The information, filed November 17, 1922, charges defendant with murder in the first degree. On a trial he was found guilty of murder in the second degree and sentenced to imprisonment in the penitentiary for a term of twenty-five years. The conviction was reversed and the cause remanded. [State v. Aurentz, 263 S.W. 178.] On the second trial the defendant was again found guilty of murder in the second degree and sentenced to imprisonment in the penitentiary for a term of twenty years, from which he appealed. The statement by the Attorney-General fairly outlines the facts, as follows:
The evidence on behalf of the State tended to prove the following:
On the night of August 14, 1922, in Greene County, Missouri, there was a dance in the dancing pavilion at Percy's Cave, eight miles from Springfield, owned and operated by J.W. Crow, who lived about one hundred and fifty feet from said pavilion, which was lighted by electricity.
The deceased, Ernest Cameron, and his wife, Eva, a sister of appellant, after supper that evening in Springfield, drove with some friends in a car to Percy's Cave to attend the dance. Appellant in his car, accompanied by some friends, also left Springfield about the same time for the same place for the same purpose, and all friendly and apparently in good spirits. Appellant arrived first, and when deceased and party arrived and got out of their car appellant offered them a drink. Deceased declined, but his wife accepted. The cars, with others, were parked near the public highway about thirty feet from the pavilion. These parties then went down to the pavilion where the dancing was then in progress. It appears that soon afterwards some difficulty arose on the dance floor between deceased and his wife. Appellant remarked that, "If these kids don't quit their argument, I am going to kill him" (Cameron).
Presently deceased left the dance floor and went up to where the cars were parked, and later came back and in a few minutes returned to the cars, taking his wife with him. As they proceeded towards the cars it appears that Mrs. Cameron picked up a rock or some *Page 246 gravel and threw it at her husband as he ran along ahead of her, remarking as she did so, "You cowardly s____ o____ b____, run."
Appellant followed them up to the cars in a minute or two, and when he arrived deceased was standing almost in front of and near a car, smoking a cigarette. Appellant stopped four or five feet in front of deceased and as he stood looking toward deceased, the latter facing appellant, appellant said, "You d____ little s____ of b____ I'm going to shoot you," and drew a pistol and began firing. Cameron turned like he was starting to walk away and fell and died shortly thereafter. Deceased had said nothing to appellant preceding the shooting. Three shots were fired in rapid succession, one making a flesh wound in the shoulder, and another striking the vertebra and severing the spinal cord, which produced death. When the body of deceased was searched soon after, a pocket knife, a watch and some empty cigarette packages were found on him, but no weapon.
After the shooting appellant said. "If there is anybody here that wants to take it up, let him step out." No one stepped out, and appellant walked away into the brush with his gun in his hand. Appellant had checked his pistol with young Crow at the refreshment stand in one corner of the pavilion shortly after arriving, but called for it just prior to the shooting.
The testimony on the part of defendant tended to prove the following:
It was shown that deceased, at different times prior to the homicide, had difficulty with appellant and had threatened to kill him.
Appellant, a single man, lived with his mother in Springfield and on the night of this tragedy took super at the Yancey home, a neighbor, and afterward, about 8:30, he, together with four others, started in his car to Perey's Cave, arriving there about thirty minutes later. After parking his car they went to the dancing pavilion and danced until about 10:45, when Mr. Crow, the owner and proprietor, stopped the music and dancing. Previous to this time appellant saw deceased, who was his brother-in-law, strike his wife while they were on the platform. The latter appealed to appellant for protection, but appellant told her he didn't want to get mixed up in their affairs, and did nothing.
Deceased and his wife then left the dancing floor and started up toward the cars, and later came back, and then again returned toward the cars. This time deceased was jerking his wife along up the hill and beating her. Appellant and a young woman then went on up the hill in the same direction, and appellant's attention was attracted by deceased fighting his wife, and the latter said to appellant, "George, make him quit this." Appellant said, "Ernest. don't hit her any more." Deceased replied. "You are the s____ o____ b____ I want," and made a move with his hand toward his hip pocket and *Page 247 partially turned sideways when appellant drew his gun from his front trouser pocket and began shooting and fired three shots as quickly as he could. One John Yancey then came up and said, "My God, who done this?" Appellant replied, "I did, John, but I had to do it." Yancey said. "It makes no difference, I will put you in the penitentiary if it costs twenty thousand dollars." or words to that effect. Appellant said, "Don't come out with anything, John," and Yancey threw up his hands and said, "I haven't got anything."
