The rule is that where a purchaser at foreclosure sale under the decree is entitled to the possession of the premises and the premises are in the possession of a tenant of the mortgagor or his assigns, the purchaser is substituted to the position theretofore occupied by the landlord mortgagor and is only entitled, in any event, to receive the reasonable value of the use and occupation from the tenant in possession during the period of redemption. (Blodgett Loan Co. v. Hansen, 86 Mont. 406,284 P. 140.)
Shammel was a "tenant in possession" within meaning of section 9448, Revised Codes 1921. In Harris v. Reynolds, 13 Cal. 514, in defining this phrase, as applied to the same section of the statute, it was said: "The phrase `tenant in possession,' is a generic term, intended to designate the class of persons from whom the purchaser was to receive the rents. The language is not that, when a tenant of the debtor is in possession, the tenant shall pay the purchaser, or that the debtor, when in possession, shall not; but the phraseology designed, evidently, to fix a general right, applying to all cases of tenancy, for none are excluded. * * * The definition of tenant is, `one that holds or possesses lands or tenements by any kind of title, either in fee, for life, years, or at will.'"
The mere holding over by Shammel, independent of all other facts, created a tenancy at sufferance, which was defined by the case of Power Mercantile Co. v. Moore Mercantile Co.,55 Mont. 401, 409, 177 P. 406, as follows: "A tenant by sufferance is one who wrongfully remains in occupancy after his right to possession has ended." A tenant at sufferance may be converted into one at will where the tenant is permitted to retain possession of the premises under circumstances which are inconsistent with the tenant's wrongful *Page 561 holding and show implied consent to his continuing possession. (Power Mercantile Co. v. Moore Mercantile Co., supra.)
The acceptance of the wool money by the Home Ranch Company was not in accordance with the old contract, but it was a continuation of the old contract for the reason that the property, including the sheep, was to be divided equally on April 1, 1930, but we find that after that date the wool money was divided; that Shammel continued in possession, and in the letter of April 16, 1930, Shammel was directed expressly to continue in possession. Under sections 7745 and 7746 of our statute, and the undisputed facts, either a tenancy at will or for another year was created by the acceptance of the proceeds of the wool money instead of dividing the property as was provided in the contract. (Stoltze Land Co. v. Westberg, 63 Mont. 38, 46, 206 P. 407; 35 C.J. 1027.) As a consequence, Shammel was entitled to remain in possession, however, duty bound to pay the reasonable value of the use and occupation of the premises during the period of redemption. Whatever the relations between the parties were, they came to an end on the first day of April, 1930. The wool money turned over to the ranch company thereafter was only what it was entitled to under the terms of the so-called lease which had expired, and was not, and could not be, a consideration for a renewal or extension of the extinct agreement, and it was not intended to be such. (De Remer v. Anderson, (Nev.) 25 A.L.R. 775.)
Whatever Shammel's occupancy of the ranch from and after April 1, 1930, amounted to, whether he held possession as a tenant at will or at sufferance, the tenancy was terminated *Page 562 by the sale of the property to Lepper on October 14, 1930, who was then entitled to immediate possession. (State ex rel.Flowerree v. District Court, 71 Mont. 89, 227 P. 579;Kester v. Amon, 81 Mont. 1, 261 P. 288.) Whether Shammel, prior to Lepper's demand for possession was a tenant at sufferance or at will, in either case, his refusal to surrender the premises when possession was demanded made him a trespasser from that time on. It is settled law that the termination of the landlord's estate, by voluntary or involuntary alienation, terminates a tenancy at will. (Burke v. Willard,243 Mass. 547, 137 N.E. 744; Lyons v. Philadelphia etc. R. Co., 209 Pa. 550,58 A. 924; Seavey v. Cloudman, 90 Me. 536,38 A. 540; Hancock v. Maurer, 103 Okla. 196, 229 P. 611; Dugand v. Magnus, 107 Cal. App. 243, 290 P. 309; Lash v. Ames,171 Mass. 487, 50 N.E. 996; Gartland v. Hooper Co., 177 Cal. 414,170 P. 1115; 35 C.J. 1128.)
