On May 4, 1894, a contract was entered into between the Citizens' Development Company, of Ludington, a corporation, the Flint Pere Marquette Railroad Company and the Epworth League Training Assembly, a corporation, whose name was afterwards changed to the Epworth Assembly, the plaintiff herein. After recitals stating the purposes thereof, the development company agreed therein to *Page 567 convey certain real estate, lying along the shore of Lake Michigan and about two miles north of Ludington, to the Assembly. It also agreed to pay to the Assembly the sum of $1,000 and to attempt to secure donations in the sum of $10,000 from the citizens of Ludington to aid the Assembly in the development of a resort on said land. It also agreed to furnish transportation during the season of 1894 and thereafter during the life of the Assembly, and "to establish, construct and operate a street railway, or procure the same to be established, constructed and operated," from the railroad depot and steamboat dock to the grounds of the Assembly, and have the same in operation not later than July 1, 1898. The railroad company agreed to pay to the Assembly $10,000 and to give reduced fares to its cottagers and free transportation to certain of its officers. The Assembly agreed to erect permanent buildings on the land and to hold a meeting thereon during the summer season for the period of 15 years, and to use its best efforts to make sale of lots and to establish a summer resort on said lands. The contract provided that, in case the Assembly failed "to provide for such meetings and to carry on the kind of work herein designated and set forth," the land should revert to the grantors.
A more comprehensive statement of the object sought to be attained by said contract and the efforts of the Assembly to perform on its part, resulting in the development of a beautiful summer resort on said land, will be found in the opinion in Epworth League Training Assembly v. Olney, 136 Mich. 50.
On May 22, 1894, the development company conveyed the land described in the contract to the Assembly. A provision therein rendered it subject to the covenants and agreements contained in the contract. In March, 1895, the Epworth League Railroad Company was organized, the name being afterwards *Page 568 changed to that of defendant. On July 1, 1895, the Assembly conveyed to the railroad company by deed a strip of land 50 feet in width, particularly described therein, "to be used for railroad purposes only." The road was built thereon and operated apparently without complaint for many years. It procured a franchise to operate a street railway on certain streets in the city of Ludington for the period of 30 years. The road did not reach the depot or docks of the Pere Marquette railroad, as provided for in the contract.
In 1914, the Assembly sought to have the road extended to land adjoining its resort on the north, which it had at that time secured. The defendant's officials claim that, owing to the uncertainty of the passenger business on the extension, it was agreed that it might extend the line to a large sand hill and haul sand therefrom in freight cars over its line. The extension was completed in July, 1915, and passenger trains as well as freight trains hauled over it that season. There being but one cottage on the addition, passenger service was discontinued in 1916. Freight trains, hauling the sand, were, however, run over the road. On November 28, 1916 (after the road had been thus used for two seasons), the plaintiff executed to defendant a deed of a 50-foot strip of land from the end of the line as theretofore constructed to the side of the addition nearest to the sand hill. This deed contained a provision for reverter hereafter quoted.
After 1914, the passenger business on defendant's line began to decrease. In 1918, less than one-third of the number carried in 1914 were transported. Quite early in 1919 there were negotiations between the defendant and the plaintiff, the Hamlin Association (interested in another resort) and the city commission, looking towards the substitution of a motor bus service between the city and the grounds of the plaintiff and the Hamlin Association for that of the *Page 569 railroad. It resulted in defendant's applying to the Michigan railroad commission for leave to discontinue its line through the city and to a point where by a siding it connected with the Pere Marquette Railroad Company's line. The commission, on July 2, 1919, declined to grant such permission. The application was later renewed, and on July 18, 1919, the public utilities commission, which had, under an act of the legislature, succeeded to the powers and duties of the railroad commission, made an order granting such permission. This order recites that it appeared to the commission that an agreement had been entered into between the parties interested and one Joseph D. Cooper, wherein Cooper had obligated himself to furnish transportation by motor busses to take the place of that theretofore supplied by the railroad, and that all of the parties interested had consented thereto, whereas in fact the assent of the plaintiff's officials had not been secured. Plaintiff's secretary, however, had written a letter, saying that the matter could not be considered until a later meeting of its executive committee, but that he favored it and believed the committee would also do so. The city commission had instructed its clerk to execute this agreement and by resolution provided that upon its execution the franchise of the defendant should become null and void. The railroad roadbed, for which permission to discontinue its use had been granted by the utilities commission, was soon after torn up. Defendant continues to do a freight business in switching cars received by it from the Pere Marquette Railroad Company to and from certain factories along its line and also in hauling sand from the sand hill north of the river.
On July 29, 1921, plaintiff filed its bill of complaint herein. In its prayer for relief it asked:
(1) That the court issue its mandatory injunction *Page 570 directing defendant to relay its tracks and to resume the passenger service.
(2) That defendant be enjoined from transporting or conveying sand over its line where it passes through plaintiff's premises.
(3) That the court decree that by reason of the provisions in the deeds of July 1, 1895, and November 28, 1916, the title to the strips conveyed have reverted to plaintiff.
