This is an action to recover damages for personal injuries received by plaintiff while riding as a gratuitous guest in defendant's automobile.
Plaintiff and defendant, together with others, the night of January 26, 1929, visited places where they danced and partook of refreshments. Plaintiff admits drinking a glass of beer and defendant admits that he had drinks. At an early hour in the morning defendant, while taking plaintiff to her home, and driving at a speed of about 30 miles per hour, fell asleep at the steering wheel, the automobile ran into a safety platform post, and plaintiff received a broken leg and bruises. Trial was had before the court without a jury. Defendant was found guilty of "gross and wanton negligence" and cast in damages.
After the accident, and before this suit was brought, Act No. 19, Pub. Acts 1929 (1 Comp. Laws 1929, § 4648), relieved owners of motor vehicles from liability to gratuitous guests except for injuries occasioned by "gross negligence or wilful and wanton misconduct." At the time of injury there *Page 115 accrued to plaintiff a common-law right of action, based on ordinary negligence of defendant.
Three questions are presented:
"(a) There was no negligence on the part of defendant.
"(b) That if the defendant was negligent the plaintiff herein was guilty of contributory negligence which would bar her recovery.
"(c) The provisions of Act No. 19, Pub. Acts 1929 (1 Comp. Laws 1929, § 4648), prevent the plaintiff recovering except in case of gross negligence or wanton and wilful misconduct and there is no proof of gross negligence in this case."
As well stated in 12 C. J. p. 972:
"An existing right of action which has accrued to a person under the rules of the common law, or in accordance with its principles, is a vested property right which may not be destroyed or impaired by legislation."
This in nowise conflicts with what we said in Bejger v.Zawadski, 252 Mich. 14. In that case a statute relieved the plaintiff from making proof required at common law, and, before trial, the statute was repealed and plaintiff was put to proof as at common law. What the statute gave the statute could take away, there being no contract relation.
In the case at bar the statute takes away the common-law right of action for injuries after its enactment but not before. The plaintiff's right of action was given by common law and not by statute, accrued before the enactment of the statute, and could not be destroyed or impaired by subsequent legislation. In Siller v. Siller (Conn.), 151 A. 524, a similar "guest act" was held not to affect an accrued previous common-law right of action. *Page 116
In Dunlap v. Railway Co., 50 Mich. 470, it was held (syllabus):
"A common-law right of action is property, and as such is within the rules of constitutional protection."
It was not necessary for the court below to find defendant guilty of gross and wanton negligence. Was defendant guilty of negligence? Defendant had been up all night, had taxed his powers of endurance with drink and by loss of sleep, and it was actionable negligence, under the circumstances, for him to continue driving until overcome by "tired nature's sweet restorer." See People v. Robinson, 253 Mich. 507. The approach of sleep is indicated by premonitory symptoms.
The question was considered at length in Bushnell v.Bushnell, 103 Conn. 583 (131 A. 432, 44 A.L.R. 785). We quote:
"In such a case, the question must be, Was the defendant negligent in permitting himself to fall asleep? Helton v.Railroad Co., 97 Ala. 275, 284 (12 So. 276). The defendant argues that, granted that premise, then he cannot be charged with negligence because no man can tell when sleep will fall upon him. It is probably true that one cannot ordinarily fix with certainty upon the precise moment when he lapses into unconsciousness, but it is not true that ordinarily sleep comes unheralded. * * * In any ordinary case, one cannot go to sleep while driving an automobile without having relaxed the vigilance which the law requires, without having been negligent; it lies within his own control to keep awake or cease from driving; and so the mere fact of his going to sleep while driving is a proper basis for an inference of negligence sufficient to make out a prima facie case, and sufficient for a recovery, if no circumstances tending to excuse or justify his conduct are proven." *Page 117
There was no want of care on the part of plaintiff.
Judgment affirmed, with costs against defendant.
BUTZEL, C.J., and CLARK, McDONALD, POTTER, SHARPE, NORTH, and FEAD, JJ., concurred.