This is an action in equity to enforce the revocation of a voluntary trust and compel a reconveyance of the trust property.
Alexander F. Stephens died in 1904 possessed of a considerable estate; he left surviving him a widow, Laura Stephens, and three sons, John, Frank and Paul. Paul, the plaintiff in the present action, was six or seven years of age at the time of his father's death, being the youngest of the three boys. His mother, upon due appointment, acted as his curator until her marriage to one Newcomer. After that event Newcomer became the curator, and as such had the management and control of his ward's estate until the latter reached his majority.
During all of his childhood Paul's health had been frail and for that reason he had received but meager schooling. One witness gave it as his opinion that the young man was, and always had been, sub-normal in mentality, but his mother and the other members of the family testified to the contrary. At the time of the trial the ailments of his childhood had about disappeared, but premonitory symptoms of tuberculosis having manifested themselves he had taken up residence in New Mexico. The change had proven beneficial and his health was improving.
Paul's brothers, Frank and John, each lost his inheritance by waste or mismanagement soon after it came into his hands. For that reason Mrs. Newcomer became very solicitous as Paul approached his majority lest he should suffer a like misfortune. She thereupon sought counsel as to means that might be employed to protect her son's estate against his own possible improvidence, *Page 222 or lack of capacity. After several conferences with her legal adviser, at all of which Paul was present, it was decided that a conveyance of the property in trust would be the most satisfactory means that could be devised for accomplishing the purposes the mother had in view. Accordingly a deed of trust conveying the boy's property, approximately $30,000 worth of real estate and $10,000 in notes and bonds, was prepared two or three days in advance of his twenty-first birthday, and on the morning of that day, July 20, 1918, the deed was duly signed and acknowledged by him and the property thereby conveyed was transferred and delivered by his curator directly to the trustee. The material portions of the deed were as follows:
"Know all men by these presents, that I, Paul M. Stephens, of Callaway County, Missouri, for and in consideration of the sum of one dollar to me in hand paid, and of the covenants and conditions hereinafter mentioned and to be faithfully performed and carried out, do hereby grant, bargain, assign, transfer and set over to James E. Moore, of Callaway County, Missouri, all of my right, title and interest in and to the following: [Here follows a description of the property.]
"To have and to hold the real estate and personal property aforesaid for my sole use and benefit, upon the following terms and conditions, to-wit: . . .
"Third: That the said James E. Moore as my trustee shall have complete control, supervision and management of my said property, both real and personal, and that it shall be his duty at all times to keep said lands rented on the best terms obtainable, to reliable and trustworthy tenants, and to see that same are cultivated and used in a husband-like manner, to the end that the same shall not deteriorate in value or be wasted by improper or improvident cultivation; to keep up the fences, buildings and other improvements thereon, to keep the buildings reasonably insured, and pay all taxes thereon as they become due; to keep all of my said moneys and other personal estate hereby conveyed or hereinafter inherited *Page 223 or acquired safely and securely invested; to pay all taxes thereon, and, not less than once each year pay over to me the net proceeds from my said lands and personal estate and property up to the date of such payments.
"Fourth: That if at any time I shall desire to live upon and cultivate for my own use a portion of my said lands, I shall be permitted to do so by my said trustee without accounting to him for rent; but provided that my said trustee shall at all times have the right to retain the control and management of a sufficient part or portion of said lands to insure a sufficient income to him for the payment of the yearly taxes and insurance on and up-keep of buildings and other improvements.
"Fifth: That during the existence or continuance of this trust, I shall have no power or authority to convey, alienate or encumber said trust property or any part thereof; or to anticipate or assign, mortgage or encumber in advance my yearly income or rent therefrom, and that so long as this trust continues or exists the title to all of the property hereby conveyed, and the annual income thereof (until actually paid over to me), shall be and remain absolutely in the said trustee or his successor in office. . . .
"Seventh: That the said James E. Moore, as trustee as aforesaid, shall give bond in such sum as may be fixed by the Circuit Court of Callaway County for the faithful discharge of his duties as such trustee, and that he shall make yearly report and settlement with the said circuit court of his affairs and business as such trustee and as he may be from time to time directed and required by said court.
