John Dennis owned an auto truck. The Sinclair Lumber Fuel Company employed him and his truck steadily for 16 weeks in delivering coal and building material at an agreed compensation per ton of coal and load of material. Mr. Dennis, in returning to the lumber yard from making a delivery, was killed at a railroad crossing. The department of labor and industry held that Dennis was an employee *Page 91 of the lumber company and awarded compensation to his widow. Defendants denied liability, claiming Dennis was an independent contractor, was not an employee, and was not killed in an accident arising out of and in the course of employment. We issued our writ of certiorari on the application of defendants. Plaintiff filed two motions to dismiss the writ. Our disposition of the case renders decision of the motions unnecessary.
This is not a pioneer case. We have many times. considered the principal point involved, and, while not always in agreement, the majority opinions have fully settled the rule.
The Michigan workmen's compensation statute applies to employer and employee in the sense of such relation at common law, and not at all to the relation of an independent contractor to a job or jobs. An abstract definition of what constitutes an independent contractor is useful in the test of whether the relation in a case is such or that of an employee, but is seldom decisive, for each case has its own facts and the facts call for applicable law.
Mr. Dennis was hired, with use of his truck, to deliver coal in retail quantities to customers of the lumber and fuel company. His every act was under direction and control of the company. The coal for delivery was selected by the company, weighed under its supervision, billed by the company, and delivered in each instance under its immediate direction, and, if not paid for before or at delivery, was brought back, and, if paid for on delivery, the money was brought to the company. The same was true of building material. Mr. Dennis worked steadily for the company for 16 weeks and was paid at weekly intervals an average of about $42. At the time he was injured he was returning to the yard from making a delivery of building material. Mr. Dennis was in the course of his *Page 92 employment in returning to the place of his employer, even though not at the time of the accident pursuing the most direct route; there being some evidence showing road conditions justifying his course and nothing to show he was about any private affair.
An apt case illustrative of the common-law distinction between an independent contractor and an employee, under circumstances similar to those in the case at bar, isWaters v. Pioneer Fuel Co., 52 Minn. 474 (55 N.W. 52, 38 Am. St. Rep. 564). In that case the owner of a team and running gear of a wagon applied for work and had work for about three months delivering coal, was paid 35 cents per ton for delivering and received his pay each week. He was not sure of business every day, could quit at will, loaded the coal and delivered as directed, collected the money for it, procured receipts showing delivery, and returned the money and receipts to the company. In an action by a third person against the company to recover for injuries occasioned by his negligence, held that he was an employee and not an independent contractor.
This court has held that the test of the relationship is the right to control, whether in fact exercised or not.Tuttle v. Embury-Martin Lumber Co., 192 Mich. 385 (Ann. Cas. 1918C, 664). Mr. Dennis served the lumber and fuel company, in accord with its direction as to each load, under its right to control his movements and command his services in carrying out its business requirements, and the company had a right to dispense with the same at will without liability. Mr. Dennis was an employee and not an independent contractor. Van Simaeys v. George R. Cook Co., 201 Mich. 540; Conrad v. Cummer-DigginsCo., 224 Mich. 414; Hector v. Plumbing Heating Co., 226 Mich. 496 . The rule is quite uniformly so. Burt v. Davis-Wood LumberCo., 157 La. 111 (102 So. 87 *Page 93 ); Hillen v. Industrial Accident Com'n, 199 Cal. 577 (250 P. 570); Grace Construction Co. v. Fowler, 85 Ind. App. 263 (153 N.E. 819); Fancher v. Boston Excelsior Co., 235 N.Y. 272 (139 N.E. 265).
Counsel for defendants cite Norton v. Day Coal Co.,192 Iowa, 160 (180 N.W. 905), and claim it supports the position that plaintiff's husband was an independent contractor. It does, but is not in line with our decisions.
The claimed incompetent testimony can all be stricken out and still leave ample proof supporting the findings of the commission. Such being the case, we will not spend time in determining whether it should have been excluded.
The award is affirmed, with costs to plaintiff.
FEAD, C.J., and NORTH, FELLOWS, CLARK, McDONALD, POTTER, and SHARPE, JJ., concurred.