We are satisfied that, eliminating any question of waiver and the details of other information furnished defendant from time to time by plaintiff and his employees, the affidavits made by plaintiff Cohen and his general manager Greenberg on September 30th complied with the requirement that plaintiff furnish proof of loss. They were made out within the 60 days' limit in the policy. They recited the facts about the hold-up and what was procured by it, and must have been deemed sufficient by defendant's representative who made them out, because he did not require any further information. See Kavanagh v. InsuranceCo., 244 Mich. 391. *Page 230
As we shall presently see, defendant's adjuster, after fully investigating the facts, came to the conclusion that plaintiff was entitled to recover item (1), the cash belonging to plaintiff and stolen from the safe, so announced to plaintiff, and offered to pay such item on the spot, but denied that defendant was legally liable for item (2). This, therefore, necessitates the determination of two questions, i. e., (a) Did plaintiff have a lien on the effects of his guests in his possession and control at the hotel? and, if so, (b) Did the provision of the policy quoted render defendant liable for their loss in the hold-up?
Plaintiff clarifies the atmosphere by claiming that, irrespective of the innkeeper's act, he has a lien at common law on the effects of his guests brought to the hotel. In this claim plaintiff is unequivocally sustained by R. L. Polk Co. v. Melenbacker, 136 Mich. 611. In that case one Boyd, an employee of plaintiff, had accommodations at defendant's hotel. He brought with him to the hotel property of his employer used in soliciting business. It was held that the innkeeper had a lien on this property. Mr. Justice GRANT, speaking for the court, said:
"Mr. Boyd was in lawful possession of the property which he took to the defendant's hotel as a guest. He was plaintiff's agent, and intrusted with the property for the purpose of assisting him to carry on business for his principal. Being, under these circumstances, lawfully in possession, the defendant had a lien upon the property for the amount due for the keeping and accommodation of the guest."
It was also held that this lien existed at common law and independent of the innkeeper's act above cited. In 32 C. J. p. 568, it is said: *Page 231
"Both at common law, and under statutory provisions, an innkeeper is entitled to a lien on the effects of guests for the amount of the reasonable charges for their entertainment. This extraordinary privilege corresponds to, and is concurrent with, the extraordinary liabilities which the law imposes on the innkeeper. The lien is not created by a contract, but by law; the innkeeper, being obliged by law to receive the guest, is given the lien by the law as a protection. Consequently an innkeeper may maintain his lien even against a guest who is not legally capable of making a binding contract."
And on page 570, it is said:
"The lien of an innkeeper extends generally to all property, and each article thereof, brought by the guest to the inn."
Now, if plaintiff had a lien on the money and jewelry of his guests to secure the payment to him of his lawful charges, and we so hold, and it was in his possession in the office safe, and the proofs so show, it is quite difficult to perceive what system of reasoning we should indulge to reach the conclusion that it was not "collateral for indebtedness to the assured" and within the terms of the policy. The policy was issued to indemnify plaintiff from loss and ought not to receive so strained a construction as, to defeat its purpose.
Some questions of more or less importance arose during the introduction of testimony. As noted, the cashier testified that defendant's representative directed him to settle with the guests and take their receipts. This he did, and some of the receipts were received in evidence. Having been taken by direction of defendant, we do not perceive that it was harmed by their reception in the case. While the testimony of value of the jewelry might not have *Page 232 been very persuasive, it was admissible. Printz v. People,42 Mich. 144 (36 Am. Rep. 437); Kavanagh v. Insurance Co., supra. Defendant's counsel was refused the right to offer proof which tended to show that the hold-up was a "fake," an "inside job," although he offered no witnesses on the subject. He was limited, although not materially so, in cross-examining plaintiff's witness on the subject. The objection to the testimony, which was sustained, was that under Molnar v.Insurance Co., 242 Mich. 41, and the rule and authorities there cited, defendant was bound to give notice of such defense under the plea of the general issue. Upon this record the ruling was right, but the ground of objection was not. The burden rested on plaintiff to establish that he had suffered loss by a hold-up, and obviously this means a real, not a fake, hold-up. It was admissible under the general issue to adduce testimony tending to show that a real hold-up had not taken place. But before the suit was started, defendant had committed itself to its line of defense. It had unequivocally admitted its liability to the plaintiff for the sum of $1,558.45, the amount of plaintiff's cash taken from the safe, and as unequivocally refused to pay any more because it claimed it was not legally liable so to do. Defendant's counsel correctly contends that we are committed to the rule that an agent authorized to solicit insurance, sign and deliver policies, and collect premiums does not carry with such agency the power to bind the company by admissions or denial of liability. Among the cases so holding, see Barry Finan Lbr. Co. v. Insurance Co., 136 Mich. 42; Fish v. Insurance Co., 198 Mich. 270; Gambino v. Insurance Co.,232 Mich. 561. But the authority of an adjuster is far different. In the last-cited case, it was said: *Page 233
"Manifestly an agent authorized to adjust the loss carries not only the authority to adjust the amount to be paid but also carries as a part of and incidental to such power the authority to refuse any payment at all, to deny liability. His denial of liability is the denial of liability for his principal and waives proof of loss."
In the instant case the adjuster was a witness. He testified:
"I told him that. I told him that all we owed him under the policy, in our opinion, was $1,558.45, and nothing else, and I offered to pay it. Had offered all the time to pay it. Absolutely. I had the authority from the company to say that. He claimed that we owed him for the money lost by the guests. Mr. Cohen contended strenuously the liability of money lost or deposited by the guests. Oh, I can't recall all that he said. We talked for perhaps two hours, Mr. Anderson. He contended — the gist of it was that he was entitled to the money which he had to pay to his guests, or owed him for board, or money that he had that they had left there for safe-keeping; that they owed him for board, yes, I think that was mentioned. I think he contended that. The authority was this: We owed him $1,558.45, and my statement was that 'we will pay it' — today, if you want it, 'and as to the rest of it we deny liability,' absolutely, and 'deny that we owe you any more than that amount,' deny that the rest of it comes under the contract at all, and refused to pay any more based on that reason — the reason was that we did not consider that we owed it. That's a good reason."
And all the other testimony on the subject agrees that the adjuster — authorized to speak for the company — admitted a liability for $1,558.45 and denied that the contract of insurance covered anything else. *Page 234
Now, it is a recognized rule in insurance and other cases that, where defendant has fully investigated the facts, or in cases of sales of property where defendant has fully inspected the property and rests refusal to pay on a definite ground, he may not on the trial be heard to say that his refusal is based on another ground. In Towle v. Insurance Co., 91 Mich. 219, it was said by Justice MONTGOMERY, speaking for the court:
"Good faith required that the company should apprise plaintiff fully of its position, and, failing to do this, it estops itself from asserting any defense other than that brought to the notice of the plaintiff."
See, also, Smith v. Insurance Co., 107 Mich. 270 (30 L.R.A. 368); Douville v. Insurance Co., 113 Mich. 158; ProvidenceJewelry Co. v. Bailey, 159 Mich. 285; Harvard Co. v.Himmelein, 226 Mich. 691.
The other assignments of error have been examined, but do not merit discussion.
The judgment will stand affirmed.
NORTH, C.J., and FEAD, WIEST, CLARK, McDONALD, POTTER, and SHARPE, JJ., concurred.