Appellant then walked off across the road and stopped behind some cars out of sight of the crowd, but could still see the body. Yancey began straightening out the body of deceased and pulled the right arm from under the body and came up with a gun and said, "Everybody stand back. I will kill the first man that touches this body."
Appellant testified that when deceased reached for his hip pocket and declared. "You are the s____ o____ b____ I am after," he knew he had to kill Cameron or get killed, and shot to save himself. Appellant knew or thought deceased had a gun and knew Yancey always carried a gun, and thought deceased had gone to Yancey for it from remarks made.
Appellant denied saying, "If these kids don't stop quarreling, I will kill him." and denied that he said. "I am going to kill that s____ o____ b____."
Appellant admitted his conviction in the Federal Court at the April term, 1923, in Springfield, for selling liquor, and receiving sentence of six months in jail.
The first instruction given for the State reads in part:
"Bearing in mind the definitions heretofore given of the terms wilfully, feloniously, premeditatedly, and with malice aforethought, if you find and believe from the evidence that in the County of Greene and State of Missouri, on or about August 14, 1922, or at any time before the filing of the information herein, the defendant willfully, feloniously, premeditatedly and with malice aforethought, but not deliberately shot Ernest Cameron with an automatic pistol and further find from the evidence that within a year and a day from such shooting, to-wit, on or about August 14, 1922, the said Ernest Cameron died from the effects of such shooting and wounding done by the defendant as aforesaid, you will find the defendant guilty of murder in the second degree unless you further find from the evidence that defendant acted in self-defense as defined in another instruction.
"If you find the defendant guilty of murder in the second degree, you will assess his punishment at imprisonment in the penitentiary for such a length of time as you deem proper; not less than ten years."
Instruction 2 reads: "Upon the law of self-defense the jury are instructed that if the defendant, at the time he shot the deceased, *Page 248 had reasonable cause to apprehend and did apprehend, that the deceased was about, either to kill him or to do him some great bodily harm, and that the danger of his doing either was imminent, and that the defendant shot to avert such apprehended danger, then such shooting was justifiable, and you should acquit on the ground of self-defense. And in this connection the jury are instructed that it is not necessary, in order to acquit on the ground of self-defense, that the danger should, as a matter of fact have been real or actually impending; all that is necessary is that the defendant had reasonable cause to believe and did believe that the danger was real and about to fall upon him; and if the defendant acted in a moment of apparently impending danger from an assault by the deceased, it was not necessary for him to nicely measure the proper quantity of force necessary to repel the assault. And the question for you to determine is, not what you think it was necessary for the defendant to have done or not done, at the time he shot the deceased, but the question is what the defendant might have reasonably believed was necessary for him to do under all the circumstances as it appeared to him at the time. On the otherhand it is not enough that defendant believed that the danger wasreal or actually impending. He must have had reasonable cause soto believe: whether or not he had reasonable cause is for you todetermine under all the facts and circumstances given inevidence. If you should believe from the evidence that thedefendant did not have reasonable cause to so believe, you cannotacquit him on the ground of self-defense, although you maybelieve that the defendant really thought he was in danger. Youare further instructed that the sole defense in this case is thatof self-defense."
Instruction 3 is the usual instruction on threats. Number 5 is the usual instruction on reasonable doubt, the presumption of innocence and the burden of proof, and that the jury are the sole judges of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony. Learned counsel for appellant, in their brief, assign several errors which we will consider in their order.