There being no tenancy either at will or at sufferance after Lepper's demand for possession, made immediately after the foreclosure sale, there was nothing for the provisions of section 9448 of the Revised Codes of 1921 to operate upon, and upon Shammel's refusal to give up possession, he then and there became a trespasser. It follows as a matter of course that BlodgettLoan Co. v. Hanson, cited by appellant, has no bearing on the issues here presented. In the Blodgett Case there was a lease which did not expire until December 1, 1927. The intervener, University of Vermont, purchased the leased premises under foreclosure and received the sheriff's certificate of sale on July 28, 1927. The existence of the lease was not questioned by anyone. The status of defendant Hanson under it as a tenant in possession for the balance of the unexpired term was conceded, and the only question litigated and discussed was the right to the 1927 rent as between the plaintiff loan company and the intervener. No one can or will question the correctness of the ruling there made, but it is perfectly self-evident that it has no application here. *Page 563 This is an appeal from an order of the district court of Petroleum county directing the issuance of a writ of assistance after a hearing had on the application therefor made by the purchaser of certain lands at a mortgage foreclosure sale, and objections filed by Frank Shammel, who was then, together with Wayne Shammel, in possession of the property. The question presented for decision is whether or not the persons against whom the writ was ordered issued were tenants in possession. At the hearing, held on November 1, 1930, evidence was offered by the objector only, after the receipt of which the court ordered the writ to issue.
It appears that the petitioner for the writ held a mortgage on the lands in question, owned by the Home Ranch Company, which mortgage was foreclosed by decree duly entered on September 8, 1930, wherein, among other things, it is provided that the purchaser be let into possession of the premises upon production of the sheriff's certificate of sale. The mortgagee became the purchaser at the sale on October 14, 1930, and the sheriff's certificate of sale was thereupon delivered to him. On the last-mentioned date he visited the property and found Frank Shammel and Wayne Shammel in possession, and thereupon exhibited to them and each of them the sheriff's certificate of sale and demanded possession; but they refused and still refuse to surrender possession of the lands or any part or portion of the same. The objector appeared on October 27, 1930, and made and filed his affidavit in resistance to the issuance of the writ, wherein he claims right to possession of the lands by reason of a contract in writing designated as "a lease," executed to him by the Home Ranch Company, owner of the land, on November 10, 1924, which so-called lease was to run from December 1, 1924, to April 1, 1930, and an alleged extension thereof. The objector was not made a party to the foreclosure action.
The extension of the alleged lease agreement, which is rather a joint adventure of the parties for the raising of sheep, is *Page 564 predicated upon certain letters written by the objector to the Home Ranch Company, and replies thereto written by Jackson E. Reuter, secretary of the company, by the court excluded from the evidence, upon which ruling the objector predicates error. We have carefully examined the letters and are of opinion the court was entirely correct in excluding them from evidence as not tending to establish a continuance of the agreement under which the objector entered into possession of the land, whether it was a lease contract or not. The most shown by the correspondence is that the objector continued in possession of the mortgaged property with the owner's knowledge. The objector offered in evidence a letter dated April 1, 1930 (date of expiration of contract), signed by the "Home Ranch Company, by Jackson Reuter, Secretary," reading in part as follows: "In reference to making repairs on the dam, we should bear in mind that such repairs as you find necessary to make should be at a minimum cost for the reason that it is not at all likely that the Home Ranch Co. will be able to take up the Lippert (Lepper) mortgage, and any expenses incurred for Lippert [Lepper] by us for the benefit of the mortgagor (mortgagee) should be avoided. You might direct my attention to this matter some time later, and I will submit it to the President of the Co., and if it will be an advantage to us, this spring, I would recommend by all means, favorably considering your action."
