* Corpus Juris-Cyc. References: Wills, 40Cyc, p. 1230, n. 13, 17, 19. As to right of executor or administrator of one entitled to contest will to institute or maintain the contest, see annotation in L.R.A. 1918A, 467; 28 R.C.L. 389. On October 5, 1925, Constantine Scarlatos, who had for many years previously resided in Lamar county, Miss., died in the city of New Orleans, leaving a considerable estate, consisting of real and personal property located in the town of Lumberton, Miss. On October 10, 1925, George Attaya filed a petition for letters of administration upon the estate of the deceased, and a decree was entered by the chancery court of Lamar county, appointing him as such administrator. He qualified by filing the proper oath and executing a bond in the sum of ten thousand dollars, and thereupon letters of administration were issued to him.
On November 9, 1925, thereafter, George J. Cajoleas filed a petition for the probate of the last will and testament of the said Constantine Scarlatos, deceased, this petition having been signed and sworn to in Pearl River county on November 7, 1925. With this petition there were filed two separate affidavits, dated November 7, 1925, in which the affiants were denominated the subscribing *Page 441 witnesses to a certain instrument of writing purporting to be the last will and testament of Constantine Scarlatos, deceased, and in which it was averred that the said deceased, signed, published, and declared said instrument as his last will and testament on the 20th day of July, 1925, the date of the said instrument, in the presence of the affiants and other witnesses, but no copy of the purported will was attached to or in any way made a part of these affidavits. Also on the same day there was filed, along with the said petition and affidavits, an instrument purporting to be the last will and testament of Constantine Scarlatos, but neither this instrument nor a copy thereof was attached to or made an exhibit to the petition to probate, or the affidavits in support thereof.
On the same day a decree was entered by the chancellor in vacation, admitting to probate as the last will and testament of the deceased the instrument which had that day been filed among the papers in the case. In this decree, the application of Cajoleas for letters testamentary was continued until December 7th, and a separate decree was entered directing the clerk to issue process to George Attaya, adminstrator, to appear and show cause why he should not be removed as administrator and his letters of administration revoked, which citation was accordingly issued and served.
On December 7, 1925, the administrator filed an answer to the petition for probate and for his removal from office, which answer, under the new Chancery Practice Act, raised the legal sufficiency of the proceedings whereby the will had been admitted to probate, and at the request of the administrator's attorneys this answer was treated by the court as a demurrer to the proceedings for probate of the alleged will. In this answer the administrator denied that any proof whatever of said purported will had been offered, and averred that, although the said separate affidavits made reference to an alleged will of said deceased, still there was nothing whatever in said affidavits *Page 442 or attached thereto by which any particular instrument might be identified as the last will and testament of the said deceased, and that neither the petition for probate nor the affidavits filed in support thereof identified any particular instrument as the said last will and testament. It further denied that the deceased did in fact leave a valid will and testament, and averred that the purported last will which had been offered for probate was false, fraudulent, and forged.
On December 7, 1925, the date fixed for further hearing on the application for letters testamentary, the entire matter was argued before the chancellor upon the legal questions raised by the petition for probate and the objections thereto in the answer of the administrator, and the matter was taken under advisement for decision by the chancellor. On December 22d, at a regular term of the court, the chancellor entered a decree vacating the vacation decree admitting the alleged will to probate, because the proofs which had been submitted on November 9th, on exparte affidavits, were insufficient to justify the admission to probate of the instrument on file among the papers, for the reason that this instrument was not identified in the petition for probate nor in the affidavits in support thereof as being the last will and testament of the deceased referred to therein. The petition of Cajoleas for letters testamentary was also denied, but the decree provided that he might again present the alleged will for probate with such other and further proof and identificaton thereof as he might be able to furnish. On the same day, the petitioner, Cajoleas, filed a petition praying for an appeal to this court, and a decree was entered granting him an appeal to settle the principles of the case, but this appeal was never perfected.
Thereupon, on December 22, 1925, the administrator filed acaveat against the admission of said purported will to probate, in which it was averred that the said instrument was not the last will and testament of the deceased; *Page 443 that the deceased had never at any time executed a last will and testament; and that the said purported will was, in fact, false, fraudulent, and forged.
