue of fact, by the abandonment of his issue of law. The administration of the law, and the according of justice to litigants, should not subject either to such a penalty. The adoption and enforcement of the rule which allows a party, after taking seasonable objection to an adverse ruling of the court, to go on and prosecute or defend the case to a final conclusion and judgment, and still preserve for review in this Court the adverse ruling below, results in equal and exact justice to both parties, and the cost and delay of litigation is greatly reduced. A contrary rule would result in one of two situations, either that the party aggrieved by the adverse ruling could stop the progress of the trial and appeal to this Court for decision on that point alone, thereby multiplying the number of appeals, with the delay and cost incident thereto; or, second, he would be compelled to suffer an adverse judgment and depend entirely upon his contention that the lower court was in error in making the ruling appealed from, a penalty which is both unjust and unfair to the parties, making the determination of any litigation depend largely upon the ability of counsel rather than upon the justice and right of the whole case. It would compel counsel, in the heat of trial, to elect whether he would stand on the question of law or question of fact.
The question of waiver involves the idea of voluntary election, but there can be no question of waiver when the action taken, which is claimed to be a waiver, was done under compulsion; and a party can only be said to have waived a right, under such circumstances as here presented, when he voluntarily takes one position which is inconsistent with a later one which he attempts to assume. In other words, if he takes one position, which is decided to be erroneous, he can only be said to have waived and abandoned that position if his subsequent voluntary action is inconsistent with the position *Page 133 first taken. In the present case, when the plea of forgery was allowed, the plaintiff contended that this defense was not available, because the plea had not been filed within the time prescribed by the statute. Had this position been sustained, no evidence on the issue of forgery could have been presented, but upon the adverse ruling upon this point the plaintiff still had the right to show that the signature of the appellee was her genuine signature. These two contentions are not inconsistent. They were, in effect, saying to the appellee, first, "You have no right at this time to make the defense of forgery"; and, second, "Even if you have, your plea of forgery is not true." These contentions were entirely logical, and were advanced by the plaintiff in proper sequence, first, by denying the defendant's right to file the plea, and, second, by denying its truth. Both might be sound. They are not made in the alternative. It does not present a case where, if one of the contentions is true, the other must be false, but is a case where both could be true.
All of the cases relied upon by the appellee, with the exception of Wilkin Mfg. Co. v. Melvin, supra, arose under speedy judgment acts, which are special statutory provisions and must be strictly followed in order that the parties may avail themselves of the rights and remedies thereby created. In none of them was the question raised as to whether the right of the plaintiff, who was entitled to a judgment and who had seasonably made a motion for such judgment, would be lost by joining issue after an adverse ruling on such a motion by the lower court, in the sense that such ruling could not be reviewed on appeal. They presented cases of a defective defense, by reason of a faulty affidavit or pleas as required by the act, which could have been taken advantage of by the plaintiff by moving in writing, as prescribed, for a judgment in his favor. Failing to take this action, but replying to the faulty or defective pleas, it was held that he had waived his right to insist upon a judgment for want of proper defense, after having replied and the case gone against him on the merits. It will be noted in these cases that the plaintiff was under no compulsion to elect one or the other of the *Page 134 courses open, and he would have been subjected to no penalty had he elected either. Under such circumstances, if he voluntarily decides to proceed as if the faulty affidavit or plea is good, he is held to have thereby waived his objection. The record in such cases shows that the plaintiff did not move for the judgment to which he might have been entitled, but voluntarily decided to treat the pleas or affidavit as legal, and meet the issue thereby raised. On the contrary, the record in the case at bar shows that the plaintiff seasonably made objection to the plea of forgery, and, upon its being overruled, reserved an exception, and then, under pain of a judgment by default against him, and resting his whole case upon the issue of law, was compelled to accept the issue of forgery raised by the plea. There is no legal effect to reserving an exception to the ruling of the court on this plea, for the reason that, if reviewable at all, the action of the court would be shown by the record, without such an exception. But the reserving of an exception does indicate that the plaintiff had no intention of voluntarily abandoning his point by replying to the plea of forgery. In the present case, if the plaintiff, after the additional plea of forgery had been allowed, had done nothing towards having it stricken out, but had replied, thereby assenting to it being properly in the case, he should be held to have waived the question of its legality, and refused the right to raise such question on appeal. Had this been done, the case would have been analogous to those relied on by the appellee.