"Eighth: In the event said trustee shall die or shall refuse or neglect to act, or for any misfeasance or malfeasance, his successor shall be appointed by the said Circuit Court of Callaway County, and said substitute trustee, upon the giving of such bond as may be required by said circuit court, shall succeed to all the rights and duties of said original trustee. *Page 224
"Ninth: Said trustee or his successor or successors in office, shall be allowed such reasonable compensation yearly for services as may be fixed and determined from year to year by the said circuit court. . . .
"Eleventh: Upon my death this trust shall terminate and the trust shall pass to and vest in my legal heirs, or as may be directed in my will."
In the following January, Paul Stephens, through his attorney, filed suit in the Circuit Court for Callaway County against the trustee, Moore, to have the deed of trust annulled and set aside. The grounds upon which plaintiff in that suit sought to have the deed set aside were: (1) There was no consideration for the execution of the instrument; (2) plaintiff did not understand the nature and legal effect of the deed, in that he thought he was simply constituting the said James E. Moore his manager and adviser; and (3) the deed was not the free and voluntary act of the plaintiff, but was obtained by the undue influence of his mother and step-father. In due time Moore, the defendant in said action, filed answer to the petition. Thereafter while the suit was thus pending a conference was had at which were present Paul Stephens, his mother, step-father and attorney and the trustee Moore and his attorneys. The conference resulted in an agreement between Stephens and Moore which was reduced to writing, signed by them and filed in the case. The portions of the stipulation pertinent to the questions here involved are as follows:
"Whereas the party of the first part, Paul Stephens, has decided to dismiss his suit against the party of the second part, James E. Moore, trustee, and whereas the said Paul Stephens and the said James E. Moore, trustee, have decided to amend the terms and conditions of the trust of the 20th day of July, 1918, and to reaffirm and ratify the terms of said trust, to this end this agreement is made and entered into.
"First: It is agreed that the said Paul Stephens shall have the privilege at any time after the expiration of ten years from this date to apply to the Circuit Court *Page 225 of Callaway County, Missouri, to terminate said trust, and, that said trust shall be terminated upon such application, provided the said court is satisfied that the said Paul Stephens is capable of conserving his property and estate, and of prudently managing his affairs. But also provided that in case an application is made and is denied and rejected by the said circuit court, then another application shall not be made for a further period of ten years. And further application shall not be made oftener than every ten years. . . .
"Fourth: It is agreed that the terms and provisions of said original trust agreement shall stand except as herein modified."
Pursuant to the stipulation the Circuit Court for Callaway County entered judgment which so far as material here was as follows:
"The court having seen and heard read the agreement aforesaid, and having heard evidence on the condition of the estate of said Paul M. Stephens in the hands and control of said James E. Moore, trustee, and being satisfied that it is for the best interest of the estate and the aforesaid Paul M. Stephens, the plaintiff herein, to have the litigation involved in this suit settled upon the terms and conditions contained in said agreement, it is therefore ordered by the court that said agreement heretofore entered into the 1st of March, 1919, above set out, between said Paul M. Stephens and James E. Moore, be ratified and approved by the court, and said trustee is hereby directed to administer said trust according to the terms of the trust agreement, dated July 20, 1918, as amended by the agreement of March 1, 1919."
The present suit was commenced January 31, 1921. In addition to the grounds set up in the former action for setting aside the deed of trust to defendant Moore, the petition alleges that before the filing of this suit plaintiff "repeatedly demanded of said defendant Moore, trustee, that he return to plaintiff all his property obtained under said deed of trust and that said Moore refused and still refuses to surrender to plaintiff his property." *Page 226 The prayer is: that the deed of trust be declared null and void; that the defendant be required to reconvey the property of the plaintiff received by him under the deed of trust; that he be required to make an accounting; and that plaintiff have general relief.
The answer consisted of a general denial, a plea of resadjudicata, and one of estoppel.
The circuit court after a full hearing dismissed plaintiff's bill. From such judgment plaintiff appeals.
The determination of two general questions is decisive of the appeal: Is the trust revocable? And, if so, is the grantor estopped from exercising the right of revocation by the judgment in a former action brought to set the deed of trust aside? We will consider these in the order named.
