Necessity of Alleging and Proving Negligence: Liability for fire damage resulting from the operation of the engines of a railroad company is in some jurisdictions made absolute by *Page 203 statute and in those jurisdiction the question of the railroad's negligence is immaterial and the plaintiff is only required to prove that the company's engines started the fire. Other states have statutes making the starting of a fire by sparks from a locomotive prima facie evidence of negligence. In those jurisdictions after the plaintiff has proven the origin of the fire the burden is upon the defendant to overcome the presumption of negligence. (Elliott on Railroads, 3d ed., secs. 1746, 1748, 1766 and 1769.) Many other states have no statutes of either class mentioned above. Montana is one of those states. The only statute in Montana is set forth in sections 6600 and 6601, Revised Codes, requiring engines to be equipped with approved and suitable spark-arresters in proper and workable condition, and making the violation of the statute a misdemeanor. The rule in such states, including Montana, is set forth in sections 1745 and 1748, Id., and is to the effect that the burden of proof is on the plaintiff to prove, first, that the fire was started from sparks or fire from the locomotive of the defendant, and second, that the same was due to the negligence charged against the defendant. (33 Cyc. 1332-1335; Garret v. Southern Ry. Co., 101 Fed. 102, 49 L.R.A. 645, 41 C.C.A. 237; Louisville N.R.Co. v. Bell, 206 Fed. 395, 124 C.C.A. 277; Louisville N.R.Co. v. Reese, 85 Ala. 497, 7 Am. St. Rep. 66, 5 So. 283;Viera v. Atchison etc. R. Co., 10 Cal. App. 267,101 P. 690; Burroughs v. Housatonic R. Co., 15 Conn. 124, 38 Am. Dec. 72; Jefferies v. Philadelphia etc. R. Co., 3 Houst. (Del.) 447; Baltimore etc. R. Co. v. O'Brien,38 Ind. App. 143, 77 N.E. 1131; Meyer v. Vicksburg etc. R. Co., 41 La. Ann. 639, 17 Am. St. Rep. 408, 6 So. 218; Lowney v. NewBrunswick etc. R. Co., 78 Me. 479, 7 A. 381; Byers v.Baltimore etc. R. Co., 222 Pa. 547, 72 A. 245; Bernard v.Richmond etc. R. Co., 85 Va. 792, 17 Am. St. Rep. 103, 8 S.E. 785; White v. New York Central etc. R. Co., 181 N.Y. 577,74 N.E. 1126, affirming 90 A.D. 356, 85 N.Y. Supp. 497.) *Page 204
Fire Guards: We contend that there was no duty on the defendant railway company to plow six-foot fire guard and burn fifty-foot strip through private lands, for the reason that said law is unconstitutional and violates section 14, Article III of the Constitution of Montana. Sections 6597 and 6598, Revised Codes, are all of an Act passed in 1901 (Laws 1901, p. 163), as amended by Chapter 63, Laws of 1903, and no provision is therein made for compensation to the owner for damage to property plowed up and burned over in complying with the provisions of said Act. The sole purpose of this law was to protect the public from possible fire spreading from along the right of way. Therefore, to take private property for such a public use, without providing for compensation to the owner, violates this constitutional provision. (Vreeland v. Forest Park Reservation Commission,82 N.J. Eq. 349, Ann. Cas. 1915B, 1153, 46 L.R.A. (n.s.) 1062, 87 A. 435; People v. Calder, 89 A.D. 503,85 N.Y. Supp. 1015; Eby v. City of Lewistown, 55 Mont. 113, 173 P. 1163.)