I. That Mr. Hamlin, in his closing argument for the prosecution, said: "What has he [defendant] been doing? Has he been the angel that Mr. Collins would have you believe he is? Oh no, the evidence wholly fails to show where he has hit a tap except to violate the Constitution of the United StatesArgument and has been convicted in the Federal Court." The billto Jury. of exceptions continues: "This was in reply to Attorney Collin's argument wherein he referred to the defendant's activity and good character as a law-abiding citizen, to which language the defendant *Page 249 duly objected at the time. Objection overruled, to which defendant excepted."
There is no evidence in the record justifying the argument of defendant's counsel which elicited the language complained of. There is no merit in this complaint.
"Mr. Hamlin also used the following language in his closing argument: `It's only been a short while since George McDaniel stood by the people of this county and saved them thousands of dollars.' To such language defendant duly objected at the time for the reason it is not evidence. By the COURT: The objection will be overruled: he is commenting on the evidence. To which ruling the defendant excepted." Appellant has not indicated wherein the court erred in this ruling. We must assume it was a proper comment on the evidence.
Objections to other remarks by counsel in his closing arguments were sustained. The court was not asked to reprimand counsel. The court having sustained the objections and no further relief having been asked, the remarks complained of cannot be considered on appeal.
II. The second assignment is that the testimony of J.W. Crow and his wife was not in rebuttal "and their evidenceRebuttal. is immaterial, yet prejudicial, being of a negative character and likely to be mistaken for affirmative statements."
Complaint is also made under this assignment that George F. Welch was permitted to testify "though his name was not indorsed on the information."
The defendant introduced evidence that the deceased, Ernest Cameron, and his wife, were on the floor of the pavilion and that a short time before the defendant shot and killed Cameron, he, Cameron, struck his wife on her face with his fist and knocked her down, and that Mrs. Cameron appealed to the defendant, who was her brother, for protection. Crow, the proprietor of the pavilion, and his wife, were sitting on the porch of their residence. They testified the pavilion was lighted by electricity; that they were looking at the dancers at the time mentioned and could see all parts of the pavilion and that they did not see or know anything about a woman being knocked down. Their evidence was properly admitted in rebuttal.
After the State closed its case but before the defendant offered any testimony, the prosecuting attorney asked leave to indorse on the information the name of George F. Welch, who was an eye-witness to the tragedy, as a witness for the State. Upon a showing made by the prosecuting attorney that he hadIndorsement first learned, after the State closed its case, thatof Witness. the testimony of this witness was material, the court permitted the name of *Page 250 the witness to be indorsed and announced that counsel for the defendant should have an opportunity to interview the witness before he should be permitted to testify. This offer was declined by counsel. The indorsement was authorized by Section 3889, Revised Statutes 1919. [State v. Barrington, 198 Mo. 23, 70, 95 S.W. 235; State v. Jeffries, 210 Mo. 302, 324. 109 S.W. 614; State v. Lassieur. 242 S.W. 901; State v. Dixon, 253 S.W. 746.]
III. William Tiller, a witness for the defendant, who lived at Carthage, Missouri, testified that in a conversation with John Yancey, a witness for the State, about the homicide at Perey's Cave on the night of August 14, 1922, Yancey had offered witness money if he would swear he was at the cave on thatReprimand. occasion. On cross-examination Tiller said he was at Springfield during the first trial of this case; that he guessed he was "up there gambling;" that he knew that George Aurentz, with whom he was on friendly terms, was on trial for his life, and that he had not reported his talk with Yancey to any one. "Q. You heard the jury had given him twenty-five years in the penitentiary?" Defendant's counsel objecting to this question, the court said: "The objection will be sustained and the attorneys must desist from asking such questions." Counsel for defendant asked the court to reprimand counsel and discharge the jury and declare it a mistrial. By the court: "I think I gave a sufficient reprimand; the request to discharge the jury will be refused. Gentlemen of the jury, the question regarding the verdict at the last trial was wholly improper and you are instructed to entirely disregard it; to disgorge your minds thoroughly of any consideration of that question." No exception was saved to the ruling of the court: hence it is not before us for review
IV. Appellant criticizes Instruction 1, on murder in the second degree. It purports, so learned counsel say, to cover all the issues in the case; it omits to charge the jury on reasonable doubt; omits the question of "sufficient cause, reason or provocation and while it does refer to self-defense as defined in another instruction, that instruction in the former trial was declared erroneous."