In the case of Hutton v. Marx, supra, also under a speedy judgment act, the defendant pleaded, to a suit on an open account, never indebted, never promised, and limitations. An affidavit was made to the plea of limitations but not to the other two pleas. The plaintiffs thereon joined issue on the first two pleas and replied to the plea of limitations. Later, by leave of court, the plaintiffs withdrew the joinder of issue and the replication, and moved for judgment by default for want of sufficient affidavit of defense. The act required that a motion in writing should be made for judgment. Instead of moving for judgment in writing, as thus *Page 135 required, the plaintiffs joined issue on two pleas and replied to the third, action obviously not in conformity with the act. By such omission the plaintiffs lost the special benefit which the act afforded. In passing upon the question presented in that case, this Court, speaking through Judge Bryan, said: "We think, therefore, on the authority of Adler v. Crook, 68 Md. 494, that we are obliged to hold this affidavit defective. But the objection to it must be made at the proper time and in the proper manner. The act requires that a motion in writing should be made for a judgment. In this case the plaintiffs joined issue on two pleas and filed replications to the third. From these steps it is a conclusion of law that the plaintiffs elected to go to trial on the facts averred in the pleas; there would otherwise be no significance in thus pleading to them. And if they elected to go to trial on the pleas, they necessarily waived their right to move for judgment notwithstanding their existence; as these two proceedings are inconsistent with each other. It is very often that a party loses a right by not exercising it at the proper time. If he does not object to incompetent testimony at the time it is offered, he cannot do so afterwards. If he pleads in bar, he waives the right to plead in abatement. * * * The plaintiff, having two courses of proceeding open to him, passes by one of them and adopts the other, which is inconsistent with the first. There is nothing in the circumstances of this case which should relieve him from the usual consequences of his election. It was error to enter judgment on the plaintiff's motion, and it must be stricken out." The effect of that decision is to hold that the motion for a judgment should have been made before replying to the defective pleas. But there is no suggestion that if the motion for judgment had been made in strict accordance with the provisions of the statute, and had been overruled, this action would not have been open to review in this court, even though the plaintiffs had subsequently joined issue on the pleas. The fault of the plaintiff in that case was, that having two courses of *Page 136 proceeding open, which should be taken in logical sequence, he passed by one of them and adopted the second, which was inconsistent with the first.
In the case of Stockett v. Sasscer, 8 Md. 374, the defendant filed a plea of limitation. The plaintiff filed his replication to that plea, to which replication the defendant had joined issue. Subsequently the plaintiff filed a motion ne recipiatur as to the plea of limitation, on the ground that it had not been filed in conformity with the rule of court. This motion was denied. Upon appeal it was said: "The irregularity, if any, as to the time of filing the plea, was thereby waived, and we approve of the court's refusal to strike it from the rolls." In this case, while it is not said in so many words, the irresistible inference from the language of the court is that if the motionne recipiatur had been filed before replying to the plea, it should have been sustained; and there is no intimation that if it had been overruled it would not have been open to review in this court.
What we have said in reference to the cases last above quoted applies to all of the cases relied upon by the appellee arising under the speedy judgment acts. There remains to be considered the case of Wilkin Mfg. Co. v. Melvin, supra, which was a common law action. An analysis of that case shows that a judgment was obtained on May 31st, 1892, and that a scire facias on the judgment for the purpose of renewal was issued May 5th, 1906, which was more than twelve years from the date of the judgment. The defendants summoned under the writ of scire facias entered a plea of limitation. The plaintiff moved ne recipiatur as to this plea, and this motion was overruled. The plaintiff then demurred, and upon its being overruled, replied to the plea and went to trial. At the end of the plaintiff's case the court granted a prayer, at the instance of the defendant. directing a verdict in his favor. From the judgment entered the plaintiff appealed. On the appeal the claim was made in this court that the motion ne recipiatur should *Page 137 have been granted. This Court, speaking through Judge Boyd, held that by the defendant's replying to the plea of limitation, he thereby waived his right to stand on the motion ne recipiatur; and in the course of the opinion it was said: "Now if a plaintiff who has the absolute right to a judgment under the Practice Act, unless pleas and affidavits be filed as required, will waive his right to such judgment by filing a replication to the pleas, upon what principle should a plaintiff be permitted to reply to a plea of limitation, and then, if he loses his case, rely on a motion made to strike it out? How does an appeal from the judgment bring up his motion when he has thus waived it? Surely it cannot be said that this plaintiff was placed in a position in which he had to reply to the plea. The replication to the plea of the statute of limitations alleged that the scire facias was issued before the 5th day of May, 1906, and that the judgment was not of twelve years' standing, etc. The record spoke for itself on those questions, and there could be but one result on that plea, which, if validly in, was a bar to the proceeding. The proper practice would have been to decline to reply, and then, upon judgment being entered for the defendant, an appeal could be taken and the question regularly determined, whether the plea was filed in time. After all, that is the whole case — whether that plea should have been allowed to stand. With it in, the prayer granted by the court was proper, and there was no error in granting it." That case is distinguishable from the case at bar, in that there the identical question was raised by the replication to the plea of limitation as was raised by the motion to strike it out, and if the plea was properly in the case it was a complete bar to the action. The record on its face showed that the judgment was of more than twelve years' standing, and the plea of limitation was a complete defense; and action by the court on that question was as final and conclusive of the whole case, upon the motion nerecipiatur, as it could be upon a hearing after replication. *Page 138
In the present case, if the plea of forgery had not been received, this action would not have been final, because there were still open to the defendant all of her defenses under the general issue plea; and on the other hand, the plea being allowed, as it was, was not final as to the plaintiff, because he was at liberty to show that the plea, although in, was not true.