Evidence of Other Fires: Where the complaint describes and identifies a particular engine as causing the fire, the condition of that engine and its management are all that are to be considered, and evidence as to the construction and operation of other engines is inadmissible. (33 Cyc. 1357 and 1374, to 1376; Elliott on Railroads, sec. 1768.) In such cases, where the engine is identified, evidence is generally inadmissible that other engines had set fire or emitted sparks or been carelessly managed, even though such other engine had the same kind of appliances as the engine in question. (33 Cyc. 1376; Pure OilCo. v. Chicago M. St. P. Ry., 56 Mont. 266, 185 P. 150;Inman Co. v. Elberton etc. Ry. Co., 90 Ga. 663, 35 Am. St. Rep. 237, 16 S.E. 958; Atchison etc. Ry. v. Osborn,58 Kan. 768, 51 P. 286; Shelly v. Philadelphia etc. Ry., 211 Pa. 160,60 A. 581; Payne v. Hargrove, 206 Ala. 69, 89 So. 166; Texas etc. Ry. v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 230 Fed. 801, 145 C.C.A. 111; Bradley v. Chicago etc. Ry., 90 Neb. 28, *Page 205 132 N.W. 725; Chandler v. Rutland Ry., 140 A.D. 68, 124 N.Y. Supp. 1046.) Appellants contend that the plaintiffs failed to prove negligence. As to what is proof of negligence, in cases of this character, has been well settled in Montana ever since the decision in the case of Diamond v. Northern P. R. Co.,6 Mont. 580, 13 P. 367. It is our contention that the rule there adopted is that proof of injury, in cases like this, raises a presumption of negligence. This is the rule in most of the states. Jurisdictions not agreeing with this rule require some additional proof, such as proof of other fires at or near the same place under the same or very similar conditions caused by engines uniformly equipped. The facts proven in this case, are amply sufficient to satisfy both of the rules above mentioned,
We cite the following cases on the question of the sufficiency of the evidence to go to the jury in this kind of a case under similar circumstances: Marron v. Great Northern Ry. Co.,46 Mont. 593, 129 P. 1055; Stockdale v. Midland Valley R. Co.,113 Kan. 635, 215 P. 1021; Kansas City, Ft. S. M.R. Co. v.Perry, 65 Kan. 792, 70 P. 876; Kansas City, Ft. S. M.R.Co. v. B.F. Blaker Co. 68 Kan. 244, 75 P. 71; IllinoisCentral R. Co. v. Scheible, 162 Ky. 469, 172 S.W. 910;Missouri N.A.R. Co. v. Phillips, 97 Ark. 54, 133 S.W. 191;McKee v. Chicago B. Q.R. Co., 93 Neb. 294, 140 N.W. 145;Goodman v. Lehigh Valley R. Co. of New Jersey, 78 N.J.L. 137,74 A. 519; Canadian Northern R. Co. v. Olson, 201 Fed. 859, 120 C.C.A. 197; Gulf, C. S.F. Ry. Co. v. Curry (Tex.Civ.App.), 135 S.W. 592; McCullen v. Chicago N.W. Ry. Co., 101 Fed. 66, 49 L.R.A. 642, 41 C.C.A. 365; Sappington v. MissouriPacific R. Co., 14 Mo. App. 86. *Page 206 Plaintiffs brought this action to recover from the defendants the value of certain buildings and personal property contained in and about them, including a straw stack, located on what is known as the Bandmann ranch, which it is alleged were burned on July 13, 1924, by fire communicated to them from an engine which was hauling a west-bound freight train of the defendant company in charge of the defendant Deering as engineer.
The complaint charges that the defendants were negligent in three particulars, viz.: (1) Careless and negligent management of the defendant company's train; (2) failure to employ suitable means to prevent the escape of fire from the coal-burning steam-engines hauling its train; (3) failure to plow fire-guards along its right of way between it and the burned property, as required by section 6597, Revised Codes of 1921. The defendants by answer admitted the formal allegations of the complaint, but denied all of the charges of negligence. The plaintiff recovered judgment in the lower court. Defendants moved for a new trial, which was denied, and they have appealed from the judgment.
The Bandmann ranch is located along the main line of the defendant railway company about 1 3/4 miles west of Bonner station, and about ____ miles east of Missoula. Passing west from Bonner the railway crosses a bridge over the Missoula River, which is located about one-half mile east from the buildings which were burned. Through this territory the defendant railway company's system is double-tracked, and runs almost due east and west. The west-bound main line track is farthest north, and the east-bound main line track is immediately south of it, the distance from center to center of the two being 13 feet. Just south of these tracks and parallel therewith is the main line of the Chicago, Milwaukee St. Paul Railway. From the center of the east-bound Northern Pacific main line track to the center of the Milwaukee main line track the distance is 16 2/10 feet, and the south line of the Northern *Page 207 Pacific right of way is midway between the two tracks last mentioned. The south boundary line of the Milwaukee right of way, marked by a barbed wire fence, is about 85 feet south of the center of its main line track. The distance from the center of the west-bound Northern Pacific main line track to the south boundary line of the Milwaukee right of way is approximately 116 feet. The burned buildings and straw stack were located between 250 and 290 feet south of the center line of the Northern Pacific west-bound main line track.