The objection that the instruction does not refer to reasonable doubt is without merit. The court fully instructed the jury upon the questions of the presumption of innocence, reasonable doubt and the burden of proof in the fifth instruction for the State. There is and can be no complaint as to the sufficiency of Instruction 5.
It is the rule that instructions must be read and considered as a whole. In State v. Douglas, 278 S.W. 1026, WHITE, J., said:
"Furthermore, the court, by Instruction No. 12, carefully and fully instructed the jury regarding the defense of insanity, and it is not *Page 251 complained that it did not embody every element favorable to the defendant that he could properly ask. In some of the cases it is said that a particular instruction on self-defense does not correct the omission in the main instruction. I do not believe that distinction is based on any sound reason. The instruction here on insanity, had it been incorporated as a part of Instruction No. 5 complained of, would entirely have met appellant's objection. What difference is there in the effect of the instructions that the two parts are separated by numerals? This court has repeatedly held that instructions must be read and considered as a whole. It is for convenience in considering them that they are separately numbered, not that they should have any different effect. So it has been held in civil cases that, where an instruction authorizes a verdict for the plaintiff, and omits mention of a defense, such instruction is erroneous, but the error is cured where another instruction embodies such defenses. [McIntyre v. St. Louis S.F.R. Co., 286 Mo. l.c. 260,227 S.W. 1047; State ex rel. Jenkins v. Trimble, 291 Mo. 234,236 S.W. 651; State ex rel. Ambrose v. Trimble, 304 Mo. l.c. 537,263 S.W. 840. There is no good reason why that rule should not apply to criminal cases as well as to civil cases. The defendant is not harmed in such cases because his entire defense is properly put before the jury just as forcibly and clearly as possible. Under the instructions given, the jury could not have found the defendant guilty without finding him sane."
The instruction does not omit the issue of self-defense, but expressly refers to another instruction on that issue.
Again it is assigned as error under this point that the court erred is not omitting the portion (which we have italicized) of the second instruction as heretofore set out.
This instruction properly declares the law of self-defense. "Homicide shall be deemed justifiable when committed by any person in either of the following cases: . . . or, second, when committed in the lawful defense of such person, or of his or her husband or wife, parent, child, brother, sister, . . . when there shall be reasonable cause to apprehend a design to commit a felony, or to do some great personal injury, and there shall be reasonable cause to apprehend immediate danger of such design being accomplished." [Sec. 3233, R.S. 1919.]
Under the statute it is not enough that the defendant believed that the deceased. Cameron, was about to take his life. The question is, did he have reasonable cause to believe that Cameron intended to kill him, or to do him some great personal injury and to apprehend immediate danger of such design being accomplished. The portion of the instruction criticized informed the jury that it was not enough that defendant believed that the danger was real or actually *Page 252 impending; he must have had reasonable cause so to believe; whether or not he had such reasonable cause "is for you to determine under all the facts and circumstances given in evidence."
While this instruction is, perhaps, longer than necessary, and, may be, somewhat repetitious, yet we think it clearly enunciated the law applicable to justifiable homicide, in accordance with the spirit and letter of the statute. The instruction did not require the jury to find that Cameron, as a matter of fact, was about to take the defendant's life before he could invoke the right of self-defense, but that the defendant had reasonable cause to apprehend such design and to apprehend immediate danger of such design being accomplished. As said by Judge WALKER in State v. Parmenter, 278 Mo. 532, 541, 213 S.W. 439: "This instruction read as a whole shows clearly that it was not the real, but the apprehended danger, which would justify defensive action."
Substantially this form of instruction was approved also in State v. Gee, 85 Mo. 647, 650 (13), and State v. Parker,106 Mo. 217, 224, 17 S.W. 180. Instruction A, asked by the defendant on the subject of self-defense, was fully covered by Instruction 2, and was properly refused.
