1 Reported in 15 N.W.2d 506. This appeal is from an order denying appellants' alternative motion for amended findings or a new trial.
Appellants are trustees of the trust created under the will of Mortimer Hayes Boutelle. Respondents, Harriett M. Renshaw and A.H. David, are respectively the executrix and her attorney, testator having, under paragraph 12 of his will, directed:
"I designate and appoint Harriett M. Renshaw as the sole *Page 160 executrix of my estate, and that she shall qualify as such executrix without the requirement of bond. I request that such executrix shall appoint my associate, Adrian H. David, as her attorney for the purpose of administering my estate."
The cause was originally heard by the probate court upon the petition of executrix to allow her final account and for the issuance of a final decree of distribution, she having fully performed her official duties. Certain objections were made by appellants, but only one question remains here, and this also was the principal question before the probate court and the district court on appeal. The probate court approved the account and issued the decree.
In their brief, appellants have paid testator's name and fame this well-deserved tribute:
"The testator, Mortimer H. Boutelle, who died on July 16, 1941, at the age of 74 years, was a lawyer of outstanding ability and a leading member of the bar of this state. He had an unusually fine vocabulary and command of English. In the preparation of written instruments he always had just the right word. While in some instances he might be thought to be almost verbose, yet when one read a document he had drawn, even though it was perhaps longer than a similar document some other lawyer would draw, one would recognize exactly what it was he wastrying to say. [Italics supplied.]
"He was a man of more than average pride. His pride in his work, his home, his family, his position and his professional standing was quite obvious."
Paragraph seven of the will, which furnishes the basis for this appeal, reads:
"I give, bequeath and devise to Harriett M. Renshaw all books of account, which have been maintained and employed in the carrying on and conduct of my law business in the city of Minneapolis, Minnesota."
The will was executed December 2, 1937, more than three and one-half years before testator's death. No change was made by *Page 161 codicil or otherwise, although he continued his professional activities until shortly before his death. His sole heir at law is his unmarried son, appellant Fred W. Boutelle, now past 50 years of age. Testator's wife died in 1925. His only other child, a daughter, died in 1936.
The probate court construed paragraph seven to be a bequest to Miss Renshaw of both the books of account and the accounts therein stated, holding that —
"said provision of the will" bequeathed to her "all amounts due and owing to the deceased including any and all debts due decedent for legal services and disbursements * * * due or to become due * * * as evidenced by and included in said books of account as well as the books of account themselves."
On appeal, the district court, after trial de novo, made extensive findings, the important one here being No. VII, which, so far as here material, reads:
"That it was the intention of the decedent to give and bequeath to Harriett M. Renshaw all books of account which had been maintained in the carrying on of decedent's law business in the city of Minneapolis, Minnesota, including any and all debts due decedent for legal services and disbursements, and decedent's interest in uncollected fees due, or to become due, for legal services rendered in matters not yet concluded, as evidenced by and included in said books of account, * * *."
Consequently, in its conclusions of law, it determined that the order of the probate court settling and allowing the final account of executrix and the decree of distribution was "in all things ratified, affirmed and approved."
What appellants here seek "is a reversal of the order appealed from with directions to enter judgment that by his Last Will and Testament, the testator gave, bequeathed and devised to the appellant trustees all debts and receivables due or to become due him for legal services and disbursements." Their exact position is stated in their brief in this form: *Page 162
"* * * We believe it is undisputed that testator intended to give her the books of account. The only question is whether heintended to give her the accounts as well." (Italics supplied.)
The gist of their argument is that testator —
"used the words 'books of account' to describe, not his bookaccounts, but his account books," and that this manifestly appears "from the fact that he qualified the words 'books of account' by specifying that they were those 'which have beenmaintained and employed in the carrying on and conduct of mylaw business.' " (Italics supplied by appellants.)
They cite many cases holding, in effect, that to arrive at —
"what was apparently or presumably" in testator's mind at the time of making his will "we must look first to the context of the will, to the language which the testator used * * * as the law presumes that the language used expresses the testator's intent. * * * In examining that language we must take into consideration the fact that it was drawn by an experienced lawyer and must give to the words used their usual and accepted meanings without enlargement and without restriction * * * and when particular or technical terms are used particular or technical interpretation or construction follows as of course in the absence of all clear intent to the contrary. * * * We must also keep in mind that no words used by the testator should be cast aside as meaningless, but that effect must be given if possible to every word and provision."