On June 26, 1926, Cajoleas filed a demurrer to this caveat, on the ground principally that the said administrator had no such interest in the estate as would entitle him to contest the alleged will or to maintain an objection to the probation thereof, and on July 6, 1926, a decree was entered overruling this demurrer; whereupon, on July 15th, the said demurrants prayed for an appeal to this court, and filed the required bond to perfect this appeal from the decree overruling the demurrer to the caveat.
There appears, in the record immediately following the petition for probate of this alleged will, a certified copy of the proceedings of the civil district court of the parish of Orleans, admitting to probate the said alleged last will and testament, which copy of these proceedings is not made an exhibit to the petition, and appears to have been filed for the first time on December 22, 1925, the day on which the chancellor entered the decree denying the probate of the will.
Appellants first contend that the court below erred in revoking the decree which had been entered by the chancellor, on an exparte hearing in vacation, admitting the alleged will to probate. This decree, which revoked the prior vacation decree, was rendered on December 22, 1925, during a regular term of the court. Upon the rendition of this decree, the appellants at once prayed for an appeal therefrom to settle the principles of the case. Section 35, Code of 1906 (section 10, Hemingway's Code), provides that:
"An appeal may be granted by the chancellor in term time, or in vacation, from any interlocutory order or decree whereby money is required to be paid, or the possession of property changed, or when he may think proper in order to settle the principles of the cause, or to *Page 444 avoid expense and delay; but such appeal shall be applied for within ten days after the date of the order or decree complained of; and bond shall be given and approved as in appeals from a decree overruling a demurrer, and the chancellor shall determine whether the appeal shall operate as a supersedas or not;" — while section 34, Code of 1906, section 9, Hemingway's Code, which provides for appeals from decrees overruling demurrers, provides that:
"Such appeal must be applied for, and bond given, within ten days after the demurrer is overruled, if in term time, and if decided in vacation within thirty days after the decree is filed in the proper office."
"Chapter 151, Laws 1924, which repealed sections 34 and 35, Code 1906 (sections 9 and 10, Hemingway's Code), provides in section 17 thereof that; `Section 17. An appeal may in sound discretion be granted by the chancellor in term time, or in vacation, from any interlocutory order or decree whereby money is required to be paid, or the possession of property changed, or when having sustained or overruled a demurrer or motion he may think an appeal proper in order to settle all the controlling principles involved in the cause, or in exceptional cases to avoid expense and delay; but such appeal must be applied for and bond given within thirty days after the order or decree appealed from is filed in the proper office whether the decision be in term time or in vacation. Such appeal, if allowed, must be allowed by the court or chancellor, and he shall determine whether the appeal shall operate as a supersedeas or not, but the appeal bond may be approved by the court or chancellor, or the clerk; but in case such an appeal is refused by the chancellor, it may nevertheless be allowed by a judge of the supreme court as provided in section 4908, Mississippi Code of 1906.'"
In the case at bar, the appeal granted by the chancellor to settle the principles of law involved was never perfected *Page 445 by the filing of the required bond, but, on the contrary, six months later the appellants contested the administrator'scaveat against the probate of the will by demurring thereto. Upon the overruling of this demurrer, they prayed for and were granted an appeal from the decree overruling it, and thereupon perfected this appeal by executing a bond in the sum of five hundred dollars, conditioned as follows:
"The condition of the foregoing obligation is such that, whereas in chancery court of Lamar county, on the 9th day of July, 1926, a decree was rendered adjudging that the demurrer of the principals herein be overruled, and said principals feeling aggrieved by said decree, have prayed and obtained an appeal to the supreme court. . . ."
This was simply an appeal from an interlocutory decree overruling a demurrer to the caveat, and does not present for decision the question of the correctness of the action of the chancellor in admitting to probate, in vacation, the purported will and afterwards, during a regular term of court, vacating the said vacation decree on the ground that it appeared on the face of the record that the alleged will had been admitted to probate upon improper or insufficient proof, and upon that question we express no opinion.
