* Corpus Juris-Cyc. References: Husband and Wife, 30CJ, p. 1146, n. 82; p. 1147, n. 86, 89; p. 1148, n. 93; p. 1152, n. 69; p. 1154, n. 7; p. 1156, n. 42, 43; p. 1159, n. 92; p. 1161, n. 41; Limitations of Actions, 37CJ, p. 800, n. 39; Trial, 38Cyc, p. 1778, n. 73; p. 1781, n. 79; Witnesses, 40Cyc, p. 2217, n. 64; p. 2607, n. 61. On applicability of statute of limitation of actions to action for alienation of affections, see 13 R.C.L. 1463. As to fact of separation of spouses as defense to action for criminal conversation, see 13 R.C.L. 1488. Appellee brought this action in the circuit court of Walthall county against the appellant for damages, actual and punitive, charging in his declaration, in count 1, that the appellant had alienated the affections of appellee's wife; in count 2, that the appellant had deprived the appellee of the consortium of his wife; in count 3, that the appellant had deprived the appellee of the companionship and society of his wife; and, in count 4, that the appellant had seduced, debauched, and carnally known the appellee's wife. The trial resulted in judgment and verdict for appellee in the sum of two thousand dollars, from which judgment appellant prosecutes this appeal.
Appellant pleaded that the cause of action was barred by the statute of limitations (section 3102, Code of 1906), section 2640, Hemingway's Code 1927, reading as follows:
"All actions for assault, battery, maiming, false imprisonment, malicious arrest, or menace, and all actions for slanderous words concerning the person or title, and for libels, shall be commenced within one year next after the cause of such action accrued, and not after."
To that plea appellant demurred, which demurrer was by court sustained. That action of the court is assigned and argued by the appellant as error.
The appellee contends, and the trial court so held, that the statute of limitations pleaded was not the statute applicable to this cause of action; that section 3097, Code of 1906 (section 2635, Hemingway's Code 1927) reading, "All actions for which no other period of limitation is prescribed shall be commenced within six years next after the cause of such action accrued, and not after," was the governing statute as to the cause of action. The statute relied on by appellant does not deal specifically *Page 10 with actions of this character, nor is there any other statute of limitations dealing specifically with such actions. We are of opinion that the trial court committed no error in holding that the latter statute, instead of the former, governed.
The court charged the jury, peremptorily, to return a verdict for the appellee on the fourth count of the declaration, which charges, in substance, that appellant "seduced, debauched, and carnally knew appellee's wife." The appellant contends that the court erred in so directing a verdict for the appellee. On the trial, the appellant was placed upon the witness stand by the appellee. He admitted, in his testimony, that before the appellee and his wife were divorced the appellant often had carnal knowledge of appellee's wife, resulting in a child being born to them.
"To sustain an action for criminal conversation, two things must be established, (1) an actual marriage between the spouses, and (2) sexual intercourse between the defendant and the guilty spouse during the coverture. Once these two elements of the tort are established, nothing will serve as a defense except connivance on the part of the nonparticipating spouse, under certain circumstances, a separation or divorce, or defenses affecting the right to sue, rather than the substantive right of action." 30 C.J., section 1036, p. 1154.
The mere fact of separation is no defense. 30 C.J., section 1036, p. 1154. Some courts hold that separation is a defense where it was induced by the fault of the plaintiff. Other courts hold to the contrary. We think the latter rule is the sounder and better of the two. 30 C.J., section 1044, p. 1156.
Appellant assigns as error the giving of instruction No. 3 for the appellee upon the ground that it authorized the jury to find for the appellee upon less than a preponderance of the evidence. That part of the instruction in question is in the following language: *Page 11
"The court instructs the jury for the plaintiff that, if you believe from all the evidence in this case," etc.
By other instruction, the jury were told that it required a preponderance of the evidence to establish appellee's case. This court has held time and again that all the instructions in a case should be considered together as one instruction. So treating the instructions in this case, they plainly informed the jury that the appellee's case should be established by a preponderance of the evidence.
The refusal of the following instructions, requested by the appellant, is assigned as error:
"(5) The court instructs the jury for the defendant that, unless you believe by a preponderance of the evidence that the acts of the defendant were the proximate cause of the damages claimed in the declaration, you must find for the defendant.
