Plaintiff sues Walker D. Hines, Director General of Railroads, in charge of and operating St. Louis Merchants Bridge Terminal Railway, for personal injuries and property damage arising out of a collision between the plaintiff's automobile truck and a locomotive engine operated by defendant at a public crossing in the city of St. Louis. By a stipulation in this court James C. Davis successor to Walker D. Hines as such director, entered his appearance herein and was substituted as defendant-appellant.
Bremen avenue, a public street running east and west, crosses Hall street, another public thoroughfare running north and south. On Hall street and crossing Bremen avenue were six railroad tracks operated by the defendant. Beginning with the east of these tracks they may be numbered for the purposes of the case as numbers one, two, three, four, five, and six. Track No. 6 or the west track was termed a "team track" and curved sharply to the west from the crossing. The defendant maintained a crossing gate on both sides of the tracks, which gates were operated by a watchman stationed in a tower to the east of the six tracks, from *Page 187 which tower the watchman had a view to the north and south along the tracks and also to the east and west along Bremen avenue. These gates, as was customary, were opened and closed on the approach of trains or engines. The tracks were of the usual standard guage, having a space of four feet, eight inches between the rails. There was a distance of seven or eight feet between each track.
Plaintiff charges that on August 15, 1918, he was driving his loaded automobile truck eastwardly on Bremen avenue; that as he approached near the intersection of Hall street, where said tracks and gates were maintained by defendant, and had approached to within one hundred feet of said gates, which were then lowered, the said gates were negligently and carelessly raised or opened by the defendant, and that the plaintiff following another automobile which had been waiting to pass eastwardly along said Bremen avenue over said tracks, proceeded along Bremen avenue over the defendant's tracks, and while so doing a locomotive engine negligently operated by the defendant ran into and struck plaintiff's truck, resulting in personal injuries to the plaintiff and damages to his said truck. It is further charged that the view of the approaching engine was obstructed by objects, and that plaintiff did not see or hear the approaching engine so as to stop and avoid it striking him until too late to do so; that the engineer in charge of said engine could, by the exercise of ordinary care, have seen the plaintiff and his automobile as aforesaid in time to have avoided striking plaintiff, but that the defendant through its agents and servants negligently failed to so look ahead and avoid striking plaintiff's automobile; that the said defendant by and through its employees in the control and operation of said engine negligently failed to ring the bell upon said engine, or to sound a whistle, or in any other manner to give warning to the plaintiff of the movements of said engine and the approach of same to said Bremen avenue over which the plaintiff at that time was driving. *Page 188
The answer in addition to a general denial, contained a plea of negligence on the part of the plaintiff in driving his automobile upon the track directly in front of or in close and dangerous proximity to an approaching engine, and a further plea of negligence in driving the automobile upon the track without looking or listening for the approach of the engine, when by looking he could have seen, or by listening he could have heard, said engine in time to have remained off of the track and avoided the collision.
Upon a trial there was a verdict and judgment for plaintiff for the sum of $4,625, from which defendant has appealed, claiming principally that its demurrer to the evidence should have been sustained, it being contended that the evidence convicted plaintiff of contributory negligence as a matter of law. Error is also assigned in the giving of instructions, and a claim is made that the verdict is excessive.
Plaintiff a man 65 years of age, residing at Labadie, Missouri, engaged in the business of general hauling and trucking, was at the time in question passing eastwardly over Bremen avenue with a truck load of hogs. He testified: "I was going east on Bremen avenue and came on to the tracks. I didn't know these were Terminal tracks or what they were at the time, and when I came in sight I supposed they were two blocks west. When I came in sight of the tracks the gates were down and there was another truck stopped and standing at the gate waiting for them to raise. When I got within 100 feet of the gate or tracks, the gates were still down and at about that distance they went up and this other truck that was standing there started. At that time I was right up behind the truck and was slowing up and near ready to stop. I was within a hundred feet of the truck as the gates raised and when this truck started I opened up my engine and went on. The track was clear and the gates raised and I just went on and didn't see this engine and couldn't possibly see it for a string of box-cars and the engine coming up behind these box-cars. I couldn't *Page 189 possibly see it." (These box-cars were shown by other evidence to have been on the second track from the west and to the north of Bremen avenue.) "I was looking north and south and I was within four feet of it before I stopped, because this other truck was there stopped and standing, and I couldn't see this at all until we struck. I passed the other truck on the south side of it. The engine was coming from the north, that is, from my left, and was going south. I first noticed the engine in the act of striking and didn't have time to do anything. I had got on the track and would get a square lick but I swerved to the right to the south and got a side swipe instead of a square lick. I don't remember anything after the crash until I was up on my feet walking around. The box-cars were right up to the street, right up to the side of the highway. The gates were raised up as I was approaching and were up until after the collision."