1. Over the objections of the defendants the court permitted testimony to be introduced tending to show that the defendant railway company had not complied with the requirements of section 6597, Revised Codes 1921, and over like objections instructed the jury with reference to the provisions of such section, and in effect told them that if they believed from the evidence that the defendant company had not complied with its provisions, then it was liable for damages caused by such failure. So far as necessary for our present consideration, that section provides: "Every railroad corporation operating its lines of road, or any part thereof, within this state, shall, between the fifteenth day of April and the first day of July in the year 1903, and each succeeding year thereafter, plough in a good and workmanlike manner, covering the sod well, upon each side of its line of road wherever it passes through a range or grazing country, a continuous strip of not less than six feet in width on each side of its track, as a fire guard," etc.
By several specifications of error based on the above-mentioned objections, defendants seek to question the constitutionality of section 6597. It is not necessary, however,[1] to concern ourselves with that subject, for it is only when a decision on the validity of a statute is necessary to the determination of the cause that its constitutionality will be considered. (State v. Rocky Mountain Elevator Co., 52 Mont. 487,158 P. 818; Potter v. Furnish, 46 Mont. 391, 128 P. 542.)[2] Under the pleading and proof in this case that statute could have no possible application. To make a violation of its *Page 208 requirements the basis of an action for damages resulting from its breach it would be essential that the pleading and proof bring it clearly within its provisions. The case is analogous to one based on the failure of a railway company to fence its right of way so as to prevent livestock from getting on to its tracks. The rule of pleading in such instance is well illustrated in the case of Cecil v. Pacific R. Co., 47 Mo. 246, where the statute under consideration required the defendant company to fence only "inclosed or cultivated fields or uninclosed prairie lands," and it was held that a complaint thereon should aver that the injury occurred at a point where the defendant's road passed through "inclosed and cultivated fields and uninclosed prairie lands," and that these lands were not fenced, etc. (See, also, Beaudin v.Oregon Short Line R. Co., 31 Mont. 238, 78 P. 303; Metlen v.Oregon Short Line R. Co., 33 Mont. 45, 81 P. 737; 17 Ency. Plead. Prac., p. 577.) Here the complaint contains no allegation that the Bandmann ranch is in a "range or grazing country."
The testimony showed that the burned buildings and straw stack were located in an inclosed field, which constituted a portion of the ranch lying south of the railway company's tracks, and in reference thereto the plaintiff Bandmann testified; "The land on the south side which has been cultivated was last cultivated between eight and ten years ago, but it was never cultivated up to the right of way fence. There are, however, a few acres on the south side that have been cultivated, but it was grazing land for the year 1924." The last statement, "but it was grazing land for the year 1924," is the only one in the entire testimony on which counsel for plaintiffs could possibly predicate an argument that the land embraced in the Bandmann ranch falls within the provisions of section 6597. And on slight consideration the most that can be said of that statement is it indicates that the particular inclosure mentioned was used as pasture or grazing land for 1924.
The expression, "range or grazing country," has a generally accepted and understood meaning in this state which is more *Page 209 readily described than defined. Speaking of the word "range," the Century Dictionary characterizes it as "a tract or district of land within which domestic animals in large numbers range for subsistence; an extensive grazing ground; used on the great plains of the United States for a tract commonly of many square miles, occupied by one or by different proprietors and distinctively called a stock — cattle or sheep — range," and says: "The animals on a range are usually left to take care of themselves during the whole year without shelter except when periodically gathered in a `roundup' for counting and selection and for branding when the herds of several proprietors run together." "Range country" and "grazing country" are synonymous expressions.
While the foregoing is not intended as a comprehensive definition or description of them, it is sufficient to demonstrate that the above-quoted testimony wholly fails to show that the premises in question in this case, through which the railroad of the defendant company passes, are in "a range or grazing country."
From these considerations it follows that all the testimony introduced for the purpose of establishing a breach of the provisions of section 6597 by the defendant railway company, was erroneously admitted, and that the court should not have given any instructions based thereon. It is apparent that the errors in admitting this testimony and giving these instructions was prejudicial, for, from aught that we know, the jury's finding against the defendants may have been based thereon.