V. Error is assigned in that the court failed to instruct the jury "upon the question of the credibility of the defendant, especially upon the subject of his conviction of a violation of the Federal prohibition law, and should have told the jury that evidence of that conviction was admitted solely for the purpose of affecting defendant's credibility as a witness."
The written request for instructions reads: "4. The credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony." The court gave instructions upon all the subjects requested. An instruction that the conviction of a violation of the Federal prohibition law went only to the credibility of the defendant's evidence was not requested. Failure to instruct on a collateral matter, not an essential element of the offense embraced within the charge, is not error unless such an instruction is requested. [State v. English, 308 Mo. 695, 707, 274 S.W. 470 (11).] The failure to instruct on this subject was not called to the attention of the court in the motion for new trial, hence the alleged error is not reviewable on appeal. [State v. Knight,278 S.W. 1036 (8).]
VI. It is alleged that the court erred in failing to instruct the jury on the law of manslaughter. The defendant testified that Cameron struck his wife, the defendant's sister, while she was "on the dance platform and she appealed to me and I just told her I didn't want to mix up in any of her affairs, or words and substance to that. *Page 253 I didn't want to have any trouble. They were near the entrance on the north side of the dance hall when he struck her; I was just a few feet from them. After striking her he went up the hill where the cars were parked. He hit her and she came right over to me and appealed to me. Crow came in and ordered the dancing stopped and they stopped right away. Cameron came back down the hill nearly to the entrance; he was jerking her (his wife) and taking her up the hill from the pavilion with Della Armstrong. When I got to the hill or gate, Cameron was fighting or jerking and beating my sister. She said, `George, make him quit this.' I says, `Ernest, don't hit her any more.' He says, `You are the s____ o____ b____ I want,' and went to his hip pocket, kind of turned sideways and went to his hip pocket, and I had a gun in my front pants pocket and drew it and commenced shooting. I shot three shots as quick as I could. Immediately after the shooting Mr. Yancey came around to the front end of my car; I was in front of my car, and says, `My God, who done this?' I says, `I did, John, but I had to do it.' He says, `It makes no difference, I will put you in the penitentiary if it costs twenty thousand dollars,' or words to that effect." Witness further stated that Yancey had nothing in his hand at that time; that Yancey stooped down over Cameron's body, straightening the body, and came up with a gun and said, "`Everybody stand back. I will kill the first man that touches this body.' I stepped over the fence and went up the hill and sat down. I didn't want any trouble with him; had all the trouble I wanted. When Cameron reached for his hip pocket and says you are the s____ o____ b____ I am after, I knew I either had to kill him or he was going to kill me. I could tell from his actions. I shot to save myself. I knew it was him or me, one."
The defendant's testimony wholly fails to show that he was provoked into a sudden passion by Cameron's assaulting and beating Mrs. Cameron, and that he shot and killed Cameron in consequence of such passion. "But whatever cause of provocation may have existed, if the homicide was not the result of passion — if the slayer was master of his temper at the time, the killing with a lethal weapon is murder, not manslaughter." [Kelley's Crim. Law (3 Ed.) sec. 505 (note 177), citing State v. Green,37 Mo. 466; State v. McKenzie, 228 Mo. 385, 402, 128 S.W. 948, and other cases. See also State v. Connor, 252 S.W. 713, 718 (8).] On the contrary, the defendant's evidence tends to show that he shot the deceased solely because he apprehended that Cameron was about to draw a gun from his pocket. "I knew I either had to kill him or he was going to kill me." "I shot to save myself. I knew it was him or me, one." The evidence did not warrant an instruction on manslaughter. On the former appeal, Judge RAILEY said: "On the facts disclosed by the *Page 254 record, we are of the opinion that the defendant was not entitled to instructions relating to manslaughter."
We have considered all the assignments of error in appellant's brief and in the motion for new trial. The indictment clearly and distinctly charges the defendant with the crime of murder in the first degree. The verdict is in proper form and is supported by ample evidence. Finding no prejudicial error in the record, the judgment is affirmed. Railey, C., concurs.