On April 16, 1930, sixteen days after the expiration of the agreement, Jackson Reuter, as secretary of the Home Ranch Company, wrote a letter to the objector, reading in part as follows: "I was very pleased indeed, to hear from you again, and I am particularly amused about what you stated concerning Mrs. Abbott having been appointed attorney for Mr. Lepper. Please understand, as I know you do, that we are still in possession of the ranch, and Mrs. Abbott must not interfere with any of your plans."
On April 25, 1930, the objector made reply to the letter of the Home Ranch Company dated April 16, 1930, wherein he inclosed an itemized statement of account of money due from *Page 565 the Home Ranch Company for advances, totaling $602.20, in the conduct of the ranch business, and among other things stated: "The sheep we are going to lamb never looked better at this time of year than they do now, and we are just starting to lamb. I am sending you some bills for what I have paid out and some I have advanced to the men that have the ewes on shares and they will pay it back as soon as the wool is sold. I am also sending the bill for your share of lambing expense."
Upon a sale of real property on execution or decree of[1-5] foreclosure, the purchaser is substituted to and acquires all the right, title and interest of the judgment debtor in the property sold (sec. 9441, Rev. Codes 1921; Hamilton v.Hamilton, 51 Mont. 509, 154 P. 717; Banking Corporation v.Hein, 52 Mont. 238, 156 P. 1085; Power Merc. Co. v. MooreMerc. Co., 55 Mont. 401, 177 P. 406), leaving the judgment debtor only the bare statutory right to redeem. (McQueeney v.Toomey, 36 Mont. 282, 122 Am. St. Rep. 358, 13 Ann. Cas. 316, 92 P. 561; Citizens' Nat. Bank v. Western L. B. Co.,64 Mont. 40, 208 P. 893; Swanberg v. Schaeffer, 88 Mont. 16,289 P. 561.) Under the law the purchaser at a foreclosure sale is entitled to the possession of the mortgaged premises during the statutory period allowed for redemption, as against the judgment debtor, except when they are occupied by the execution debtor as a home for himself and his family. (Sec. 9449, Rev. Codes 1921; Citizens' Nat. Bank v. Western L. B. Co., supra; State ex rel. Flowerree v. District Court, 71 Mont. 89,227 P. 579.) And the certificate of sale issued by the sheriff is a conveyance within the meaning of the Recording Act (Rev. Codes 1921, sec. 6890 et seq.). (Citizens' Nat. Bank v.Western L. B. Co., supra.) "The purchaser, from the time of the sale until a redemption, and a redemptioner, from the time of his redemption, until another redemption, is entitled to receive, from the tenant in possession, the rents of the property sold, or the value of the use and occupation thereof." (Sec. 9448, Rev. Codes 1921.) But where a lessee of real property remains in possession after the expiration *Page 566 of the hiring, "and the lessor accepts a rent from him," the parties will be presumed to have renewed the hiring on the same terms and for the same time, not exceeding one year. (Id., sec. 7745.)
Now as to whether the objector occupied the premises[6] originally by reason of a lease contract or one evidencing a joint adventure of the parties, it is clearly shown that the owner accepted no money from the objector in continuation of the contract, and the contents of the letters excluded do not in any manner establish a continuance of the arrangement. The objector remained in possession of the lands after April 1, 1930, the date of the expiration of the contract, and during the pendency of the foreclosure proceedings, with actual knowledge thereof, as indicated in the letters of Reuter, as secretary of the Home Ranch Company, dated April 1, 1930, and April 16, 1930, by the objector offered in evidence.
The Home Ranch Company, after the expiration of the contract, accepted payment of its share on division of the receipts from wool grown in 1930, on the contract, for the reason that the property, including the sheep, was by its terms to be divided equally on April 1, 1930. The wool money turned over represented what the Home Ranch Company was entitled to, and did not represent an advance payment on the year ahead constituting a consideration for a renewal of the agreement. The objector testified at the hearing that he had settled up with the Home Ranch Company entirely, and that it had "nothing coming in any way, shape, manner or form."