The quoted language is taken from In re Estate of Barrett,141 Misc. 637, 638, 253 N.Y. S. 658, 660, upon which the trustees heavily rely. We find no fault with the court's statements there, since our own cases are in general accord. Cf., for example, In re Estate of Norman, 209 Minn. 19, 26,295 N.W. 63, 66; In re Trust Under Will of Holden, 207 Minn. 211, 218,291 N.W. 104, 108. Our cases on this subject are cited and annotated in 6 Dunnell, Dig. Supp. § 10257.
What was testator trying to say when he used the words "I give, bequeath and devise * * * all books of account"? Did he intend *Page 163 to give Miss Renshaw a legacy, or only so many pages of useless and worthless paper, since that is all the books could be if she were to be limited to their physical custody, without more. Were we to construe the language to conform to the trustees' claim, who would or could be a beneficiary under the will? The one named could receive no more than an empty shell. Such a testamentary gift would be but "a teasing illusion like a munificent bequest in a pauper's will" (from concurring opinion of Mr. Justice Jackson in Edwards v. California, 314 U.S. 160,186, 62 S.Ct. 164, 172, 86 L. ed. 119, 132).
Surely, in the situation we have here, it just does not lie within the limits of reason for anyone to suppose that a man of testator's caliber would so cruelly treat his long-time, efficient office manager, whom he highly regarded. "For upwards of 30 years," appellants admit, Miss Renshaw "did his shorthand, typewriting, bookkeeping, hired the help, paid their salaries and looked after everything — all of the details of the office." The "amount of her compensation was on something of a contingent basis." That he considered her worthy of trust and confidence is evidenced by the fact that testator appointed her sole executrix of his will without the requirement of bond.
We think testator's "dominant intention to be gathered from the instrument as a whole" was to leave Miss Renshaw a legacy, not a worthless token. The quoted words are taken from Eaton v. Brown, 193 U.S. 411, 412, 24 S.Ct. 487, 488, 48 L. ed. 730,732. In that case testatrix prepared a holographic will, which, so far as here material, read:
"Washington, D.C. Aug. 31/001.
"I am going on a Journey and may, not ever return. And if I do not, this is my last request. [We omit here the description of the property willed and the names of the beneficiaries.] * * * All I have is my one [sic] hard earnings and I propose to leave it to whome I please. Caroline Holley."
Testatrix there went on her journey but returned to Washington, where she died the following December. The will was offered for *Page 164 probate, but this was denied "upon the ground that the will was conditioned upon an event which did not come to pass." The United States Supreme Court, to which the case was appealed, in passing upon this issue, said (193 U.S. 413, 24 S.Ct. 487,48 L. ed. 731):
"* * * The only question therefore is whether the instrument is void because of the return of the deceased from her contemplated journey. As to this, it cannot be disputed that grammatically and literally the words 'if I do not' [return] are the condition of the whole 'last request.' There is no doubt either of the danger in going beyond the literal and grammatical meaning of the words. The English courts are especially and wisely careful not to substitute a lively imagination of what a testatrix would have said if her attention had been directed to a particular point for what she has said in fact. On the other hand, to a certain extent, not to be exactly defined, but depending on judgment and tact, the primary import of isolated words may be held to be modified and controlled by the dominant intention to be gathered from the instrument as a whole. Bearing these opposing considerations in mind, the court is of the opinion that the will should be admitted to proof.
"* * * This last sentence of self-justification evidently is correlated to and imports an unqualified disposition of property, not a disposition having reference to a special state of facts by which alone it is justified and to which it is confined."
To the same effect is our own case of Davis v. Hancock,95 Minn. 340, 104 N.W. 299; and in one of our late cases, In re Trusteeship Under Will of Ordean, 195 Minn. 120, 125,261 N.W. 706, 708, we said:
" '* * * One of the highest duties resting upon a court is to carry out the intentions of a testator expressed in valid provisions not repugnant to well-settled principles of public policy. * * * What is sought is not the meaning of the words alone, or the meaning of the writer alone, but the meaning of the words as used by the writer.' * * * It is 'the dominantintention to be gathered from *Page 165 the instrument as a whole,' not isolated words, that shouldguide us. And we are required to place a reasonable and sensible construction upon the language used; hence 'canons of construction are only aids for ascertaining testamentary intent and are to be followed only so far as they accomplish that end.' " (Italics supplied.)
We hold that the legacy to Miss Renshaw was correctly determined by the trial court as one carrying with the bequest of the books of account the accounts evidenced by such books.
Order affirmed.