On cross-examination plaintiff testified that he had been over this crossing quite often and knew of the presence of the railroad tracks; that he knew that it was a busy crossing with frequent train movements. He further testified: "I don't know whether the box-cars interfered with my view on the first two or three tracks. I think the engine was moving on the fourth track. I cannot say that I heard any bells ringing. My truck was rattling and making a noise. I won't say the engine bell was not ringing. If the bells were ringing I knew that such bells meant engine movements. I was not going over eight or ten miles an hour as I passed under the gates, and under the conditions that existed I could stop the automobile in a distance of about ten feet. The impact took place south of the middle of Bremen avenue. There were plank boards across the street constituting the crossing, and I think the crossing extended practically all the way across Bremen avenue from the north to the south. The automobile that was ahead of me was in Bremen avenue north of the middle line of the street. As I started to go around it this truck was standing on the second track from the west and I passed it on *Page 190 its south side and couldn't see the engine on account of this truck and the box-cars. In spite of the gates being up I did look to the north and did look to the south. When I got to the track next to the one on which the engine was approaching I could not have seen the engine because the box-cars and the truck obstructed my view."
"Q. Why, if you were not expecting the approach of any engine, did you look north and south? A. I always do that. The fact that the gates were up did not prevent me from exercising the caution of looking north and south. Q. Well, why did you look to the north and south then, if you felt it was safe to cross the tracks after these gates were up? A. Because one going across the railroads all his life would know it."
Plaintiff further said that when he first saw the engine it could not have been more than twelve or fifteen feet from him, and at that time the front of his automobile was not more than seven or eight feet from the point of impact. It appeared from plaintiff's testimony that this other truck was about ten feet high with side curtains and was about fifteen feet long, and that at the time plaintiff didn't hear any bell ringing or whistle sounded on the engine.
Another witness for plaintiff, who was driving the other truck testified that the accident happened on the fourth track from the west and that the box-cars were standing on the second track north of Bremen avenue; that when he reached the second track on which the box-cars were standing to the north of Bremen avenue the engine at that time was about 100 feet north; that he stopped because he saw the engine approaching; that he did not hear any bell or other warning given by the engine, and that he did not know whether the bell was ringing or not. He testified that the engine at that time was running at the rate of six or eight miles an hour, and ran about twenty or twenty-five feet after the collision; that he did not know how fast plaintiff's truck was going as it passed him, as he didn't see it until it *Page 191 collided with the locomotive. This witness further testified that the gates were up and that he started across the track; that the box-cars kept him from seeing the engine until he got to a point to the east of the box-cars, where he then stopped because he had observed the approach of the engine from the north, and that he didn't remember hearing any bell or other warning.
A rule seems to be well established in these gate crossing cases. In Yonkers v. Railroad, 182 Mo. App. 558, l.c. 568, it is stated thus: "The fact that the gates were maintained, and that they were open at this particular time, necessarily constituted an invitation to one to pass upon and over the defendant's tracks. It was essentially an assurance to plaintiff, driving upon the street, that no danger need be feared from an approaching train. While it may be true that she was not so far relieved of the duty to look and listen that she could go blindly and heedlessly upon the tracks, relying wholly upon the fact that the gates were not closed, nevertheless her duty to look and listen is to be regarded as modified, to a great extent at least, by the fact that the open gates constituted an invitation to go upon the tracks and as assurance of safety on so doing. [See, also, Wack v. Railway, 175 Mo. App. 111, 157 S.W. l.c. 1072; Swigart v. Lusk et al., 196 Mo. App. 471, 192 S.W. 138; Strotjost v. St. Louis Merchants Bridge Terminal Railway Company (St. Louis Court of Appeals), 181 S.W. 1082; Montgomery v. Railroad,181 Mo. 477, 507, 79 S.W. 930; Rollinson v. Lusk, 203 Mo. App. 31,217 S.W. 328.]
Defendant's counsel do not seem to controvert the rule, but assert that it has no application in the present case because it is said to appear conclusively from the evidence that the plaintiff did not rely upon any assurance of safety from the open gates, nor construe it as an invitation to cross. While it is true that the plaintiff did not affirmatively testify that he relied upon the open gates as an invitation to cross, we think it may reasonably be inferred from plaintiff's statement that he placed *Page 192 some reliance upon the fact that the gates were raised. When he arrived within one hundred feet of the gates they were down and he made preparations to stop his automobile, but seeing them raised he proceeded eastwardly and went upon the crossing following the other truck in the rear and to the south of it. The gates were raised in the presence of the plaintiff, and this was an implied invitation to the plaintiff to cross, and that it was safe to attempt the crossing. Because the plaintiff testified that notwithstanding the gates were raised he did look both north and south and listened for train movements, does not show conclusively that he placed no reliance upon the open gates. It may well be that notwithstanding the gates were raised in his presence, the plaintiff was still bound to look and listen for approaching trains, which he testified he did but was unable to observe the approaching engine by reason of the box-cars which obstructed his view and also the other truck which had stopped on the track and which he passed on its south side and away from the approaching engine. We do not think under the circumstances of the case that it could be said that plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence as a matter of law in attempting to make the crossing in the first instance. Nor can it be said that he should be convicted of such negligence by reason of the fact that he failed to stop when upon the crossing because of the fact that the other truck had stopped. There is nothing to indicate that plaintiff knew that this other truck had stopped on the track because of the approaching train. Automobiles stop for various reasons. The plaintiff having once committed himself to the crossing it was natural that he should continue over the tracks, in the absence of knowledge of an approaching train, for to voluntarily stop upon a railroad track may well be said in itself to constitute negligence on the part of a traveler. Under the authority of the Yonker's case, supra, and the other cases referred to we do not think plaintiff could be convicted of contributory negligence as a matter of law. Under the circumstances *Page 193 of the case that question was one for the jury, and the court did not err in refusing to sustain the defendant's demurrer to the evidence. [See, also, Atlantic Coast Line Co. v. Grubbs,113 Va. 214.]
