The plaintiff recovered a judgment in the Circuit Court of Lawrence County, in the sum of $5,000 for injuries received while employed by the defendant. The case was appealed by the defendant to the Springfield Court of Appeals and by that court transferred to this court because a constitutional question was involved.
The petition alleges that the defendant, who sued by next friend, was a minor under the age of sixteen years, to-wit, 15 years of age; that he was employed by *Page 188 the defendant, unlawfully, to work at operating and to assist in operating the defendant's "roller mill machinery," contrary to the law which prohibits the employment of any child under sixteen years of age in operating or assisting in operating such machinery used in grinding mills; and that while plaintiff was so employed his hand was caught and drawn between the rolls of "said grinding corn mill" and was so crushed that the fingers of his right hand had to be amputated.
There was a second count in the petition based on common law negligence, but that was dismissed.
After a general denial the answer of the defendant specifically denies that the defendant at any time violated any law, "but avers and alleges the facts to be that the law attempting to prohibit the employment of minors as set forth in the Act of the Legislature, approved April 7, 1911, and entitled, `Schools, Compulsory Attendance of Children,' as found in Session Laws of 1911, page 132, and under which the plaintiff seeks recovery herein, is null and void and of no effect, for the reason that the same was attempted to be passed and enacted by the Legislature of Missouri, in violation of Article IV, Section 28, of the Constitution of Missouri, in that said act contains more than one subject and the purposes thereof are not clearly expressed in its title."
The answer then alleges contributory negligence. The reply was a general denial.
Evidence was introduced by the plaintiff to sustain the allegations of the petition in regard to the nature of the employment and the injury.
The defendant also introduced evidence upon its theory of the case. For the purpose of determining the case this evidence need not be set out.
It was admitted that the plaintiff was fifteen years of age, and that the injury occurred while he was employed by the defendant in assisting to operate a corn mill. *Page 189
I. The jurisdiction of this court is questioned by the respondent. Many authorities are cited in illustrating the conditions under which a constitutional question presented in the record will give this court jurisdiction.Raising Constitutional A specific section and article of theQuestion. Constitution must be pointed out, the question must be timely raised, it must be kept alive, the constitutional question must be passed upon by the trial court and ruled adversely to the appellant.
It is asserted by the respondent that while the particular section of the Constitution is pointed out, the particular section of the statute is not designated in that part of the answer raising the constitutional question copied above. The answer calls attention to the Act of 1911, and complains that the law "under which the plaintiff seeks to recover herein" is unconstitutional. This sufficiently designates the section of the statute at which the objection is aimed. The plaintiff did not need to be told what section he was proceeding under, nor, would the court need any additional specification.
It is further claimed that the question was not kept alive. Before any evidence was introduced the defendant objected to the introduction of any evidence because "the petition fails to state the cause of action in the first count," which raised the constitutional question. The defendant at the close of the evidence asked an instruction to the effect that under the"pleadings and the evidence" the verdict should be for the defendant, which was refused. Both the motion for new trial and the motion in arrest of judgment allege that that court erred in refusing to sustain the objections made by defendant to the introduction of any testimony under the first count of the petition for the reason that the statute under which the first count was drawn was contrary to Section 28, Article IV, of the Constitution of Missouri. It does not appear from the record what oral arguments were made in support of defendant's objection to the *Page 190 evidence or in support of the instruction asked at the close of the evidence. It may be presumed that in those arguments the attention of the court was specifically called to the constitutional question. At any rate we think the record sufficiently shows that the question was kept alive, and was ruled on by the trial court in overruling the objection to the introduction of the testimony in refusing the instructions mentioned, and in overruling the motions for new trial in arrest of judgment.
II. The appellant claims the section of the act under which this suit is brought is unconstitutional in that the title to the act does not clearly express the subject considered byTitle. that section. The title to the act is as follows:
"SCHOOLS: Compulsory Attendance of Children.
"AN ACT to repeal sections 1715, 1716, 1717, 1718, 1719, 1720, 1721, 1722, 1723, 1724, 1725 and 1726 of Article 5 of chapter 20 of the Revised Statutes of Missouri of 1909, pertaining to `Employment of children,' and to enact in lieu therefor sections to be known as sections 1715, 1716, 1717, 1718, 1719, 1720, 1721, 1722, 1723, 1724, 1725, 1726, 1726a, 1726b, 1726c and 1726d,prohibiting, with exceptions, employment of children underfourteen years of age, and regulating the employment of childrenbetween fourteen and sixteen years of age, providing for the issuance of employment certificates for children between fourteen and sixteen years of age and prescribing penalties for violations thereof, and to amend sections 10897 and 10907 of the Revised Statutes of Missouri of 1909, by striking out parts thereof, and to repeal sections 4744, 4745, 10903 and 10904, 10910, 10913, 10914, 10915 and 10916 of the Revised Statutes of Missouri of 1909."
The sections repealed by the act were contained in the Act of 1907, the title to which is as follows:
"CHILDREN: Employment of.