I. (1) We have heretofore announced our adherence to the doctrine, supported by the overwhelming weight of authority, that a completely executed trust, even though it be a voluntary one, without reservation of power ofRevocation: Sole revocation can only be revoked by theBeneficiary: Reversion. consent of all the beneficiaries. [Ewing v. Shannahan, 113 Mo. 188; McFarland v. Bishop, 222 S.W. 143; Melvin v. Hoffman, 290 Mo. 464,235 S.W. 107.] As the deed in question contains no express power of revocation it is necessary to determine who the beneficiaries are and whether they consent to a termination of the trust. Appellant insists that under the terms of the deed of trust he is the sole beneficiary. Whether he is or not depends upon whether he disposed of the entire fee, or in other words whether he divested himself of the reversion expectant upon the termination of the trust for his life. A reading of the deed makes it evident that it is not necessary for the trustee to take an estate of inheritance in order to enable him to perform all the duties imposed upon him by the trust. And the express language is: "Upon my death the trust shall terminate and the trust shall pass to and vest in my legal heirs, or as may be *Page 227 directed in my will." It is clear that the trustee does not take the fee; upon the death of the grantor the trustee's estate comes to an end; no further duty devolves upon him; he has nothing to do with the devolution of the property. The next inquiry is, do the words, "and the trust [estate] shall pass to and vest in my legal heirs," create a remainder, either vested or contingent? "It is accepted as one of the dogmas of the common law that if one makes a limitation to another for life, with a remainder over, either mediately or immediately, to his heirs or the heirs of his body, the heirs do not take remainders at all, but the word `heirs' is regarded as defining or limiting the estate which the first taker has, and his heirs take by descent, and not by purchase." And again: "At common law, if a man seized of an estate limited it to one for life, remainder over to his own right heirs, they would not take as remaindermen, but as reversioners; and it would be, moreover, competent for him, as being himself the reversioner, after making such a limitation, to grant away the reversion." [Akers v. Clark, 184 Ill. 136.] It is the generally accepted rule, that where there is a grant to one for life, with remainder to the heirs of the grantor, there is in fact no remainder; for the limitation, though denominated a remainder, continues in the grantor as his old reversion and does not devolve upon his heirs as purchasers, as it would if it were a remainder, but as his heirs. [23 R.C.L. 516; Akers v. Clark, supra.] When the deed involved in this proceeding is considered as a whole it seems very clear that the grantor had no thought of making a disposition of his estate to take effect at his death; the sole purpose was to provide for the handling and managing of his property during his own lifetime; the words, "and the trust shall pass to and vest in my legal heirs, or as may be directed in my will," is a mere statement, by way of further limitation of the trustee's estate, that the grantor reserves full authority to dispose of the reversion as he sees fit. In view of the foregoing considerations we conclude that the appellant is *Page 228 the sole beneficiary under the trust and that no other person has any interest in the trust estate, contingent or other.
(2) It is of course true that there are many trusts that a court of equity would not be warranted in terminating, even though all the beneficiaries were sui juris and consented thereto. We do not deem it necessary to point out the distinctions; it will be sufficient for the purpose in hand to consider the nature of the trust sought to bePower of terminated by this proceeding. The deed creating itAttorney. purports to be a conveyance in trust of the grantor's property, not coupled with any interest, but solely for the purpose of supervision and management. It gives the trustee no power over the property except the management of it. All of the rights or powers with which it invests him are fully comprehended in the following language:
"My trustee shall have complete control, supervision and management of my said property, both real and personal, and it shall be his duty at all times to keep said lands rented on the best terms obtainable, to reliable and trustworthy tenants, and to see that same are cultivated and used in a husband-like manner, to the end that the same shall not deteriorate in value or be wasted by improper or improvident cultivation; to keep up the fences, buildings and other improvements thereon, to keep the buildings reasonably insured, and pay all taxes thereon as they become due; to keep all of my said moneys and other personal estate hereby conveyed or hereinafter inherited or acquired safely and securely invested; to pay all taxes thereon and, not less than once each year, pay over to me the net proceeds from my said lands and personal estate and property up to the date of such payments."