We are of the opinion that the decision in Wilkin Mfg. Co. v.Melvin was the result of the particular facts of that case; those being that the same and only question which controlled the decision of the whole case was raised by the motion nerecipiatur to the plea of limitation as fully as by a review of the action of the court in directing a verdict for the defendant, and it is not authority for the establishment of a rule in direct conflict with the many decisions of this Court; the rule established by these decisions being, as stated, that every ruling of the trial court which is the proper subject of appeal, and which is presented either by the record or by exceptions seasonably taken and properly authenticated, is open to review in this court on appeal from the final determination of the case.
It was suggested by the appellee that the rule that prayers amounting to demurrers to the evidence, offered by the defendant at the close of the plaintiff's case, are not subject to review on appeal where the defendant offers evidence on his own behalf, is authority for the appellee's contention here as being analogous. This contention is unsound, because the real and substantial reason for that rule is that, after a demurrer to the evidence prayer has been offered at the close of the plaintiff's case and overruled, and the defendant then proceeds to offer evidence, such evidence may, and not infrequently does, supply deficiencies in the plaintiff's proof, and therefore a prayer after the defendant's evidence is in must be based upon the whole evidence and not upon the plaintiff's evidence alone.
It is also urged that, because the Act of 1867, which permits a party demurring to have considered on appeal the questions *Page 139 raised by demurrer even though he plead after the overruling of a demurrer, does not include motions, it is authority for the contention here of the appellee. While it is true that that act, now codified as section 10 of article 75 of the Code, does not include motions, neither does it include orders; and it could not seriously be argued that a defendant who files a plea to the jurisdiction, upon its being overruled, loses his right to have the question raised by such a plea reviewed on appeal in all cases where he afterwards submits to the jurisdiction of the court and the case is continued to a final judgment.
It was said in Gittings v. State, 33 Md. 461: "It is well settled, by numerous decisions of this court, that no appeal in actions at law can be prosecuted until a decision has been had in the court below, which is so far final as to settle and conclude the rights of the party involved in the action, or to deny to him the means of further prosecuting or defending the suit, as otherwise, by repeated appeals, litigation might be protracted to an almost indefinite period. Hence no appeal lies from rulings upon motions or demurrers or other merely interlocutory judgments or orders pronounced and passed in the progress of the cause to final judgment. All errors committed by the court below in these rulings or judgments, if properly presented by exception or in some other form, are open for review on appeal from that judgment."
In the case of Tyler v. Murray, 57 Md. 445, where a plea was filed to the jurisdiction, this Court, after pointing out that two separate jury trials might be necessary, one to determine the issue of fact with regard to the plea to the jurisdiction, and the other to determine the merits of the case, said, in speaking of the method by which any errors in the entire proceeding could be corrected: "And if after trial, the verdict and final judgment should be against him (in that case meaning the defendant), he would be entitled to appeal, when alleged error in a ruling of the court in either trial before the jury would be open for review."
In the case of Harkness v. Hyde, 98 U.S. 476, the defendant objected to the illegality of the service upon him, and *Page 140 made a motion to quash the service, which was overruled, and he then filed an answer to the merits of the action. On appeal it was contended that, by answering after his motion to quash had been overruled, he waived the right to object to the jurisdiction of the court. In passing upon this point the Court said: "The right of the defendant to insist upon the objection to the illegality of the service was not waived by the special appearance of counsel for him to move the dismissal of the action on that ground or what we consider as intended, that the service be set aside; nor, when that motion was overruled, by their answering for him to the merits of the question. Illegality in a proceeding by which jurisdiction is to be obtained is in no case waived by the appearance of the defendant for the purpose of calling the attention of the court to such irregularity; nor is the objection waived when, being urged, it is overruled and the defendant is thereby compelled to answer. He is not considered as abandoning his objection because he does not submit to further proceedings without contestation. It is only where he pleads to the merits in the first instance, without insisting upon the illegality, that the objection is deemed to be waived."
It has been called to our attention that a hardship will result from an application of the rules and principles herein affirmed. While such a result is always to be regretted, it is not the province of the Court to make the law so as to prevent an apparent hardship in any given case, but to expound the law and apply it, as found, to the facts shown to exist in each case. It requires no citation of authority to demonstrate that this must be the rule applied; otherwise there would be no stability in the law and no uniform application of it, but each case would ultimately be resolved according to the views, caprice, or even the prejudice, of the judges who are to make the decision in the particular case. In order to obviate the alleged hardship in this case, we would be required, first, to disregard the plain and unambiguous language of the statute, which is that, unless the genuineness of the appellee's signature was denied by her in her first pleading after it was alleged by the appellant, the law takes it as being admitted *Page 141 for the purposes of this case; and second, we would be compelled to disregard or reverse the well settled rule that all errors committed by the trial court are subject to review on appeal from a final judgment when such rulings are shown by the record or properly presented by exception. This we are unwilling to do. No sufficient reason having been shown on the reargument, there is no ground to change our former conclusion.
Former judgment of this court affirmed on reargument, withcosts to the appellant.