2. It is next contended by the defendants that the evidence was not sufficient to warrant the court in submitting the case to the jury. This matter was raised at the close of all the evidence by motion for a directed verdict, and the denial of this motion was made one of the grounds of defendants' motion for a new trial. The same matter was also suggested in the defendants' objections to plaintiff's offered instruction No. 3, given by the court.
It is not claimed that there was any direct testimony showing that the fire was set out by sparks or cinders that came from *Page 210 the defendant railway company's engine, but this fact could be established by indirect or circumstantial evidence, and it is[3] very generally held that when a fire is discovered in close proximity to a railway company's right of way soon after an engine has passed, with the wind blowing in the direction of the burned property, and no other cause for the fire appears, such circumstances are sufficient to warrant a jury in finding that the fire was started by the engine. (Marron v. Great NorthernRy. Co., 46 Mont. 593, 129 P. 1055; Stockdale v. MidlandValley R. Co., 113 Kan. 635, 215 P. 1021; Missouri N.A.R.Co. v. Phillips, 97 Ark. 54, 133 S.W. 191; Railroad Co. v.Perry, 65 Kan. 729, 70 P. 876; Goodman v. Lehigh Valley R.Co., 78 N.J.L., 137, 74 A. 519.) Under this rule we are of opinion that plaintiffs introduced sufficient evidence to warrant a finding that the engine of the defendant company did set out a fire on the Bandmann place at the time in question.
In view of the fact that the case must be sent back for a new trial we shall not further discuss the evidence, except to state that the showing that the fire, which is alleged to have started at a point about 120 feet south of the track on which the engine in question passed, and about 500 feet east of the destroyed property, extended down to the scene of the conflagration, is very weak and unsatisfactory. The witnesses, apparently testifying with reference to the plat introduced in evidence, and which has been certified in this court, made reference to a siphon, fences, a "hog back," and a depression in the surface of the land which were not designated thereon, and indicated different points to which they made reference as "here" and "there," making it impossible for one who did not hear the testimony to follow it and gain its full significance.
The burden of showing the insufficiency of the evidence to[4] justify the finding of the jury on this point, so as to require a reversal on that ground, was upon the defendants (Wherry v. Sprinkle, 50 Mont. 191, 146 P. 735; Lindeberg v. Howe, 67 Mont. 195, 215 P. 230), and they did not sustain this burden. *Page 211
But counsel for defendants say that, even though it be[5] conceded that the proof was sufficient to warrant a finding that the fire was started by sparks and cinders from the defendant railway company's engine and that it spread and was communicated to the burned property, there was no proof of the negligence charged in the complaint, and hence the motion for a directed verdict should have been sustained for that reason.
In many states, by express statutory enactment, proof of the starting of a fire by a locomotive engine and resulting damage is declared to be prima facie evidence of negligence; but there is no such statute in this state. In the absence of such a statute there is much diversity of judicial opinion as to whether such proof is sufficient. In the early case of Diamond v. NorthernPacific Ry. Co., 6 Mont. 580, 13 P. 367, this court announced that it was. Although a decision in that case did not require such a declaration and consequently it was obiter dictum, an examination of the many cases has convinced us that the statement there made is in harmony with the weight of authority, the trend of modern decision, as well as the better reasoning, and we now adopt it as the rule for our decision in this case.
We have not thought it necessary to make a specific reference to the numerous authorities consulted, but those interested will find them cited in notes to the following decisions, where they appear in the collected cases: Burroughs v. Housatonic R.Co., 15 Conn. 124, 38 Am. Dec. 72; Ohio, etc., Rd. Co. v.Shanefelt, 47 Ill. 497, 95 Am. Dec. 509; Ward v. Cobb,148 Mass. 518, 12 Am. St. Rep. 590, 20 N.E. 174; Inman v. ElbertonAir-Line R. Co., 90 Ga. 663, 35 Am. St. Rep. 237, 16 S.E. 958;Childs v. Lanterman, 103 Cal. 387, 42 Am. St. Rep. 124, 37 P. 382; Barnowsky v. Helson, 89 Mich. 523, 15 L.R.A. 40, 50 N.W. 989; King v. Oregon Short Line R. Co., 6 Idaho, 306, 59 L.R.A. 236, 55 P. 665; Atchison, Topeka, etc., R. Co. v.Geiser, 68 Kan. 281, 1 Ann. Cas. 815, 75 P. 68; NorthwesternMut. Fire Assn. v. Northern P. Ry. Co., 68 Wash. 292, Ann. Cas. 1913E, 971, 123 P. 468; 3 Elliott on Railroads, 3d ed., sec. 1766; *Page 212 11 R.C.L., p. 987, sec. 41; 6 Thompson on Negligence, sec. 2285.