It is the rule that where mortgaged premises are sold to the[7] mortgagee on a sheriff's sale, by reason of a decree of foreclosure, the writ of assistance will run against the mortgagor and all parties in possession of the land, holding under him with notice, after the commencement of the action, and who refuse to surrender possession in accordance with the decree of foreclosure. (3 Cal. Jur. 337.) But the objector could not be[8] heard to complain at not having been made a party to the action, since his contract giving him right of possession from the mortgagor had expired, and when the *Page 567 certificate of sale was presented to and demand for possession made upon him, he was thenceforth holding as a trespasser, although after the expiration of the contract and before demand made by the purchaser he held the premises at sufferance of the mortgagor. The writ of assistance may be issued not only against[9, 10] the defendant in a foreclosure action, but against any party in possession under him. Of course, it is necessary that the rights of the person (where rights exist) from whom possession is sought should, in some lawful mode, be subjected to the jurisdiction of the court. Ordinarily, this is done by making him a party to the suit in which the decree to be enforced is entered; but it may be accomplished, as in this instance, by his voluntary appearance, in contest of the proceeding, or upon an order to show cause issued upon proof that the person refusing to surrender possession is a trespasser or holding for the mortgagor. However, in the statute it is provided that "no person holding a conveyance from or under the mortgagor of the property mortgaged, or having a lien thereon, which conveyance or lien does not appear of record in the proper office at the time of the commencement of the action [in foreclosure] need be made a party to such action; and the judgment therein rendered, and the proceedings therein had, are as conclusive against the party holding such unrecorded conveyance or lien as if he had been made a party to the action." (Sec. 9467, Rev. Codes 1921.) When a party is thus brought into the proceeding, and it is satisfactorily established, as in the case under consideration, that the claimant's right of possession is undoubtedly subordinate to the right for the enforcement of which the writ of assistance is prayed, then it may be issued as against him. (Strong v. Smith, 68 N.J. Eq. 686, 60 A. 66; Lamar v. Spalding,203 U.S. 584, 51 L. Ed. 328, 27 Sup. Ct. Rep. 782; Louisville N.R. Co. v. Schmidt, 177 U.S. 230, 44 L. Ed. 747,20 Sup. Ct. Rep. 620.) Here the objector appeared after the judgment in opposition to the petition for the writ, and thus subjected himself to the jurisdiction of the court as to his right to possession of the property. *Page 568
Time was made the essence of the contract, and the letters offered in evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the objector, show him to have been in possession after April 1, 1930, at sufferance, or at most at the will of the mortgagor, whether the contract be viewed as one of lease or of joint enterprise. And the tenancy, if such can be said to have at any time existed, became terminated upon alienation of the estate whether voluntary or involuntary. The contract expired by express limitation on April 1, 1930, was not renewed, and therefore there were no rents accruing on the land to be paid to the purchaser at foreclosure sale under the provisions of section 9448 of our Codes. Accordingly, the purchaser was entitled to immediate possession on exhibition of the sheriff's certificate of sale. At most, the objector's right of possession could be no greater than that of the mortgagor.
There is nothing inconsistent herewith in the holding of this court in the case of Blodgett Loan Co. v. Hansen, 86 Mont. 406,284 P. 140. That case arose under an entirely different state of facts. There the rights of a crop tenant were involved under an existing lease, and it was held that the purchaser at foreclosure sale was entitled to the rents, issues and profits after foreclosure sale in accordance with the provisions of section 9448 of the Codes, as a substituted landlord.
The judgment is affirmed.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE CALLAWAY and ASSOCIATE JUSTICES FORD, ANGSTMAN and MATTHEWS concur. *Page 569