(4) That plaintiff be decreed its damages sustained by reason of the discontinuance of passenger service on said road.
After the proofs were submitted, the trial court concluded: (1) That the defendant was under no contractual obligation with plaintiff to furnish such transportation; (2) that plaintiff's remedy, if defendant's deeds have become void for the reason stated, was by an action of ejectment; (3) that plaintiff had not made out a case entitling it to equitable relief. He expressed a willingness to transfer the cause to the law side of the court, but plaintiff declined to do this and brings the case before us by appeal from the decree entered.
1. Specific Performance. Plaintiff's prayer for a mandatory injunction is, in effect, an appeal to the court to require the defendant to specifically perform the obligations entered into by the development company in the tripartite agreement of May 4th. The only contract relations existing between the plaintiff and defendant are evidenced by the deeds of July 1, 1895, and November 28, 1916, heretofore referred to. In the first of these deeds it was said that this land was "to be used for railroad purposes only," and in the second that if the land conveyed shall at any time "cease to be used for railroad purposes" for one year it shall revert to the grantor. These provisions in no way bind the defendant to maintain and operate a train or cars affording passenger service from Ludington to plaintiff's grounds. In fact, such an *Page 571 undertaking is negatived by the provision for reverter contained in the latter deed. The habendum clause in the deed first executed reads:
"To have and to hold the above granted premises to the said party of the second part, its successors and assigns forever for the uses above expressed, subject to the reversionary clause covered by deed from the Citizens Development Company to said first party and the contract between the Citizens Development Company to said first party and the contract between the Citizens Development. Company, the F. P. M. R. R. Company and the Epworth League Training Assembly now of record in the office of register of deeds of Mason county."
This provision was evidently inserted to protect the grantor on its warranty in view of the provision for reverter to the development company contained in the contract to which the deed from that company was made subject.
It is plaintiff's claim, however, that the defendant was organized pursuant to the undertaking of the development company to furnish transportation and that when it procured the franchise from the city and accepted the deeds from the plaintiff and equipped and operated its road such acts on its part were treated by all of the parties to the contract as a fulfillment of the development company's obligation to plaintiff and created a contract of novation whereby it became substituted for and assumed the obligations of the development company to the plaintiff.
In Gillett v. Ivory, 173 Mich. 444, 450, it was said:
"The necessary legal elements to establish a novation are (1) parties capable of contracting; (2) a valid prior obligation to be displaced; (3) the consent of all the parties to the substitution; and (4), lastly, the extinction of the old obligation and the creation of a valid new one."
See, also, Harrington-Wiard Co. v. Manufacturing Co.,166 Mich. 276. *Page 572
The record is barren of any proof of agreement or understanding between the parties evidencing a consent to such substitution. It is apparent that the development company was instrumental in securing the construction and operation of defendant's road. While it is true that the assent to and acceptance of the terms of novation may be implied from the facts and circumstances attending the transaction and the conduct of the parties thereafter, yet the performance by the substitute is not sufficient in itself to raise such implication.
"There must be consent by the creditor to take the new debtor as his sole security and to extinguish the claim against the former debtor. Butterfield v. Hartshorn, 7 N. H. 345 (26 Am. Dec. 741). Such consent is not to be implied merely from the performance of the contract by the substitute, for that might well consist with the continued liability of the original party, the substitute acting for that purpose in the capacity of agent for the original obligor." Illinois Car, etc., Co. v.Linstroth Wagon Co., 112 Fed. 737, 740 (50 C.C.A. 504).
It does not appear that there ever was a meeting of the officials of the three companies in which the matter was discussed. The development company had agreed to furnish transportation to plaintiff's grounds. It further agreed to provide or secure street car facilities thereto by a specified date. The operation of the defendant company was accepted by plaintiff as a compliance with that undertaking. But, without agreement on the part of the plaintiff, the development company was not relieved of its obligation to furnish such transportation. Nor without its assent was the defendant obligated to continue the operation of its road for that period of time. In the absence of proof indicating a willingness to be bound by the development company's obligation to plaintiff, it will not be implied. In our opinion specific performance cannot be decreed. *Page 573
2. Defendant's Title. It is plaintiff's claim that defendant has but an easement in the property conveyed to it by plaintiff, while defendant claims that it has title in the nature of a determinable fee. The trial court agreed with defendant, and held that plaintiff's remedy to recover possession was by ejectment. Ejectment is the proper remedy to recover possession of land for breach of a condition subsequent. Barrie v. Smith, 47 Mich. 130; Smith v. Barrie,56 Mich. 314 (56 Am. Rep. 391); Chippewa Lumber Co. v. Tremper,75 Mich. 36 (4 L.R.A. 373, 13 Am. St. Rep. 420). Such an action, however, will not lie against one in possession under an easement. McMorran Milling Co. v. Railway Co., 210 Mich. 381. The nature of the title acquired by defendant must therefore be determined. In its deed executed in 1895, plaintiff's predecessor conveyed to defendant's predecessor "a parcel of land fifty feet in width," particularly describing it, "to be used for railroad purposes only," together with all and singular the hereditaments, etc. In its deed executed in 1916 the plaintiff conveyed to the defendant "a strip of land 50 feet wide," particularly describing it, subject to the following proviso:
"Provided, however, if, for any reason, the property, premises or land above described shall, for one year or longer, cease to be used for railroad purposes and trains shall not be run over the railroad track built or to be built on the land described, then and in that case all of the land herein described, together with all and singular the hereditaments and appurtenances belonging or in anywise appertaining thereto shall revert to the Epworth Assembly, of Ludington, Michigan, its heirs and assigns, and this quitclaim deed become null and void and of no effect and all rights, title and interest in and to the lands above described remain the same as would have been the case if this quitclaim deed had never been executed."