The demurrer to the caveat filed by the administrator presented the question of whether or not an administrator of an estate, who has qualified and entered upon the duties of the office, may contest a will afterwards presented for probate, and on this appeal that is the only question necessary to be decided. On statutes very similar to those of this state, the authorities seem to be in conflict, and we have found no case, and have been cited to none, in this state, which decided the exact point. We have two statutes bearing upon the right to contest the probate of a will; the first one providing for such a contest before probate, and the other for contest after the *Page 446 probation of the will. Section 1990, Code of 1906 (section 1655, Hemingway's Code), provides that any one desiring to contest a will presented for probate may do so before probate by entering in the clerk's office, in which it shall be presented, his objection to the probate thereof, and causing all parties interested and who do not join him in such objection to be made parties defendant; and thereupon the issue devisavit vel non shall be made up and tried, etc. Section 1997, Code of 1906 (section 1662, Hemingway's Code), provides that any person interested may, at any time within two years, by petition or bill, contest the validity of the will probated without notice, and an issue shall be made up and tried as other issues to determine whether the writing produced be the will of the testator or not. It will be noted that the first of these statutes provides that before probate, "any one desiring to contest a will" may do so, while the second provides that, after probate, "any person interested may" contest the probate of the will. It is contended that under the first of these sections any person may file a contest, although he may have no interest, financial or otherwise, in the estate, but we do not think it can be so construed. While the language is "any one," we think this was intended to and should be construed as meaning any one interested in the estate. It is inconceivable that the legislature intended to authorize a mere stranger or interloper, who has no interest whatever in the estate, to contest a will, and it was manifestly intended to limit the right to contest in either event to one interested in the state.
In the case of Hoskins v. Holmes County Community Hospital,135 Miss. 89, 99 So. 570, in construing these statutes, it was held that "the words `interested parties' in the statute means parties who have a pecuniary interest in the subject of the contest," and further that an executor was not a necessary party to a contest of a will. *Page 447
In the case of Selden v. Illinois Trust Savings Bank,239 Ill. 67, 87 N.E. 860, 130 Am. St. Rep. 180, it was held that the words, "any person interested," in the statute designating who may contest a will, mean those who have a direct pecuniary interest existing at the time of the probate of the will and detrimentally affected thereby. And in a note to this case in the American State Report, after reviewing the authorities upon the subject, the author adopts, as the clearest and most comprehensive statement of the rule deducible from all the authorities, the statement of the Tennessee court in the case ofBowers v. McGavock, 114 Tenn. 438, 85 S.W. 893, as follows:
"No one can question the validity of a will or any provision of it, unless he stands in such relation to the testator that, in the event the provision is invalid, he will be entitled, . . . to an interest in the property involved in the controverted provision."
In the case of Harris v. Harris, 61 Ind. 117, it was held that:
"The administrator of a decedent, even in the case of a domestic will, could not maintain an action to contest the validity, and resist or set aside the probate, of such will."
In the case of Fallon v. Fallon, 107 Iowa, 120, 77 N.W. 575, it was held that:
"The right of administration conferred by statute first on the widow did not of itself give her such an interest in the estate as entitled her to contest the will."
In re Sanborn, 98 Cal. 103, 32 P. 865, it was held that the public administrator had no right to contest the probate of a will, the court there saying that:
"The probate of a will can be contested only upon `written grounds of opposition' filed by a `person interested' — that is, interested in the estate, and not in the mere fees of an administration thereof." *Page 448
There is authority for the opposite view, and as said by the author of the note appended to the case of Braeuel v.Reuther, 270 Mo. 603, 193 S.W. 283, L.R.A. 1918A, 444, Ann. Cas. 1918B, 533, the decisions upon this question are irreconcilable. As illustrative of the line of decisions holding that the administrator may contest a will is the case of In reDavis (1905), 182 N.Y. 468, 75 N.E. 530, in which it was held that an administrator might contest under a statute which authorized a contest by "any person interested, as devisee, legatee, or otherwise, in a will or codicil," etc.; the court there saying that the administrator's personal interest to the extent of his fees for services already rendered, together with his interest as the representative of others, made him such an interested party as to entitled him to contest.
We think, however, that the sounder view is that the administrator is not interested in the estate within the purview of the statute giving the right to contest to an "interested party," and that it is the affair of the heirs or other interested parties, as such, to contest, if they desire, the probate of the document, not of the administrator. As was said in the case of Hoskins v. Holmes County Community Hospital,supra, in which the holding of the court in the case of Kelly v. Davis, 37 Miss. 76, in reference to the duty of an executor to contest a subsequent will, was reviewed, the administrator may and "his duty is to notify the beneficiaries under the will that they may take appropriate action to protect their interest."
The decree of the court below will therefore be reversed, and a decree will be entered here sustaining the demurrer to the caveat, and dismissing it.
Reversed, and decree here for the appellant.
Reversed. *Page 449