"AN ACT entitled an act to regulate the employment of children in gainful occupations, when such *Page 191 children are under the ages of 14 and 16 years. Declaring the violation of certain sections a misdemeanor, and providing penalties for the violation thereof." This suit is brought under Section 1726b, page 136, Laws of 1911, as follows:
"Section 1726b. Children under the age of 16 not to beemployed in certain occupations. — No child under the age of sixteen years shall be employed, permitted or suffered to work at any of the following occupations or in any of the following positions: Sewing machine belts in any workshop or factory, or assisting therein in any capacity whatever; adjusting any belt to any machinery; oiling, wiping or cleaning machinery or assisting therein; operating, or assisting in operating circular saws; wood jointers; wood shapers; planers; sandpaper or wood-polishing machinery; picker machines; machines used in picking wool; machines used in picking cotton; machines used in picking hair; machines used in picking upholstering material; paper-lacing machines; leather-burnishing machines; burnishing machines in any tannery or leather manufactory; job or cylinder printing presses, operated by power other than foot power; emery or polishing wheels used for polishing metal; wood-turning or boring machinery; stamping machines used in washer and nut factories; corrugating rolls, such as are used in roofing and wash-board factories; steam boilers; steam machinery; or other steam generating apparatus; dough brakes; or cracker machinery of any description; wire or strengthening machinery; rolling mill machinery, punches or shears; washing, grinding or mixing mills; calender rolls in rubber manufacturing; laundering machinery."
Many cases have arisen in this court in which the body of the act has been held unconstitutional because varying from the purpose expressed in the title. [State v. Fulks, 207 Mo. 26, l.c. 33 to 39; Vice v. City of Kirksville, 217 S.W. 77, l.c. 80; Williams v. Railroad, 233 Mo. 666, l.c. 675-680; State v. Sloan,258 Mo. 305, l.c. 311; *Page 192 Hardware Co. v. Fisher, 269 Mo. 271; State er rel. v. Gordon,268 Mo. 713, l.c. 730-733; State ex rel. Greene County v. Gideon, 210 S.W. 358. The above cases are cited as illustrating how closely this court has held the Legislature to comformity to the Constitution in clearly expressing in the title the purpose of the enactment.
The following cases are more nearly in point in this case. In State v. Burgdoerfer, 107 Mo. l.c. 17, where the title of an act stated the subject to be to prohibit book-making and pool-selling and the body of the act purported to regulate book-making and pool-selling, the act was held unconstitutional. The court said, l.c. 17: "Does this act prohibit or regulate book-making and pool-selling? If it is one of prohibition, and this is clearly expressed in the title, the act is valid. On the other hand, if it is one of regulation, the act is invalid."
Likewise it is held that authority to regulate does not authorize prohibition. The case of State v. Clarke, 54 Mo. l.c. 34, has this statement in regard to the word "regulate". "It certainly implies the continued existence of the subject-matter to be regulated."
The latest expression of this court upon the subject is State v. Crites, 209 S.W. 863, where the title of the act provided for certain regulation of legislative agents who were retained or employed for compensation to promote or oppose the passage of bills by the Legislature. A part of one section in the body of the act prohibited any person from accepting any employment for a compensation contingent upon the passage or defeat of any legislative measures. It was held that the part of the act under consideration was unconstitutional because it prohibited acts "which the title indicates are perfectly lawful." As indicating that regulation set out in the title as the subject of the act will not authorize prohibition, see also Railroad v. Drainage District, 237 Mo. 86; State ex rel. v. Revelle, 257 Mo. 529; City of Kansas v. Payne, 71 Mo. 159, l.c. 162; Hardware Co. v. Fisher,269 Mo. 271, l.c. 276-77. *Page 193
The respondent cites some authorities stating a rule to the effect that where the Constitution or organic law authorizes aregulation, the Legislature or a municipal assembly mayprohibit. It is possibly true that under the implied powers authorized by the Constitution a legislative body may have some latitude in carrying out the purposes of the authority given. Such cases would not be in point here. This is not a question of the Legislature carrying out its general powers granted in the Constitution, but it concerns the manner of enacting a statute where the Constitution requires that the subject of the act shall be "clearly expressed" in the title. There is no room for construction as to implied or doubtful authority where it must be clearly expressed. Respondent cites City of St. Louis v. Russell,116 Mo. 248; City of Cameron v. Middough, 57 Mo. App. 312; City of Tarkio v. Cook, 120 Mo. 1. In such cases where the title of an act stated the subject to be the regulation of livery stables, or peddlers, or billard halls, it was held that the body of the act which prohibited the operation of any such business in certain localities but allowed their operation elsewhere was constitutional; that such restriction was regulation and not prohibition. To prohibit livery stables from being maintained on certain streets while allowing them to be operated on other streets comes strictly within the definition of the term regulation.
The title of the Act of 1911, which repeals certain sections of the original act and enacts other sections in lieu of them, expresses the purpose as one "prohibiting, with exceptions, the employment of children under 14 years of age, and regulating the employment of children between 14 and 16 years of age." These words clearly indicate that children under 14 years of age would be prohibited from certain employments and would be permitted to engage in other employments, while those between 14 and 16 years of age would not be *Page 194 prohibited from any employment but their employment would beregulated.
Section 1726b would be in strict accordance with the title if it applied to children under 14 years of age, but the clear statement in the title would indicate that it could not include children between 14 and 16 years of age. If it merely regulated the employment of children between 14 and 16, it would come within the title, but it prohibits their employment in certain factories altogether.
The regulation of the employment of children might very properly prohibit them from working more than certain hours in a day or week, or prohibit their employment except during particular specific hours in a day, or prohibit their employment except upon a certain certificate in relation to their attendance at school, and other matters; their ability to read the English language; their condition of health and physical ability to perform the work, or their employment to sell papers in certain public places. All of that would be regulation of the same general character as the regulation as to the locality in which livery stables might be operated. Such regulation is actually provided for children in the Act of 1911.
Section 1726b is void and unconstitutional because it does not come within the subjects expressed in the title of the act.
The judgment is reversed. Railey and Mozley, CC., concur.