These rights and powers while granted by an instrument in the form of a conveyance in trust could have been just as effectually conferred by the ordinary power of attorney. The doctrine is universal that a trustee takes exactly that quantity of interest, whatever it may *Page 229 be, which the purpose of the trust and its proper execution may require, and no more. [Young v. Hyde, 255 Mo. 496.] The deed here should therefore be regarded as investing the grantee merely with the powers of an agent, and, as the grant was not coupled with an interest nor supported by an independent consideration, such powers would be revocable at the pleasure of the grantor. [Angle v. Marshall, 55 W. Va. 671.]
II. (1) In the first suit appellant sought to have the deed of trust set aside on the grounds of fraud, mistake and undue influence. The petition in the present case while alleging substantially the same matters is somewhat broader; it avers that prior to the filing of the suit plaintiff hadRes Adjudicata. repeatedly demanded a return of the property by the trustee, and evidence was offered without objection that a formal revocation of the trust, in writing, signed and acknowledged, had been duly filed in the offices of the recorder of deeds in the counties in which the real estate is situated, followed by a demand for a reconveyance and return of property. Respondent insists that the judgment in the former action bars a recovery by appellant in this. If it be conceded that the judgment, which was rendered by consent, was an adjudication adverse to appellant of the issues of fraud, mistake and undue influence, still it would not estop him from thereafter asserting the right of revocation. The right to have the deed annulled and the right to revoke the grant therein made are distinct and independent; the first arises on the hypothesis that the instrument is voidable because of fraud and mistake operating at its inception, the second exists notwithstanding that it may be valid and unimpeachable.
(2) An examination of the judgment discloses that it merely records the approval by the court of the agreement entered into between the parties which constituted the basis for the dismissal of the suit. The agreement operated to modify the terms of the original deed of trust in some minorNew Promise: particulars. The only change made that hasNo Consideration. *Page 230 any bearing on the present controversy was through the provision that the grantor may apply to the Circuit Court of Callaway County at stated intervals to terminate the trust. The deed of trust so modified carries the implication that the grantor cannot terminate the deed of trust, except with the consent of the court on application therefor made at one of the times stipulated. This new promise on the part of the grantor, if it may be so designated, was wholly without consideration. As already pointed out he had the unqualified right to revoke the trust whenever he saw fit, and under the supplemental agreement he received nothing in return for its surrender. All the concessions were made by him in ratifying the original deed and waiving his action to have it set aside for fraud and undue influence. So that, if the modified instrument contained an express provision that the powers therein granted are irrevocable, or could not be recalled without the consent of the court, they would be subject to revocation notwithstanding. [MacGregor v. Gardner, 14 Iowa 326; Walker v. Denison, 86 Ill. 142.]
(3) It might be suggested that, as the grantor had provided in the original deed that the trustee should qualify by giving a bond to be fixed by the Circuit Court for Callaway County and should make yearly settlement with the court, and inBond: Ward the supplemental agreement had stipulated that theof Court. trust could be terminated only with the consent of that court, he had somehow made himself a ward of the court and subjected both himself and his property to its jurisdiction. How the jurisdiction of the court could be invoked by these means is, however, wholly incomprehensible. While the circuit court has jurisdiction to declare, enforce and administer trusts, its jurisdiction in that respect, as in all others, can be called into play only by certain well known prerequisites. Among other things, it is necessary that there be a controversy in some form — a plaintiff who complains of an injury done and a defendant who is called upon to make satisfaction for it. [2 Broom and Hadley's Com., 19.] An individual who is sui juris and under no disability whatever and who appoints an agent to transact *Page 231 his private business cannot, as was attempted to be done in this case, impose upon a court the duty, nor confer upon it the power, to audit the accounts of such agent. Nor can such an individual make himself a ward of the court. Courts of chancery have from time immemorial exercised supervision over the estates of minors and persons non compos mentis, but they owe no duty, and have no power, to exercise a guardianship over persons who are free and independent agents and who are in the possession of all their faculties.
There was a provision of the deed which was evidently intended to create a spendthrift trust, but there was no evidence that the grantor was a spendthrift; he had never had theSpendthrift opportunity of exercising talents of that kind, ifTrust. he possessed them; besides the effort to create a spendthrift trust for himself was wholly futile. [Jamison v. Trust Co., 207 S.W. 788.]
The judgment of the circuit court is reversed and that court is directed to enter a judgment enforcing the revocation of the trust and requiring the trustee to reconvey the trust property in his possession and to account. All concur.