"(6) The court instructs the jury that, unless you believe from a preponderance of the evidence and to the satisfaction of the jury that the plaintiff has established every material allegation in the declaration, you must find for the defendant.
"(7) The court instructs the jury for the defendant that, in passing upon this case, you must confine your findings to one definite issue.
"(8) The court instructs the jury for the defendant in this case that, even though you may believe from the evidence in this case that the defendant aided and assisted plaintiff's wife in leaving plaintiff's home when she separated from him, yet if you believe, from a preponderance of the evidence in this case, that the defendant's aid and assistance to her was asked by plaintiff's wife, because of plaintiff's ill treatment to her, and that defendant acted in good faith for humanity's sake, then the defendant was justifiable in aiding and assisting her.
"(9) The court instructs the jury for the defendant that the peremptory instruction asked for and given the plaintiff means only that you must find a verdict for *Page 12 the plaintiff, and so far as the instruction is concerned, one dollar or one cent would satisfy the peremptory charge.
"(10) The court instructs the jury to disregard any testimony introduced about Chas. Brister having been convicted of gaming, or having paid a fine in the state and Federal courts for possessing liquor, as this has nothing in the world to do with the issue submitted for your consideration.
"(11) The court instructs the jury for the defendant that the peremptory instruction given for the plaintiff in the case only means that you must find in some amount for the plaintiff, which amount may be nominal damages in the sum of one cent.
"(12) The court instructs the jury for the defendant in this case that, even though you believe that defendant had intercourse with plaintiff's wife before she obtained her divorce, yet if you believe from a preponderance of the evidence in the case that he did not know at the time of such intercourse that she did not have a divorce, then you must find for the defendant."
The refusal of the instruction numbered 5 had no application to the facts of this case. There was no question of "proximate cause" to be determined by the jury. If the evidence was sufficient to establish either one or all of the counts of appellee's declaration, he was entitled to a verdict without other evidence tending to show that the tort committed by the appellant was the "proximate cause" of appellee's injury. In other words, the injuries necessarily followed as the result of a tort.
There was no error in the refusal of the requested instruction numbered 6 by which the appellant sought to have the court charge the jury that the appellee was not entitled to recover unless "every material allegation of the declaration" was established by a preponderance of the evidence. As stated, the declaration contained four counts, and the court directed a verdict in appellee's favor on the fourth count. We have held above *Page 13 that there was no error in so doing. It follows that the giving of this instruction would have been in conflict with the one directing a verdict in appellee's favor on the fourth count.
By instruction No. 7, appellant sought to have the court charge the jury that they were confined to one count of the declaration. There was no error in the refusal of that instruction, because, under the law, actions for alienation and criminal conversation may be properly joined. 39 C.J., 1158, 1159, section 1054.
It may be conceded that instruction No. 8 embodied a correct principle of law, and still the appellant suffered no harm in its refusal, because the jury were fully informed in the other instructions that, if the appellant had done nothing to alienate from the appellee the affections of his wife, they should return a verdict for the appellee as to the count of the declaration based on such alienation.
There was no error in the refusal of instruction No. 9, because if given it would have been misleading to the jury. By it, the appellant sought to have the court charge the jury that a verdict for a nominal sum under the fourth count to the declaration would be justified under the evidence.
The refusal of instruction No. 10 was justified by section 1920, Code of 1906 (section 1653, Hemingway's Code 1927), reading:
"A conviction of a person for any offense, except perjury and subornation of perjury, shall not disqualify such person as witness, but such conviction may be given in evidence to impeach his credibility. A person convicted of perjury or subornation of perjury shall not afterward be a competent witness in any case, although pardoned or punished for the same."
There was no error in the refusal of instruction No. 11 for the reason given above justifying the refusal of instruction No. 9. *Page 14
Neither was the action of the court erroneous in the refusal of instruction No. 12 because there was no conflict in the evidence as to whether the appellant had carnal knowledge of the appellee's wife at a time when he knew she and the appellee had not been divorced. Appellant, as a witness, in substance, admitted that he had such connection with appellee's wife when he knew they were still man and wife.
Appellant further complains that the court erred in submitting to the jury the question of exemplary damages. We think there was ample evidence authorizing the submission of that issue to the jury. We find no substantial error committed by the trial court; certainly, no error harmful to the appellant.
Affirmed.