We therefore conclude that the court did not err either in overruling the defendants' motion for a directed verdict or in giving plaintiffs' offered instruction No. 3.
3. On her direct examination in chief, over the objection of[6] the defendants, plaintiff Bandmann was permitted to testify that there had been many fires on the right of way of the defendant company in the vicinity of this ranch within a short time prior to July 13, 1924, and in rebuttal, over like objections, the same witness and others were permitted to testify that since 1920 down to July 13, 1924, engines of the defendant company, hauling both freight and passenger trains, going both east and west, in passing through the Bandmann ranch, had thrown out showers of sparks and fire, and error is predicated upon the admission of this evidence.
Although the authorities are divided on the question presented by these objections, it was held in Diamond v. NorthernPacific Ry. Co., supra, that in actions of this character it is competent for a plaintiff to show the emission of sparks or ignited matter from other engines of the defendant company and that fires resulted therefrom without showing that they were under the charge of the same engineer or were of the same construction as the one occasioning the damage. Under the rule thus announced, there was no error in admitting this testimony.
4. During the progress of the trial, which was just about one[7] year after the fire occurred, certain witnesses went to the Bandmann ranch and gathered several small boxes of cinders and clinkers along the tracks of the defendant railway company, and these were introduced in evidence as Plaintiffs' Exhibits 3, 4, 5, and 6, over the defendants' objections. Plaintiffs made no effort to show how, when, or why these articles got at the places where they were found; whether they were dumped from an engine or hauled there as ballast. Under the circumstances, these exhibits were wholly immaterial and irrelevant to any issue being tried, and the objections to their introduction should have been sustained. *Page 213
5. By their offered instruction D2 the defendants requested[8, 9] the court to instruct the jury in effect that if they believed from the evidence that the engine which set out the fire was equipped with the best known and approved appliances in general use for preventing the escape of sparks or fire from steam locomotives, and that the same were in good repair at the time, and that the employees of the defendant company in charge of the engine and appliances were using ordinary care in the operation thereof, the defendants were not liable.
Section 6600, Revised Codes of 1921, provides: "All persons or corporations using coal-burning locomotives * * * shall equip and keep the same in proper and workmanlike condition with approved and suitable spark arresters, so as to prevent the escape of sparks liable to communicate fire." And by section 6601 failure to comply with this statute is made a misdemeanor. A violation of its provisions, with consequent damage, would amount to negligence per se. (Osterholm v. Boston Montana, etc.Co., 40 Mont. 508, 107 P. 499; Melville v. Butte-BalaklavaCopper Co., 47 Mont. 1, 130 P. 441.)
Since there is no statute in force in this state imposing upon a railway company an absolute liability on account of fires set by it in the operation of its trains, if it is made to appear to the satisfaction of the jury that the engine which set the fire was equipped with the best known and approved spark-arresters then in common use, suitable to prevent the escape of sparks liable to communicate fire, and that the same were kept in proper and workable condition, then there is no liability, unless it is alleged and proved that there has been negligence in other particulars. (3 Elliott on Railroads, sec. 1748; 11 R.C.L., p. 966, sec. 21; 33 Cyc. 1335.)
The record does not disclose what objection was interposed to the giving of the proposed instruction D2. One embodying the principle therein announced should have been given. If upon the retrial of this action a similar instruction should be offered, it is suggested that it follow the wording of the above-quoted statute. *Page 214
For the reasons above indicated, the judgment is reversed and the cause remanded to the district court, with direction to grant the defendants a new trial.
Reversed and remanded.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE CALLAWAY and ASSOCIATE JUSTICES HOLLOWAY, GALEN and MATTHEWS concur.