Complaint is made of the plaintiff's main instruction because it is said to authorize a recovery in the event plaintiff could not see or hear an engine approaching by reason of the obstructions, and permitted a recovery if the jury found the plaintiff looked and listened for an approaching train, though looking and listening were unavailing under the situation that existed. The instruction in addition to requiring a finding that plaintiff looked and listened, also required a finding that plaintiff was exercising for his own safety and protection the care and caution that an ordinarily prudent and careful person would exercise under the same or similar circumstances. In addition to having the assurance of safety given to him by reason of the gates being raised in his presence, the plaintiff looked both north and south for an approaching train and also listened before committing himself to the crossing. At that time he neither heard nor observed an approaching train, and could not be said to be guilty of negligence in going upon the track in the first instance. Not having seen nor heard any train movement at that time, and being assured by the opening of the gates that the crossing was safe, plaintiff was justified in proceeding on over the tracks. He was under no duty to stop his machine, in the absence of knowledge or information of danger. For him to have stopped while making the crossing, in the absence of information of danger, would have meant that he should stop upon a railroad track, itself a signal of danger. We perceive no error in plaintiff's main instruction.
Plaintiff's instruction No. 2 covering the question of contributory negligence is complained of. What has been heretofore said disposes of defendant's main objections to the instruction. As heretofore stated, the gates being up plaintiff had a right to rely on that as an invitation to cross, and he could not be charged with *Page 194 notice of the fact that the defendant desired to lower the gates and could not do so because the other truck was under the gates as was indicated by defendant's evidence. Nor do we think that the instruction should have required a finding that the engine bell was not ringing. Other instructions told the jury that if the bell was ringing, plaintiff could not recover. Plaintiff testified that he did not hear the bell, and unless he heard it, it would not affect the question of his negligence in the case.
Complaint is also made against the instruction on the measure of damages, which permitted a recovery for such sum as the jury may believe from the evidence will compensate the plaintiff for bodily pain and mental anguish, and also for such sum as will compensate him for any permanent injury, if any, which they may find and believe from the evidence he has suffered by reason of the injury in question. It is said that this instruction is erroneous because it does not limit the jury to a finding of reasonable compensation, and further because it permitted a recovery of damages for injuries beyond the purview of the allegations of the petition. We do not regard the omission of the word "reasonable" before the word "compensation" as reversible error. Nor do we regard the form of the instruction as being broader than the allegations of the petition, thereby permitting a recovery for injuries not alleged. The only evidence of any permanent injury in the case was to the deltoid muscle of plaintiff's shoulder, which permanent injury was alleged in the petition as an element of damage.
By an instruction given at defendant's request the jury were told that they could not allow any damages for any injury to the joint of the left shoulder as the claim in the petition was for injury to the deltoid muscle only so far as the shoulder is concerned. This instruction was quite favorable to the defendant on the question of the measure of damages, inasmuch as plaintiff claimed in the petition that his left shoulder was bruised and injured, in addition to an allegation that the deltoid muscle over the shoulder was permanently injured, and there *Page 195 was evidence showing injury, although not permanent, to the shoulder, as distinguished from the deltoid muscle over the shoulder.
Lastly, it is asserted that the verdict is excessive. We do not so regard it in view of the plaintiff's evidence which must be accepted as true, which is to the effect that he received a permanent injury to his left shoulder that incapacitated him from performing manual labor, which was his occupation and calling. A physician testified that he found the muscles of plaintiff's left shoulder atrophied and wasted; that the left shoulder was much lower than the right and that plaintiff experienced great pain on manipulation of that shoulder; that as a result plaintiff could not raise his left arm above a certain point; that by reason of the nerves causing pain as plaintiff attempts to move the arm the muscles have atrophied by reason of disuse. Another physician gave similar testimony, and they both testified that in their opinion the injury was permanent. In view of other minor injuries the plaintiff received, it cannot be said that the verdict is so excessive as to require interference on our part.
As a result of what is herein said, it follows that the judgment should be affirmed.