On the face of these deeds it would appear that a determinable fee had been created. In neither deed *Page 574 is the land conveyed for a right of way, although an inference would doubtless be drawn that it was, from the description used. The first deed provides that the land shall "be used for railroad purposes only," and the second that if the land shall "cease to be used for railroad purposes" for "one year or longer" it shall revert to the grantor. Had not these provisions been inserted, it seems clear that an unqualified title in fee would have passed to the grantees. The restriction upon its use is a condition upon which the grant is accepted, a failure to comply with which voids the instrument and causes the title to revert to the grantor. A more perfect conveyance of a fee subject to be terminated by a condition subsequent than that executed in 1916 could not well be prepared. And this conveyance, being granted for an extension of the line for which the grant was made in 1895, is indicative of the intent to convey a similar title at that time.
The bill of complaint was, we think, prepared on the assumption that a determinable fee had been conveyed. The word "easement" does not appear therein. It is alleged that the defendant has not complied with the provision therein that the land conveyed should "be used for railroad purposes only," and that the land last conveyed has not been used "for more than a year for such purposes." In the prayer for relief the court is asked to decree that the use made of said strip of land has not been for railroad purposes, "and that therefore said proviso in said deed has become operative," and that said deed is "null and void and of no effect," and that the deed executed in 1895 "be decreed null and void, and that the title and interest covered thereby be revested in plaintiff."
In our opinion the title conveyed was a determinable fee, not an easement. Plaintiff's counsel rely on Mahar v. Railway Co.,174 Mich. 138. An examination *Page 575 of the instrument there considered will disclose that the consideration for the conveyance was set out at length; that the grantors reserved the right of sewage and drainage under the tracks to be constructed, and that it contained other provisions seemingly inconsistent with a conveyance of the fee.
The test of determination is the intention of the parties, gathered from the language of the instrument when read in those lights which are properly employed in the construction of writings. In Jones v. Van Bochove, 103 Mich. 98, 100, it was said:
"Where the land is first conveyed, and then a provision afterwards inserted, showing what the land is to be used for, it is held in many cases that the fee is conveyed, and the clause providing for what the land is to be used is a condition subsequent."
In Hickox v. Railway Co., 78 Mich. 615, a provision quite similar to that which appears in the 1916 deed was treated as a condition subsequent and recovery permitted in ejectment after the defeasance had become operative. "See, also, Blanchard v.Railroad Co., 31 Mich. 43 (18 Am. Rep. 142); Reynolds v.Gaertner, 117 Mich. 532; Estes v. Driving Ass'n, 181 Mich. 71 . Where one party claims a legal right to premises and another is in possession claiming adversely to him, an action of ejectment, and not a suit in equity, is the appropriate remedy to recover possession. Carpenter v. Dennison, 208 Mich. 441; Kavanaugh v. Rabior, 215 Mich. 231.
3. Nuisance. There is proof in the record that the moving of defendant's trains from the sand hill to the switch is an annoyance and inconvenience to the cottagers in plaintiff's resort, and the bill prays for an injunction to restrain their operation. In 33 Cyc. p. 644, it is said:
"The operation of a railroad constructed by lawful authority cannot, by reason of the noise, smoke, vibrations, or other objectionable features necessarily incident *Page 576 thereto, be deemed a nuisance in the absence of any negligence or abuse in the manner of its operation, although it may be located along a public street, or pass through a populous village or city; * * * But a railroad company may be guilty of maintaining a nuisance by reason of the negligent or improper manner of operating or using its cars and locomotives."
The record does not disclose that defendant moves its trains in other than the usual way. All railroads are considered a nuisance by those who live in homes close to the tracks. InGrand Rapids, etc., R. Co. v. Heisel, 38 Mich. 62, 70 (31 Am.Rep. 306), this court said:
"An adjoining proprietor can never be entitled to recover from a railroad company for the depreciation in the rental or sale value of his premises, because of the location of the track in the street, except upon the assumption that the location is of itself unlawful."
Rhoades v. McNamara, 135 Mich. 644, is clearly distinguishable.
The decree will be affirmed, with costs to appellee.
BIRD, C.J., and SNOW, STEERE, FELLOWS, WIEST, CLARK, and McDONALD, JJ., concurred. *Page 577